Cellular Respiration.pdf

Cellular Respiration Monday, September 11, 2023 9:23 AM CELLULAR METABOLISM: RESPIRATION Glycolysis → A chemical process involving 10 sequential reactions that break down of 1 glucose (6 carbon molecule) → Some energy from the broken chemical bonds of glucose is used directly to conve...

Cellular Respiration Monday, September 11, 2023 9:23 AM CELLULAR METABOLISM: RESPIRATION Glycolysis → A chemical process involving 10 sequential reactions that break down of 1 glucose (6 carbon molecule) → Some energy from the broken chemical bonds of glucose is used directly to convert ADP into ATP (2 AT Picture description: ○ During the process of glycolysis - 2 NAD+ are turned into - 2 ATP molecules are mad Additional Notes on Glycolysis: ◊ Numerous metabolic diseases ◊ McArdle disease: the absence converting glycogen to gluco ○ Glycogen stores excess Pyruvate Decarboxylation → Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix and is catalyzed into Acetyl CoA ( a 2 carbon molecule ). THIS Picture description: ○ Pyruvate is turned inro Acetyl CoA (coenzy - CO2 is re - CoA is a - 1 pyruva - At the en ) into two pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) TP) s: 2 NADH de s affect glycolysis e of the enzyme involved in the first step of ose s glucose S STEP REQUIRES OXYGEN yme A) AS IT ENTERS THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX eleased from the pyruvate molecule added to make Acetyl coA ate generates 1 CO2 and 1 NADH nd of this process 2 NADH's are made Citric Acid Cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) → An 8 separate reaction directed by enzymes from the mitochondrial matrix → Two carbon (2C) are sequentially removed from the 6C citrate molecule -> converted back to the 4C ox → These 2C are converted into 2 molecules of CO2 as well as the one produced during the pyruvate decar Picture description: ○ The starting enzyme ○ oxaloacetate plus Ac ○ Citrate goes through get: - 6 NADH and 2 - Lose 2 carbons § The car ○ Only 2 ATP molecules ○ This process occurs in Continuation of slide notes: → The O2 used to form involved in the cycle, → Hydrogen atoms are Transport Chain) → Hydrogen carrier mol - Nicotinamide - Flavine Adenin → The processing of AC to Guanosine diphosp Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) → Most of the energy is still stored in H (they contain electrons at high energy levels) → Series of electron carrier molecules on inner membrane of the mitochondria → Electrons extracted from NADH and FADH2 → Most energy produced (ATP) xaloacetate, ready to accept a new Acetyl-CoA rboxylation, pass out of the cell -> blood is oxaloacetate cetyl CoA will make citrate a 8 series process twice, at the end of the process we 2 FADH2 s, one each cycle (occurs at the 3-4 step) rbons are lost to the NADH's and the FADH2 s are produced, 1 per cycle n the mitochondrial matrix these CO2 molecules is coming from these molecules not from the free O2 supplied from breathing removed and will be used in the ETC (Electron lecules: Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) -> NADH ne Dinucleotide (FAD) -> FADH2 CoA releases energy -> linkage of inorganic phosphate phate (GDP -> GTP) Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) → Most of the energy is still stored in H (they contain electrons at high energy levels) → Series of electron carrier molecules on inner membrane of the mitochondria → Electrons extracted from NADH and FADH2 → Most energy produced (ATP) Picture descriptions: ○ This process changes from the matri (red part). This includes the intermem membrane Slide notes: → Ultimately elections are passed to O b/c of the usage of oxygen to make → NADH and FADH2 are converted ba ○ When its converted back it ca ○ They represent the link b/w th → 1 NADH = 2-3 ATP (2.5 ATP average → 1 FAD = 1-2 ATP (1.5 ATP average) Slide → → → Pictu ○ ○ ○  ix (yellow part) to the inner mitochondrial membrane mbrane space ( the space b/w the outer and inner O2. This process is called oxidative phosphorylation ATP ack into NAD+ and FAD an now pick up new Hydrogen molecules he TCA and ETC e) notes: The high-energy electrons fall to successively lower energy levels as they are transferred from carrier to carrier through the ETC As electrons move through the electron transport system, they release free energy. Part of the released energy is harnessed to transport H+ from matrix into the intermembrane space at Complexes I, II, III, and IV As a result, H+ ions are more heavily concentrated in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. This H+ gradient supplies the energy that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase ure description: ○ The green blobs are called complexes bc it's made up of multiple proteins ○ NADH and FADH2 give their H to complex 1 and 2 ○ The H molecules come into the intermembrane space and travel against their will into the ATP synthase and results in ATP