CENG328_LN02.pdf

Lecture 02: Introduction to Embedded Systems Dr. Abdulmalik Alwarafy Spring 2024 CENG 328: Introduction to Embedded Systems Outline • Components of an embedded system • Microprocessor-Based Systems • Microcontrollers • Examples of Microcontrollers • Classification of Microcontrollers • Choosing...

Lecture 02: Introduction to Embedded Systems Dr. Abdulmalik Alwarafy Spring 2024 CENG 328: Introduction to Embedded Systems Outline • Components of an embedded system • Microprocessor-Based Systems • Microcontrollers • Examples of Microcontrollers • Classification of Microcontrollers • Choosing a Microcontroller 2 Components of an embedded system (driving motors, fans) (temperature sensor, light sensor, ultrasound sensor) (monitors, screens, lights) (keys, buttons, switch) (Ethernet, USB, Infrared, ZigBee, WiFi, Bluetooth, cellular) Microprocessor-Based Systems Central Processing Unit • The Central Processing Unit (CPU) by-itself is completely useless and it must have external peripherals to Interact with outside world/devices Address Bus ALU performs computing tasks and logical computations Registers are used for temp. storage Data Bus Control Bus Control unit 5 a Source: http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/CS121/ClassTopics/ComputerSystem.html Microcontroller • A small computer on a single integrated circuit (chip). It includes: • Processor core (CPU) • Built-in oscillator for clock source • Memory • Flash memory (in the order of KBytes/MBytes), to hold the program • RAM, in the order of KBytes/MBytes • Several I/O peripherals for both generic and specific purposes can be included in the microcontroller chip External peripherals? Power consumption? External cooling system? Computational capacity? High clock frequency? Control applications? Number of tasks? A microcontroller is a true computer on a chip with CPU, memory, & other peripherals Microcontroller Diagram 8-bit Atmel ATmega328/P microcontroller ARDUINO UNO R3 Board 16-bit MC9S12DG256 (HCS12) microcontroller 15 32-bit LPC1768 ARM Cortex-M3 based microcontroller ARM mbed NXP LPC1768 Development Board 16 32-bit SAM D21 ARM Cortex-M0 based microcontroller Arduino Zero board Arduino IOT 33 board 17 32-bit STM32L476 ARM Cortex-M4 based microcontroller 18 Typical peripherals • Digital lines • Analog lines • Analog-to-Digital (ADC) • Digital-to-Analog (DAC) • Timers • Special digital lines i.e. Pulse-Width-Modulation • Communication interfaces for other devices and/or sensors/actuators: • • • • • • USB UART (serial port) SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) I2C (I-square-C) Ethernet ..etc 19 Classification of Microcontroller • Memory Architecture • Von Neumann vs Harvard • Instruction set • RISC vs CISC • Core Architecture • Microcoded • Hardwired designs • Word length : 8,16, 32 ..etc Memory Architecture Instruction set • Von Neumann vs Harvard • RISC vs CISC Core Architecture • Microcoded • Hardwired designs Word length : 8,16, 32 ..etc Von Neumann vs Harvard Memory Architecture 21 Choosing a Microcontroller • Capability of meeting the required specification • Performance i.e. Speed, Power consumption • Packaging • Cost • Number of I/O pins • Upgradability • ..etc • Development tools • Availability 23 Source: https://www.embedded.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EETimes_Embedded_2019_Embedded_Markets_Study.pdf 24 Source: https://www.embedded.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EETimes_Embedded_2019_Embedded_Markets_Study.pdf 25 Source: https://www.embedded.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/EETimes_Embedded_2019_Embedded_Markets_Study.pdf 26 Summary • Discussed • What are Embedded Systems ? • Challenges in Embedded System Design • Characteristics of Embedded Systems • Microprocessor-Based Systems • Microprocessor vs Microcontroller • Examples of Microcontrollers • Classification of Microcontrollers • Choosing a Microcontroller 27 Extra Resources • https://www.rs-online.com/designspark/what-is-an-embedded-system • Perry Xiao, Designing Embedded Systems and the Internet of Things (IoT), Wiley, 2018.