Cellular Structure and Function Notes PDF

t r u c t u r e a n d Cellular S Func t io n N o t e s Target Set 4  l T h eo ry.( Tex tbo ok: Chapter 8.1) el ree main ideas of the C 4.1 I ca...

t r u c t u r e a n d Cellular S Func t io n N o t e s Target Set 4  l T h eo ry.( Tex tbo ok: Chapter 8.1) el ree main ideas of the C 4.1 I can state the th The Cell Theory… 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from other pre-existing cells.  eukaryotic cells. ac te ri st ic s o f pro karyotic cells and 4.2 I can compare char 8.1) (Textbook: Chapter Prokaryote… Bacteria and Archae are prokaryotes Lack a nucleus or membrane bound organelles Eukaryote… All forms of life with the exception of Bacteria and Archae Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles  in th e m o d er n eu k aryotic cell m b io ti c th eo ry (t hat some structures loro p la st s).(Textbook: e en d o sy p la n ts , ch 4.3 I can explain th y o te s, su ch as m itochondria, and in y prok ar developed from earl Chapter 8.2) -The presence of DNA within chloroplasts and mitochondria suggests that they were once prokaryotic cells -Chloroplasts are likely descendants of cyanobacteria and mitochondria are likely descendants of aerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes -Chloroplasts and mitochondria may have combined with larger prokaryotes creating the ancestral eukaryotic cells  nt ce lls and a n im al cells.(Textbook: il ar it ie s an d d iffe rences between pla e si m 4.4 I can identify th Chapter 8.2) Both plants and animals are surrounded by a plasma membrane and contain a nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum,golgi apparatus, mitochondria, peroxisomes, microfilaments, and microtubules. Only PLANTS… -Plastids(Chloroplasts), Cell Wall, Central Vacuole, Plasmodesmata Only ANIMALS… -Centrioles, Locomotion Organelles (Flagellum and Cilia)  ns o f ea ch : ce ll w all, plasma ll o rg a n el le s an d describe the functio a , g olg i apparatus, e m aj o r ce och o n dri 4.5 I can list th cl eu s, n ucl eo li, chloroplast, mit tb oo k: Chapter 8.2) v a cu o le (s ), n u so so m e. (T ex membrane, m (s m o o th an d ro ugh), ribosome, ly lu endoplasmic reticu  ct io n.(Textb o o k: C hapter 11.4) w cell structure is related to cell fun 4.6 I can explain ho Cell Differentiation… The acquisition of a cell’s specific structural and functional features Examples: The shape of red blood cells, the length of neural cells(neurons) and skeletal muscle cells, the locomotive character of sperm cells, etc.  h o li p id b il a y er ) and describe its ct u re o f th e p la sm a membrane (phosp extb o o k : C hapter 8.3) the st ru b o d y. (T 4.7 I can explain f su b st an ce s in and out of the ce ll e fl o w o role in regulating th Phospholipid bilayer… Composed of phospholipid heads and tails Hydrophylic heads face the extracellular fluid(outside of the cell) and the cytoplasm (inside of the cell) Hydrophobic tails line the inside of the bilayer  h o li p id b il a y er ) and describe its ct u re o f th e p la sm a membrane (phosp extb o o k : C hapter 8.3) the st ru b o d y. (T 4.7 I can explain f su b st an ce s in and out of the ce ll e fl o w o role in regulating th Fluid mosiac model… Composed of a mosaic of proteins and carbohydrates in fluid consisting of the lipid bilayer Integral proteins are embedded in the lipid bilayer Peripheral proteins are attached to the surface  h o li p id b il a y er ) and describe its ct u re o f th e p la sm a membrane (phosp extb o o k : C hapter 8.3) the st ru b o d y. (T 4.7 I can explain f su b st an ce s in and out of the ce ll e fl o w o role in regulating th Plasma Membrane Functions: Transport Enzymatic Activity Signal Transduction Intercellular Joining Cell-Cell Recognition Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix  si o n , an d o sm o si s.(Textbook: fu es of simple dif fusion, facilitated dif p ar e the proce ss 4.8 I can com Chapter 8.3) Diffusion… The tendency for molecules of a substance to spread out from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration through a permeable membrane  si o n , an d o sm o si s.(Textbook: fu es of simple dif fusion, facilitated dif p ar e the proce ss 4.8 I can com Chapter 8.3) Simple Diffusion... Where:Through the phospholipid bilayer Who: Small, non-polar (hydrophobic) molecules(Ex: O2,CO2N2) and small, uncharged polar molecules (Ex: H2O, Glycerol)  si o n , an d o sm o si s.(Textbook: fu es of simple dif fusion, facilitated dif p ar e the proce ss 4.8 I can com Chapter 8.3) Osmosis... Where: the phospholipid bilayer Who: H2O  si o n , an d o sm o si s.