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Questions and Answers
What separates the nasal cavities into right and left sections?
What separates the nasal cavities into right and left sections?
Which structure is NOT part of the nasal septum?
Which structure is NOT part of the nasal septum?
What are the scroll-like structures that arise from the lateral wall of the internal nose?
What are the scroll-like structures that arise from the lateral wall of the internal nose?
Which nasal concha does not belong to the group formed by the ethmoid bone?
Which nasal concha does not belong to the group formed by the ethmoid bone?
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What is the role of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
What is the role of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
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What determines the growth pattern of the cranial base and the upper face?
What determines the growth pattern of the cranial base and the upper face?
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Which nasal structure passes through the cribriform plate?
Which nasal structure passes through the cribriform plate?
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What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
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Which term describes the junction between the frontonasal and internasal suture?
Which term describes the junction between the frontonasal and internasal suture?
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What is the purpose of the meatuses in the nasal cavity?
What is the purpose of the meatuses in the nasal cavity?
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Which part of the pharynx is located between the tip of the uvula and the tip of the epiglottis?
Which part of the pharynx is located between the tip of the uvula and the tip of the epiglottis?
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What is the role of the uvula during swallowing?
What is the role of the uvula during swallowing?
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Which of the following cartilages is considered unpaired?
Which of the following cartilages is considered unpaired?
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What causes the high or low intensity of sound produced by vocal folds?
What causes the high or low intensity of sound produced by vocal folds?
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Which structure helps protect the trachea by closing off during swallowing?
Which structure helps protect the trachea by closing off during swallowing?
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Which part of the pharynx includes the auditory canal and palatine tonsils?
Which part of the pharynx includes the auditory canal and palatine tonsils?
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In what region of the larynx are the vocal folds located?
In what region of the larynx are the vocal folds located?
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What is the main function of the true vocal cords?
What is the main function of the true vocal cords?
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What is indicated by the term 'HICCUP' in relation to the uvula?
What is indicated by the term 'HICCUP' in relation to the uvula?
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Which structure forms the largest part of the larynx?
Which structure forms the largest part of the larynx?
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What is the purpose of a tracheostomy?
What is the purpose of a tracheostomy?
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What structure is located at the lowermost portion of the trachea?
What structure is located at the lowermost portion of the trachea?
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Which of the following correctly describes the left primary bronchus?
Which of the following correctly describes the left primary bronchus?
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Which type of cartilage makes up the structure of the trachea?
Which type of cartilage makes up the structure of the trachea?
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Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the trachea and the esophagus?
Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the trachea and the esophagus?
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What is the primary function of B and T lymphocytes produced by the thymus gland?
What is the primary function of B and T lymphocytes produced by the thymus gland?
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Which meatus contains the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
Which meatus contains the opening of the nasolacrimal duct?
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Which paranasal sinus is located below the ethmoid sinus?
Which paranasal sinus is located below the ethmoid sinus?
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What function does the cribriform plate serve?
What function does the cribriform plate serve?
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What is the primary purpose of the trachealis muscle?
What is the primary purpose of the trachealis muscle?
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Which sinus is the largest among the paranasal sinuses?
Which sinus is the largest among the paranasal sinuses?
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What is the primary role of the pharynx?
What is the primary role of the pharynx?
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Which structure divides the nasal passages into left and right?
Which structure divides the nasal passages into left and right?
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Where does the sphenoidal sinus open?
Where does the sphenoidal sinus open?
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Which structure is associated with the falx cerebri?
Which structure is associated with the falx cerebri?
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What is the function of the auditory tube?
What is the function of the auditory tube?
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Which sinus does not open into the medial nasal meatus?
Which sinus does not open into the medial nasal meatus?
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What is the composition of the hard palate?
What is the composition of the hard palate?
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Which of the following structures is NOT part of the nasal cavity divisions?
Which of the following structures is NOT part of the nasal cavity divisions?
