Inorganic Chemistry PDF Notes

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S "Oh , Sili Al , I Can little Rubi Klicks Stop My Poor Bari's cat So Tired Head Madly All man Cr Zing Aysatesza Al Cars Chase Sali Su Sili Fat Cows Near tin's Land Hides Cowardly Silently Mellowy playing Gently All Big Bro Digs Dip Tri Cell Cars & Chix Ride Four clown Brought ID Home  BSPH-1102 INORGANIC Prof. Krishally Joy Patalinjug || 2024 CHEMISTRY Liceo de Cagayan University-Paseo de Rio Campus Wt - College of Pharmacy (LEC) #. ISOBARS : same mass different structucture 1 SOMERS : same formula ; no ISOTOPES: same proton #, different neutrons, same elemental ISOTONES no : same ia Alkali Metals Hali Nak Rubi , Ceasar , Frances , symbols ib Coinage Metals Be Mag Call Sr Bara iia Alkaline Earth Metals iib Volatile Metals. iiia Boron Group/ Icosagens pt iiib Scandium Group common no iva Carbon Group/Crystallogens atoms ivb Titanium Group Most Hydrogen EXCEPT : va Nitrogen Group/ Pnictogens ① no T vb Vanadium, Tantalum via Oxygen/ Group/Chalcogens  & Protium – abundant, stable, found in nature kommon vib Chromium Subgroup viia Halogens  Deuterium – present in heavy water viib Manganese Group o Heavy water- component of artificial air viiia Noble Gas/Inert Gas (80% Helium; 20% Oxygen) solvent O in O  Tritium – radioactive D20 NMR spectroscopy group& 1a – alkali metals when H2o intefure w) et signals react w & will formed basic compound important compounds of hydrogen  H - Hydrogen 1 Alkali A  Common Use: Antiseptic popular tissues use Li - Lithium : Disinfectant : Inaminate objects  Na - Sodium  K - Potassium Therapeutic Use: treatment for  Rb - Rubidium severe Vincent’s stomatitis (severe form  Cs - Cesium of gingivitis), as mouthwash  Fr - Francium don't have pharmaceutical importance  Risk: (excessive use as Hydrogen Peroxide mouthwash) - may chemical properties: (H2O2) develop black hairy tongue ↑ Is 2522pbs valence  univalent one e-  +1 Oxidation State  agua oxigenada Cosmetic Use: bleaching hair  large atoms left most PT  agua oxenada reactivity ↑  most reactive (activity, alkalinity with atomic #) ✓  oxygenated Commercial Availability: degree of solution with atomic # (oxygenized)  10-volume solution – 3% water  form hydroxides that are strongly basic (alkaline), Per mL of H2O2, it  oxygenated 13 X2 except LiOH weaker Ot ; less basic (oxygenized) releases 10 Oxygen &never found free state in nature acids  20-volume solution – 6% o coated in: paraffin, kerosene due to reactivity 26 Per mL of H2O2, it  metal oxides are basic, whereas nonmetal oxides are releases 20 Oxygen acidic M basic = NM acidic =  100-volume solution –  salts of alkali metals are water-soluble, except LiF, 130 30% Genestralization Li2CO3 and Li3PO4 less soluble in water lif Hydrogen Peroxide Topical halogens Solution, USP elements  Available in 10-volume Licip 67 solution – 3%  Stabilizer: Acetanilide 3 MO + 02 conization to atomic sizesdow  Superoxide – K, Rb, & Cs larger ey  Sulfur doesn’t make basic oxides. lolas water acidic oxides ② nonpolar most versatile hydrogen (h)  universal solvent dissolved many subs. Universe  omnipresent (present everywhere) LEROA  “Inflammable air” or “flammable air” /combustible  ligand; acid or base; oxidizing or reducing agent  discovered by Henry Cavendish unlike Gabilityodonat a amphoteric GEROA Ligand Ampholyte amphoteric :  lightest element Ig(mol CO2 respiratory air stimulant respirable  has no therapeutic use e artificial a ar Molecule/ion to form Capable of acting as base 20 % hand more complex ions & acid  Most abundant element in the Universe. Ad B o Most abundant in earth’s crust: oxygen  Water (H2O) - an important compound of Hydrogen.  O-loss LEORA – reducing agent losses electron is O  PRODUCTION METHOD: Messerschmidt process OXIDATION (can obtain 99% purity hydrogen)  O GEROA – oxidizing agent & gains electron is INDUSTRIAL USES: gam REDUCTION  Maximum density at 4°C, approximately 1g/mL and chemically stable  Haber Process – process for production of NH4+ Ammonium  Room temperature: 25°C (0.994 density)  Hydrogenation of oils – to produce margarine solid fats  Inflating balloons (non-therapeutic effect; most common) obseLete replaceto a by 1 transcribed by: ray alfonso d. sabio i, shanaia sheen b. pasal, & krisella madeileen omandam  hygroscopic absorbs moisture deliquesanmets/nqueties Hard > no bubble action TYPES OF WATER Note: A Water of Water associated when crystals  Hard Water – Ca2+ and Mg2+ Soft Crystallization precipitate from aqueous solution.  