(Textbook: fu es of simple dif fusion, facilitated dif p ar e the proce ss 4.8 I can com Chapter 8.3) Facilitated Diffusion... Where: Integrated Protein Channels Who: Large, uncharged polar molecules(glucose, sucrose) and Ions (Cl-, Na+, K+)  si o n , an d o sm o si s.(Textbook: fu es of simple dif fusion, facilitated dif p ar e the proce ss 4.8 I can com Chapter 8.3) Active Transport... Where: the carrier proteins in the phospholipid bilayer Who: Ions or molecules moving from low concentration to high concentration What: Requires energy: ie ATP Example: Sodium Potassium Pump  I can des crib e how the presen ce of a con cen tra tion gradient and the goal of reaching 4.9 usion.(Textbook: Chapter 8.3) dynamic equilibrium influence the process of diff Concentration gradient… The difference in concentration from inside a cell to outside of a cell Substances move down the concentration gradient from high to low  and animal 4.10 I can explain the effect of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on plant book: cells (i.e. plasmolysis and cytolysis), and the importance of turgor pressure for plants.(Text Chapter 8.3) Hypotonic The concentration of solutes is lower outside of the cell(extracellular fluid) then inside the cell (cytoplasm) Cytolysis Cells in a hypotonic solution can expand to the point of lysis from the influx of water  and animal 4.10 I can explain the effect of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on plant book: cells (i.e. plasmolysis and cytolysis), and the importance of turgor pressure for plants.(Text Chapter 8.3) Hypertonic The concentration of solutes is higher outside of the cell(extracellular fluid) then inside the cell (cytoplasm) Plasmolysis Cells in a hypertonic solution can shrink from the movement of water from the cell to the extracellular fluid  and animal 4.10 I can explain the effect of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on plant book: cells (i.e. plasmolysis and cytolysis), and the importance of turgor pressure for plants.(Text Chapter 8.3) Isotonic The concentration of solutes outside of the cell(extracellular fluid) is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell (cytoplasm) This is called Dynamic Equilibrium. Water continues to move in balance between the inside and outside of the cell.  and animal 4.10 I can explain the effect of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on plant book: cells (i.e. plasmolysis and cytolysis), and the importance of turgor pressure for plants.(Text Chapter 8.3) View of red blood cells in… Isotonic plasma (dynamic equilibrium) Hypertonic plasma (dehydration) Hypotonic plasma (hyponatremia: overhydration)  and animal 4.10 I can explain the effect of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions on plant book: cells (i.e. plasmolysis and cytolysis), and the importance of turgor pressure for plants.(Text Chapter 8.3) Turgor Pressure (Cell Wall)... The force directed against the cell wall in a plant cell from the influx of water in hypotonic extracellular fluid  nsp o rt.( Tex tb o ok: Chapter 8.3) ort and active tra n d is ti n g u is h b et ween passive transp 4.11 I ca Passive Transport… Substances diffuse spontaneously down the concentration gradients crossing a membrane with no expenditure of energy by the cell Active Transport… Some transport proteins act as pumps, moving substances across a membrane against their concentration gradients. Energy for this work is usually supplied by ATP.  o cy to si s.(Textbo ok: Chapter 8.3) sses of en docytosis and ex the proce 4.12 I can describe Endocytosis… The cell takes in macromolecules and particulate matter by forming new vesicles from the plasma membrane Examples: Phagocytosis(“Cellular eating”), Pinocytosis (“Cellular Drinking”), and Receptor Mediated Endocytosis Exocytosis… The cell secretes macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.  4.13 I can explain why cells are so small based on surface area to volume ratios and rates of diffusion.(Textbook: Chapter 10.1) and 4.14 I can explain cell division, growth, and development as a consequence of an increase in cell number, cell size, and/or cell products.(Textbook: Chapter 11.1) Cell Size Issues... If a cell gets too large it cannot move nutrients into the cell and move wastes out of the cell efficiently. In addition, as a cell grows larger it places more demand on its DNA 37 trillion cells in the average adult human The Solution... A larger surface area to volume ratio exhibited in a cell eliminates cell membrane transport issues and unreasonable demands on the cell’s genetic material  io n.(Tex tb ook : Ch apter 11.1) uct divide: growth, repair, and reprod why cells 4.15 I can identify Multicellular Organisms... In multicellular organisms, cell division occurs to allow the organism to grow and develop. Once growth is complete in a multicellular organism, cell division is necessary for repair and renewal. Unicellular Organisms… Unicellular organisms can reproduce/clone offspring through cell division.  