Cell Structure and Cell Theory.pdf

 Lesson 1: Cell Theory and Cell Structures & Functions Who Discovered Cells? Learning Objectives Identify cells as the smallest and basic unit of all living things. Explain and state the principles of cell theory Enumerate the parts and functions of cells.  CELL All livin...

 Lesson 1: Cell Theory and Cell Structures & Functions Who Discovered Cells? Learning Objectives Identify cells as the smallest and basic unit of all living things. Explain and state the principles of cell theory Enumerate the parts and functions of cells.  CELL All living thing are composed of cells. A c e l l i s a m e m b r a n e – covered structured that contains all of the materials necessary for life. Building blocks of life. “Cella” small room. Uni-Cellular Unicellular organisms are composed of a single cell. Multi-Cellular Having made up of, or involving more than one and usually many cells especially of living matter. Discovery of the Cell Cells were discovered in 1665 by Robert Hooke Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw the first living cells in 1673. Robert Hooke Robert Hooke Hooke’s discovery led to the understanding of cells as the smallest units of life—the foundation of cell theory. Anton van Leeuwenhoek Anton van Leeuwenhoek used single-lens microscopes, which he made, to make the first observations of bacteria and protozoa.  Cell Theory Scientists later discovered a lot more about cells using more powerful microscopes. CELL THEORY ❖ All organisms are made up of one or more cells. ❖ Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things. ❖ All cells come from pre- existing cells. CELL THEORY ❖ Matthias Schleiden worked with plants. ❖ Theodor Schwann worked with animals. ❖ Rudolf Virchow saw cell dividing under the microscope. The Hierarchy of Life  ORGAN CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANIS M Basic unit of Group of cells Structure Group of Individual structure of the same composed of organs that living thing and function kind. one or more work together that may be of all living types of to perform a made up of things. tissues. certain one or more function. organ systems.  A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. “mikros” meaning small “skopein” meaning to look at. Microscop Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cell  Eukaryotic Cell ✔ Cell that do have a nucleus ✔ Do have membrane bound organelles ✔ Linear and double stranded DNA ✔ All other organisms.  Nucleus ✔ It's in the middle of the cell, and the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes, which encode the genetic material. ✔ The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. ✔ It contains DNA arranged in chromosomes. Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid (DNA) ✔ DNA is the information molecule. ✔ It stores instructions for making other large molecules, called proteins. ✔ These instructions are stored inside each of your cells, distributed among 46 long structures called chromosomes. ✔ These chromosomes are made up of thousands of shorter segments of DNA, called genes.  Prokaryote Eukaryote NUCLEUS : ABSENT NUCLEUS : PRESENT MEMBRANE- BOUND: MEMBRANE- BOUND: ORGANELLES ABSENT PRESENT ORGANELLES CELL STRUCTURE: CELL STRUCTURE: COMPLEXITY: UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR COMPLEXITY: DNA FORM: DNA FORM: SIMPLER COMPPLEX EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: CIRCULAR LINEAR BACTERIA AND ANIMALS, PLANTS, FUNGI ARCHEA AND PROTISTS CELL PARTS AND FUNCTIONS CYTOPLAS M Jelly like fluid inside cell Organelles are found floating here CELL MEMBRANE Protects the cell Keeps the cytoplasm inside Allows material in and out of the cell  CELL WALL Provides support and strength to cell membrane found only in plant cells. A major role of the cell wall is to form a framework for the cell to prevent over expansion.  NUCLEU SControl center of the cell Where DNA is found The membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes. NUCLEOLU S Stores materials to make ribosomes Found inside the nucleus The ribosome factory RIBOSOME S Smallest but most abundant organelle Site of protein synthesis Found in cytoplasm or attached to ER ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Found near nucleus The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function MITOCHONDRIA Powerhouse of the cell Energy for the cell is made here from nutrients The classic role of mitochondria is oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat. CHLOROPLAST Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. Found only in plant cells Food producers of the cell. GOLGI APPARATUS It packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. Known as the packing and dispatching unit of a cell. LYSOSOMES Get rid of wastes Protect the cell from invaders Breakdown/digestion of macromolecules Cell membrane repairs Found in animal cell VACUOLE A fluid-filled sac for the storage of materials needed by the cell. A vacuole is a structure found in animal, plant, bacteria, protist, and fungi cells. Large vacuole found in plants CYTOSKELETO N Protein fibers that gives the cell its shape, offers support, and facilitates movement a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, excluding bacteria and archaea. CYTOSKELETO N Two main components: 1. Actin filaments/Microfilaments 1. Tubulins/Microtubules  CENTROSOME SDuring cell division, when chromosomes are lined up and then pulled toward opposite ends of the cell, it is the centrosomes that are responsible. Its main function is to organize the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell. AMYLOPLASTS Amyloplasts are organelles in plant cells where starch is made and stored. Found in plant cells.