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What is the purpose of the medial nasal concha?
What is the purpose of the medial nasal concha?
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Which portion of the pharynx connects to the mouth?
Which portion of the pharynx connects to the mouth?
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Which bone structure is shaped like a wedge and forms part of the nasal septum?
Which bone structure is shaped like a wedge and forms part of the nasal septum?
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What is the primary difference in the structure of the right primary bronchus compared to the left primary bronchus?
What is the primary difference in the structure of the right primary bronchus compared to the left primary bronchus?
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What are the secondary bronchi also referred to as?
What are the secondary bronchi also referred to as?
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Which statement accurately describes the tertiary or segmental bronchi?
Which statement accurately describes the tertiary or segmental bronchi?
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How many lobes does the right lung have?
How many lobes does the right lung have?
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What is the apex part of the lungs called?
What is the apex part of the lungs called?
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What structure encapsulates the lungs in the thoracic cavity?
What structure encapsulates the lungs in the thoracic cavity?
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What does hemothorax refer to in the context of the pleural sac?
What does hemothorax refer to in the context of the pleural sac?
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In adults, what happens to the thymus gland compared to its condition in children?
In adults, what happens to the thymus gland compared to its condition in children?
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What type of blood cells are produced by the thymus gland?
What type of blood cells are produced by the thymus gland?
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What function do neutrophils serve in the immune response?
What function do neutrophils serve in the immune response?
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What characterizes the trachea as a tubular passageway for air?
What characterizes the trachea as a tubular passageway for air?
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What is the term for smaller divisions of the secondary bronchi?
What is the term for smaller divisions of the secondary bronchi?
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Which type of fluid could potentially lead to a hemothorax if it accumulates in the pleural sac?
Which type of fluid could potentially lead to a hemothorax if it accumulates in the pleural sac?
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Which characteristic is true regarding the left primary bronchus?
Which characteristic is true regarding the left primary bronchus?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Nose
- The nose has two openings called nostrils or external nares on its undersurface.
- The hard palate forms the floor of the nasal cavity, separating it from the oral cavity.
- The nasal septum divides the internal and external nose into right and left cavities.
Nasal Septum
- The superior part of the nasal septum is formed by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone.
- The inferior part is formed by the vomer.
- Lateral nasal cartilage contributes to the septum's structure.
- The olfactory nerve passes through the cribriform plate and spreads into the nasal septum.
Floor of the Internal Nose: Nasal Septum
- The hard palate is made of the wedge bone inserted into a cleft in the maxilla.
- The nasal septum acts as a divider within the internal nose, separating it into two distinct cavities.
Conchae / Turbinates
- Conchae are scroll-like structures located on the lateral wall of the internal nose.
- They are covered by mucous membranes.
- The inferior nasal concha is a separate bone, while the middle and superior conchae are part of the ethmoid bone.
- The spaces between the conchae are known as meatuses.
Meatuses
- Examples of meatuses include the inferior nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, and superior nasal meatus.
- The superior nasal concha contains the supreme meatus (sphenoethmoidal recess).
Recap: Nasal Cavity
- The nasal septum forms the medial wall of the nasal cavity.
- The conchae/turbinates form the lateral wall.
Anatomy & Functions of the Nose
- Incoming air first passes through the vestibule, which lines with coarse hairs to filter out large dust particles.
- The cavity is further divided into the superior meatus, middle meatus, and inferior meatus.
Parts of the Ethmoid Bone
- The ethmoid bone includes the crista galli, cribriform plate, superior nasal concha, and middle nasal concha.
Palatine Bone
- The Palatine Bone is found at the back of the nasal cavity and has an L-shape.
- It connects with the maxilla.
Hard Palate
- The Hard Palate comprises the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
Nasopharynx
- The nasopharynx is located at the back of the internal nose.
- Structures within the nasopharynx include the auditory canal, torus tubarius, Rosenmuller fossa, palatine tonsils, and adenoids.