4.16 I can describe the key events of each phase of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2 (collectively called interphase), and Mitosis.(Textbook: Chapter 11.2) Interphase... The somatic(non-reproductive) cell spends the majority of the cell cycle (90%) preparing for cellular division in interphase. G1(“First Gap”) Cell growth and protein synthesis S (Synthesis) DNA is synthesized and replicated G2(“Second Gap”) Growth, protein synthesis, and organelle development  4.16 I can describe the key events of each phase of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2 (collectively called interphase), and Mitosis.(Textbook: Chapter 11.2) Checkpoints… If a cell does not pass the G1/S Checkpoint, the cell cycle stops and the cell will not divide anymore If a cell does not pass the G2/M Checkpoint, the cell cycle stops to repair damaged DNA G0 (Senescence): After the G1/S Checkpoint, the cell stops dividing and “retires” until apoptosis Apoptosis… ○ Programmed cell death brought about by the formation of “suicide” proteins  4.16 I can describe the key events of each phase of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2 (collectively called interphase), and Mitosis.(Textbook: Chapter 11.2) M(Mitosis) Division of the nucleus ○ Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm  4.16 I can describe the key events of each phase of the cell cycle: G1, S, G2 (collectively called interphase), and Mitosis.(Textbook: Chapter 11.2) Chromatin… The DNA-protein complex which is packed into the nucleus during interphase Chromosomes... Chromatin condenses into chromosomes as the cell enters the mitotic phase Chromatids… Each chromosome condensed from chromatin during prophase has two identical parts. These are called the sister chromatids. Sister Chromatids  (collectively call ch p h as e o f th e ce ll cycle: G1, S, G2 the key events of ea 4.16 I can describe ex tb o o k: Chapter 11.2) M it o si s. (T interphase), and  a se, anaphase, st ag e in m it o si s: prophase, metaph ca n d escr ib e th e key events of each 4.17 I in es is.(Tex tb o o k : Chapter 11.2) k telophase, and cyto M phase: Prophase… Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Each chromosome is composed of two identical sister chromatids Mitotic spindle begins to form  a se, anaphase, st ag e in m it o si s: prophase, metaph ca n d escr ib e th e key events of each 4.17 I in es is.(Tex tb o o k : Chapter 11.2) k telophase, and cyto M phase: Metaphase… The nuclear membrane disintegrates The sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate with the aid of spindle fibers attached to the kinetochore at the centromeric region  a se, anaphase, st ag e in m it o si s: prophase, metaph ca n d escr ib e th e key events of each 4.17 I in es is.(Tex tb o o k : Chapter 11.2) k telophase, and cyto M Phase:Anaphase… The spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids in opposite directions towards the opposing poles of the cell The centromere regions of the sister chromatids separate  a se, anaphase, st ag e in m it o si s: prophase, metaph ca n d escr ib e th e key events of each 4.17 I in es is.(Tex tb o o k : Chapter 11.2) k telophase, and cyto M Phase:Telophase and Cytokinesis… Telophase… Two nuclear envelopes now form around the separated chromosomes at opposite ends of the original cell Division of the genetic material is now complete Cytokinesis… The division of the cytoplasm and the cell organelles to complete mitosis  d ia g ra m or image of a cell, m it osi s in a in ea ch of the different phases of id en ti fy a ce ll 4.18 I can ex tb o o k : Chapter 11.2) sc o p e. (T or under the micro  d a p la n t ce ll.( Textbook: Chapte ss of cytokinesis in an animal cell an the proce 4.19 I can compare 11.2) Animal Cells… Cleavage Furrow Plant Cells... Cell Plate  4.20 I can explain the consequences of an error in the regulation of the cell cycle (i.e. cancer cells).(Textbook: Chapter 11.3) Cancer… Abnormal cells dividing without the control of the cellular checks and balances Cancerous cells have the ability to invade other tissues(metastasis) and consume their resources  4.20 I can explain the consequences of an error in the regulation of the cell cycle (i.e. cancer cells).(Textbook: Chapter 11.3) Apoptosis vs. Mitosis… Life is a battle between mitosis and apoptosis. When mitosis and apoptosis are not in homeostasis, a tumor can form.  4.20 I can explain the consequences of an error in the regulation of the cell cycle (i.e. cancer cells).(Textbook: Chapter 11.3) What can we do… A CURE FOR CANCER?