CELLULAR + TISSUES.pdf

LAB 04: CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE ○ Acquisition of nutrients ; there are CELL s...

LAB 04: CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE ○ Acquisition of nutrients ; there are CELL specific parts that provide the nutrient CELL – basic unit of life available for the cell (endomembrane system) MAJOR PARTS “G” phase = “growth” Cell membrane – outermost covering (of human/animal Produce daughter cells with the same no of cells) chromosomes Cytoplasm – fluid portion Deals with sister chromatids Genetic material b. MEIOSIS – apply to gametes or germ cells EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL CYCLE difference : Genetic mateiral – inters of endomembrane organelle (NUCLEUS) 1. G1 PHASE — very active in metabolic activities PLANT CELL amount of nutrient supplied within the cell will undergo metabolic activities Cell wall – outermost covering of plant cell Cell membrane As a result, go to next phase 2. S PHASE – synthesis phase Nucleus Cytoplasm DNA synthesis/replication 3. G2 PHASE MAJOR DIFFERENCE (in terms of growth) Focuses on structural growth in preparation for mitotic division (eg. spindle fiber) ANIMAL CELL : growth is limited PLANT CELL : growth is unlimited Whatever material is needed for mitotic division is prepared in this phase ○ When we cut plants, they grow and become more robust 4. MITOSIS 5. G0 CELL MEMBRANE Cells undergo differentiation ; they become specialized and mature (eg. bone cells, brain Facilitates the principle of active and passive transport cells) ACTIVE TRANSPORT – PASSIVE TRANSPORT – osmotic relationship of the cell ○ They are maintained but they stop dividing (limited growth) CELL CYCLE Ex of mitotic division : forms difference tissues/organs ; like integumentaary system (continous production of dermal cells which are removed everyday) INTERPHASE – longest period MITOSIS – shortest period Two types of division: MITOSIS a. MITOSIS – applies to somatic/body cells ; Cells are capable of reproducing and this can be 1. PROPHASE accounted to mitotic division Chromatid — thread-like structure Before dividing, rule of thumb to survive — Chromatid will undergo condensation = becomes needs nutrition visible ; becomes chromosomes (sister chromatids)  Nuclear envelope disappear as a result of Crenation = cells shrink as an effect condensation HYPOTONIC – water moves in Late prophase = visible scattered chromosomes Lyse = cell bursting In plants, cell wall prevents bursting 2. METAPHASE Alignment of chromosomes at the center ISOTONIC – no net movement of water (middle) 3. ANAPHASE Keyword: separation Early anaphase: magssplit palang Sister chromatids separate, moving towards opposite poles Late anaphase: palabas na ng pole?? 4. TELOPHASE Formation of cleavage = magtetelophase Decondensation of chromatin material (until it is ready to undergo cytokinesis) ○ Forming of 2 daughter cells IMPORTANCE OF MITOSIS Allows division of cells = allows growth of cells Maintenance of somatic cells Repairs damaged cells of the body (eg. nasugatan ka) INTERPHASE controls normal division ○ Cancer cells (metastasize) ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM Nucleus ○ Consists of DNA ; allows the process of central dogma Rough ER ○ Rough bc of presence of ribosomes ○ Very important in production of protein (synthesis) Smooth ER ○ Synthesis of lipids Golgi bodies ○ Products of SER and RER are: (1) modify, (2) sort, (3) package and (4) deliver to cell membrane and other parts Cell membrane and other parts Role of nucleus if congruent to activities of rough and smooth ER ENDOMEMBRANE = parts of cell with membrane OSMOTIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE CELL Cell membrane facilitates PASSIVE TRANSPORT – without ATP ○ Diffusion – movement of molecules from higher conc to lower conc ○ Osmosis – movement of water molecules from high conc to low conc across a semipermeable membrane HYPERTONIC – water moves out  LAB 05: TISSUES EPITHELIAL TISSUE Liners and wrappers Avascular – no blood Cant be very thick Lines a hollow organ – space is called lumen ○ Apical surface = side of epithelium facing the space ○ Basal surface = ○ Basement membrane = made of extracellular proteins ; connect to connective tissue Thin = allows materials to pass across Keratin protein, Goblet cells 1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER Common among all epithelial tissue: presence of Areolar, adipose, reticular basement membrane Have fibers within ground substance ○ identity of epithelial tissues which is connected to integumentary system 2. DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE Tissues are named after shape and layer (eg. simple Dense regular, dense irregular squamous epithelial tissue) More fibers, less ground substance LAYERS Simple – single 3. SUPPORTING CONNECTIVE TISSUE Stratified – more than 2 layers Dense and strong Pseudostratified CARTILAGE – fibro, hyaline, elastic BONE – compact, spongy SHAPE Bone tissue – osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts (cells that are observed Columnar Squamous – flattened 4. SPECIALIZED/ FLUIDS CONNECTIVE TISSUE Blood and lymph LYMPH – no cells, fragments, fibers Foundation of tissues: the presence of the cell Connect, support, cushion other tissue SPECIALIZED CELLS Always found deep to epithelial tissue ADIPOCYTES (adipose) – contain triglycerides Contain blood vessels that supply epithelium CHONDROCYTES (cartilage and subtypes) Have space between the cells OSTEOCYTES (bone tissue) ○ Filled with GROUND SUBSTANCE – clear, thick ERYTHROCYTES (rbc) and LEUKOCYTES (wbc) – carry material, containing fibers oxygen, perform immune system functions FIBROBLASTS – makes fibers LACUNAE – small spaced 1. COLLAGEN – thick, long, unbranched, unstretchy 2. RETICULAR — thinnest, named after angular branched MUSCULAR shape, net-like, strong but flexible Contractile 3. ELASTIC FIBERS – branch away, wavy, stretchy Shortens to move Differentiated into three types: 1. According to movement, whether irregular or regular a. Voluntary or involuntary 2. Location a. Anything attached to bones – skeletal muscle b. Smooth muscles – present within digestive tract, some part of respiratory tract c. Cardiac – heart  3. According to striations a. Unstriated (1): smooth b. Striated (2): cardiac (slightly striated) ; skeletal (fully) 4. Location and number of nucleus (additional lang yata dahil 3 lang ang inask nya sa pa-recap) a. Center or peripheral area of the muscle SKELETAL MUSCLE Connect bones of the body, allows movement Voluntary – u have conscious control Multinucleated Visible striations (faint or obvious) ○ Stacked proteins that can make it contract CARDIAC MUSCLE Walls of the heart Contractions enables heart to pump and circulate blood Short and branched Involuntary INTERCALATED DISKS – where one cardiac cell attaches to its neighbor ; aggregations of specialized proteins SMOOTH MUSCLE No striations Cells are large, long, and tapered (fusiform) Involuntary NERVOUS TISSUE brain , spinal cord, nerves Two cell types: neurons and glial cells Neurons are made up of the presence of the axon and the dendrite ○ DENDRITES — receive impulses towards cell body ○ AXONS — single ; carry impulses away the cell ○ GLIAL CELLS — provide support