Crista Galli
- The crista galli serves as the attachment point for the falx cerebri.
- The falx cerebri is a dura mater that covers the lateral hemispheres of the brain.
Cribriform Plate
- The olfactory nerve passes through the cribriform plate, facilitating the sense of smell.
Vomer
- The vomer is a wedge-shaped bone forming the lower part of the nasal septum.
- It divides the right and left nasal passages.
Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube)
- The auditory tube connects with the external ear and equalizes air pressure in the middle ear.
- The torus tubarius bounds the auditory tube entrance.
- The Rosenmuller fossa is a depression/canal located at the auditory canal entrance.
Nasolacrimal Duct
- The nasolacrimal duct opening is located within the inferior nasal meatus.
- Excess tears flow through the nasolacrimal duct into the nose.
Paranasal Sinuses
- The paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces that communicate with the nasal cavity.
- The maxillary sinus (Antrum of Highmore) is the largest sinus.
Maxillary Sinus
- The maxillary sinus is located within the body of the maxilla.
- It sometimes approximates the roots of molars, requiring sinus lifts during molar extractions.
- The opening of the maxillary sinus is called the ostium maxillare (maxillary hiatus).
Sphenoidal Sinus
- The sphenoidal sinus opens into the supreme meatus above the superior nasal concha.
- Surgery may be required following accidental fractures of the apical roots of molars.
Frontal Sinus
- The frontal sinus is located below the glabella (middle of the eyebrows).
- Its opening is known as the infundibulum and communicates with the medial nasal meatus.
Ethmoidal Sinus
- The ethmoidal sinus is a labyrinth-like structure.
- Three sections include:
- Anterior Ethmoidal Sinus - opens into the medial nasal meatus.
- Middle Ethmoidal Sinus - opens into the medial nasal meatus.
- Posterior Ethmoidal Sinus - opens into the superior nasal meatus.
- These sinuses are located within the lateral mass of the ethmoid bone.
Recap: Communication with the Medial Nasal Meatus
- The maxillary sinus, frontal sinus, anterior ethmoidal sinus, and middle ethmoidal sinus all communicate with the medial nasal meatus.
The Pharynx
- The pharynx is a passageway that connects the internal nose to the respiratory system.
- It is divided into three sections:
- Nasopharynx - connects to the nose.
- Oropharynx - connects to the mouth.
- Laryngopharynx - connects to the trachea.
Nasopharynx
- Structures within the nasopharynx include:
- Auditory canal
- Torus Tobarius
- Rosenmuller Fossa
- Palatine Tonsils
- Adenoids
Oropharynx
- The oropharynx is located between the tip of the vellum and the tip of the epiglottis.
- The uvula moves upward during swallowing to close the nasopharynx.
- The vellum is a muscle that controls the uvula.
- The epiglottis moves downward to close the laryngopharynx.
Laryngopharynx
- The laryngopharynx is the lowest section of the pharynx.
Functions of the Pharynx
- The pharynx serves as a connection between the mouth and the digestive tract.
- It also connects the nose and the respiratory system.
Muscles of the Pharynx
- The pharynx is covered by constrictor muscles.
- There are three constrictor muscles:
- Superior Constrictor
- Middle Constrictor
- Posterior Constrictor
- These muscles move through peristalsis, helping to propel food down the digestive tract.
The Larynx (Voice Box)
- The Larynx / Voice Box is a short passageway connecting the pharynx with the trachea.
- It is composed of single and paired cartilages.
- It is formed by three single cartilages, thyroid cartilage, epiglottis, and cricoid cartilage.
The Larynx: Cartilages
- The Larynx is made up of single and paired cartilages.
- UNPAIRED cartilages include:
- Thyroid cartilage - the largest cartilage.
- Epiglottis - a leaf-shaped cartilage.
- Cricoid cartilage - a signet-ring-shaped cartilage.
