Cell Biology Lec 2: Plasma Membrane (PDF)

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cell biology plasma membrane lipid bilayer biology

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This document covers the topic of the plasma membrane in cell biology. It discusses the different components of the plasma membrane, including lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, and explains their roles. It includes diagrams and illustrates how these components work together.

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‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬...

‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪www.onlinedoctranslator.com -‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻢﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ‪2‬‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻲ ﻟﻸﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ)ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍً( ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪٪50‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻫﻢﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻴﺪﻳﻞﻛﻮﻟﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪.1‬ﺍﻝﺟﻠﻴﺴﺮﻭﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻱ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻴﺪﻳﻠﻴﻨﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻴﺪﻳﻞﺳﻴﺮﻳﻦ )‪،(PS‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺾﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻴﺪﻳﻚ )‪ (PA‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻴﺪﻳﻞ ﺇﻳﺜﺎﻧﻮﻻﻣﻴﻦ )‪ (PE‬ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﻟﻘﺎﺉﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺠﻮﺯﻳﻦﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﻐﻮﻣﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺼﺮﻳﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺸﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎً‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ %2‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺉﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﻟﻠﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ "ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺼﺎ"‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻮﺳﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻫﻮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀﻞﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻓﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻴﻨﺠﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﻓﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻨﺼﺎﺕ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕﺍﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ )ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎً ﻟﻺﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕﺍﻟﻤﻨﻮﻳﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﻈﺮﺍًﻷﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺉﻼ‪ ً،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔﺗﻨﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻋﻜﺲﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ )ﻧﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ( ﺃﻗﻞ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻋﺔﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎءﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻟﻸﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻴﻮﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺃﻗﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻞﺫﻳﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﺸﺒﻊ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﺍﻧﺤﻨﺎءﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔﺍﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦﺍﻟﺼﻌﺐ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺇﻧﻪﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎءﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﺉﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺎﻓﻆﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﺉﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔﺛﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (1‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﻠﻲ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ )ﻻﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰءﺍً‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺎًﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ(‪.‬ﺍﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ًﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺟﺰﺍء ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﺎﺕﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 25‬ﺣﻤﻀﺎً ﺃﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎً ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻏﺸﺎﺉﻲ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﻼﺗﻲ )ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﻫﻮ‬ ‫)ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (3‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺗﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖﺣﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞﺑﻮﺭﻳﻨﺲ‪.‬ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱﻣﺴﻌﻮﺭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﺰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‪.‬ﻭﺑﺪﻻ ًﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﻫﻴﺉﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﻴﻞ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻄﻮﻯ ‪ 16‬ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮﻣﻴﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺉﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (1‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﺧﺮ(‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦﻏﺸﺎﺉﻲ‬ ‫)‪ (2‬ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺤﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕﺭﺃﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺉﻒﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺇﻧﻬﻢﻻ ﻳﺘﻘﻠﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﺗﺪﻭﺭﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺉﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ(‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﺎً ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء )‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺒﻲ(‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ )ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ( ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﻴﻜﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺳﻼﺳﻞ ﻋﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻮﻏﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻮﻏﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺒﻴﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻨﻲ‪.‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔﺳﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﻛﺎﻟﻴﻜﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻌﺪﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﺰءﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﻛﺎﻟﻴﻜﺲ‪.‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪،‬ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﻠﻴﻜﻮﻛﺎﻟﻴﻜﺲ ﻛﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪ E-selectin‬ﻫﻮ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻳﺪﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪.‬ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪E-selectin‬ﻥ‪-‬ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻮﻛﻮﺯﺍﻣﻴﻦ )‪ ،(GlcNAc‬ﻓﻮﻛﻮﺱ )‪ ،(Fuc‬ﺟﻼﻛﺘﻮﺯ )‪ ،(Gal‬ﻭﺣﻤﺾ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻟﻴﻚ )‬ ‫ﻥ‪-‬ﺣﻤﺾ ﺃﺳﻴﺘﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﺍﻣﻴﻨﻴﻚ‪.(NANA ،‬‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻦﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺳﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺍً ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﺑﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎﺍﻟﺪﻡ )ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﻄﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻋﻴﺔﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﺑﻤﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻮﺓﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺉﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﺘﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲﺗﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎءﻋﺎﺉﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻠﻜﺘﻴﻦ )ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺘﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺇﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺘﻴﻦ‪-‬ﺑﻲ(‪ ,‬ﺃﻋﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺉﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺴﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻜﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﻝ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ( ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎءﻭﻳﻌﺘﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻕﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺮ )ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ(‬ ‫ ﻳﻮﺟﺪﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻓﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍءﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﻫﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻤﺮﺍً ﻣﺤﺒﺎً ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩﺍﻟﻘﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺤﻮﻧﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺩﺍﺉﻤﺎً‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﺑﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‪،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻹﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬ ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰﻫﺎ )ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ( ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪.ATP‬‬ ‫ ﺃﻗﺪ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺟﺰﻱء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﺟﻪﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺉﻲ ﺑﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﻱء ﺁﺧﺮ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﺟﻪ‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻱء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻝﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻱء ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ‪،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻢﻣﻀﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺏ‪.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬ ‫ ﻃﺮﻕﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺉﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔﻫﻮ ﺃﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺴﺎءﻫﻮ ﺷﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺉﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻼﺕﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬

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