- PAIRED cartilages include:
- Arytenoid Cartilage
- Cuneiform cartilage - located in the opening of the larynx.
- Corniculate cartilage.
Vestibule
- The Vestibule is located in the middle of the larynx.
- It contains the vestibular folds, which are also known as the vocal cords.
- There are both true (lower folds) and false (upper folds) vocal cords.
Vocal Folds
- The vocal folds vibrate to produce sound.
- The movement of the vocal cords is necessary for breathing.
- The thickness of the vocal cords determines sound intensity:
- Thick cords create a "big voice."
- Thin cords result in a "small voice."
Adam's Apple
- The Adam's apple is a protrusion found on the thyroid cartilage.
Language Formation
- The formation of language starts from the anterior to the posterior part of the mouth.
- This explains why babies initially learn words like "mama" and "papa."
The Bronchi and Bronchial Tree
- The trachea, or windpipe, divides into the right and left primary bronchi in the chest.
- The right primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left.
- The left primary bronchus is transverse, longer, and has a smaller diameter.
- Within the lungs, the primary bronchi further divide into secondary or lobar bronchi.
- The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung has two.
- Secondary bronchi subsequently branch into smaller tubes called tertiary or segmental bronchi.
- Tertiary bronchi continue to divide, eventually forming even smaller tubes called bronchioles.
- Bronchioles ultimately branch into terminal (end) bronchioles.
The Lungs
- The lungs are located within the thoracic cavity.
- The highest part of the lungs is called the cupola.
- The lungs are encased in a sac called the pleural sac, which consists of a somatic wall on the outside and a visceral wall on the inside.
- There is a space between the visceral wall and the inside of the pleural sac which, if fluid escapes, results in a condition called hemothorax (dangerous fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity).
- The thymus gland, present in children, is responsible for producing B and T lymphocytes.
- The thymus gland shrinks in adults.
- B and T lymphocytes are targeted by the HIV virus.
- Antigens in the blood are primarily targeted by neutrophils, basophils, and lymphocytes, which act as a defense mechanism against foreign invaders.
- Cancer cells can mimic structures of B and T lymphocytes, making them appear harmless to the immune system, allowing them to grow undetected.
The Trachea and Bronchi
- The trachea is a tubular passageway for air, approximately 4.5 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter.
- Consisting of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, it is strengthened by 16-20 incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage.
- A tracheostomy procedure creates a new opening in the trachea to allow the passage of air, typically performed between the 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilages.
Trachea Features
- The trachea features C-shaped cartilage rings, which are incomplete on the dorsal side, facing the esophagus.
- The space between the C-shaped rings is filled with a trachealis muscle, separating the muscles of the esophagus and the trachea.
- This muscle structure explains why hot food or beverages can radiate to the sternum.
- The carina is the triangular-shaped lowermost portion of the trachea.
Bronchi Features
- The left primary bronchus runs transversely and is longer and narrower, while the right primary bronchus is oblique and stouter.
- This difference in positioning is due to the presence of the heart on the left side of the chest.
- Secondary bronchi are associated with the number of lobes in the lungs: two on the left (upper and lower), and three on the right (upper, middle, and inferior).
Other Relevant Structures
- The pleural hilum, located on the medial wall of the lungs, is where veins and arteries are visible.
- The diaphragm sits beneath the heart and lungs.
- The thymus gland produces B and T lymphocytes, which migrate to bone marrow where they play a vital role in fighting disease.
- Paranasal sinuses are cavities in the skull that are named based on their location:
- Sphenoid (blue)
- Ethmoid (middle)
- Maxilla (below ethmoid)
- Glabella/Frontal (above ethmoid)
- The crista galli is an extension of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone in the anterior cranial fossa, serving as an attachment point for the falx cerebri.
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Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the nose, including its structure and the functions of various components such as the nasal septum and conchae. This quiz will cover details about the nostrils, hard palate, and more. Perfect for biology and anatomy enthusiasts!