Soft Water – Na+ and K+ substances efflorescent Water associated with cations and/or OFFICIAL USP WATER anions of salt or crystals. Description: Pyrogen-free; it - galts does not contain fever causing Example: Salts that are stable in bacteria which is the pyrogen. crystals hydration form: PURIFICATION PROCESS Water of  CuSO4 * 5H2O (blue 1. Purified (FRIED) Hydration Water solution) Cupric sulfate or blue vitriol  Filtration  If water is removed, the  Reverse osmosis solution will turn gray to  Ion Exchange colorless a  Distillation trapped notchemical ↳ - apped Inside sponge-like cavities Any channels/ Zeolitic Water O Physically held water ① He not chemically Description: clear, colorless, chemica hold water wh can watnot easily removed Example: hydrous silicates onded be odorless liquid; purified by aluminosilicate by HEATING tim distillation or reverse osmosis and Lattice Water Water coordinated in cationic complex contains no added substances bonded/integral part chem - HEATING/DEHYDRATION or held in definite lattice structure of common H20 removed by USE: large-scale manufacturing the crystals. RD in changes structure properties of parenteral products Natural or Mineral Contains dissolved materials IV FLUIDS hospital setting Water indigenous to the region such as 2. Water for PNSS (Plain Normal Saline Green suspended particles, dissolved Injection Solution) - naturally occurring region D5 Water (Dextrose 5% in atmospheric gases and metabolic Red WFI Water) decomposition products. D5 LRS (Dextrose 5% in Pink primary componently & Lactated Ringer’s Solution) D5 NM (Dextrose 5% in Alkaline Water Na2SO4 and MgSO4 with NaHCO3 ↑PHHO E Normosol-M Solution) Orange enhance properties H20 D5 NSS (Dextrose 5% in Yellow Sodium bicarbonate makes alkaline Normal Saline Solution) PLRSS (Plain Lactated Dark water alkaline. larger Ringer’s Solution) Blue D5 0.3 NaCl (Dextrose 5% in Light Carbonated Water - has been charged with CO2 under pressure "bubbly 0.3% NaCl Solution) D5 NR (Dextrose 5% in Normosol-R Solution) Blue Yellow Green IV health benefits D5 IMB Chalybeate Water contains Fe in solution or suspension, (Dextrose 5% in Balanced Violet metallic Multiple Maintenance Solution) characterized by ferruginous taste is 1 nature springs found in brownish. lasang bakal Description: clear, colorless, rog Li Lithia Water Contains Li, which occurs in a form odorless liquid; water for nor mood-stabilizing of carbonate or chloride LizCog & LiC · parenteral; sterilized; contains no a properties antimicrobial agent or other S Saline Water “purgative waters”, contain large 3. Sterile WFI cathartic substances amounts of MgSO4 and Na2SO4 with smaller manual process smaller- NaCl USE: for extemporaneous constipationtract · a digestir compounding of parenteral relieve “Saline” – sodium chloride in water products Any sulfate containing substance has a laxative effect (sulfate, tartrate, citrate) Sulfur Water contain H2S and deposits S upon Description: SWFI containing rotten egg smell exposure to atmosphere cloudy/yellowish form one or more suitable antimicrobial agents (eg. benzyl alcohol) Siliceous Water - contain very small amounts of soluble alkali silicates Benzyl Alcohol – must Volcanic Act (not springs - Anti-microbial need metabolize be metabolized/. 4. Bacteriostatic excretable form. Not for Water for WATER HARDNESS: presence of divalent lons : Can Mg + Injection neonatal days/mons dose LT 28 contributes to preparation. Instead of  Temporary hardness #20 Hardness  Contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg bicarbonate ID not fully funx liver it will go to the lungs and will cause timpo Heoz- – Can be removed by boiling  Easily removed IM gasping syndrome. 504 01 perma ,  Ca(HCO3)2 & Mg(HCO3)2 SC USE: sterile vehicle for parenteral preparation (Not for IV)  Permanent hardness IV must be aqueous  Contains mainly dissolved Ca and Mg sulfate & chloride in water X Not given IV because of the suspended particles it has which is the benzyl  Can be removed via ion-exchange resin alcohol.  CaSO4, MgSO4, CaCl2, & MgCl2 lon still present is ; but NEW 2 ② boiling transcribed by: ray alfonso d. sabio i, shanaia sheen b. pasal, & krisella madeileen omandam Q easily remove  Description: clear, colorless, OBSOLETE odorless liquid; water for injection  Diuretic - increase secretion of (Na+) and water to the that has been sterilized, contains urine (not significant) no antimicrobial agent or other 5. Sterile Water substance SE: Ebstein’s anomaly (teratogenic effect) – e affects the for Irrigation development of the& fetus (malformation); tricuspid valve is Not for parenteral product affected USE: an irrigating solution NONPHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: dilution purposes washing rinsing *Labeled with: FOR IRRIGATION ONLY (Industrial Use) and NOT FOR INJECTION  Heat-exchanger in air conditioners; desiccant. Description: clear, colorless, label: odorless NOT liquid; FOR water for injection important compounds of lithium: that has been sterilized, contains 6. Sterile Water PARENTERAL no antimicrobial agent or other 1st line : hipo 1. Lithium Carbonate USE: drug of choice for for Inhalation ADMINISTER BUT substance (LiCO3) · DOC Mania (bipolar disorder); first FOR Not INHALATION for parenteral product line in treating bipolar disorder Me *Labeled with: FOR IRRIGATION ONLY Ka and NOT FOR INJECTION Brands: LiCO3 capsules 2 tha (Eskalith®), LiCO3 tablets 2 (Lithane®); LiCO3 extended- 2 water vapor release tablets (Quilonium®) ER USE: best expectorant Quilonium – usually given to patients diagnosed with Expectorant Able to expel or bring up mucous or bipolar. D/O commonly bf recommend sputum Example: 2. Lithium Bromide Clinical Use: mania disorder; 1.> Acetylcysteine (LiBr) depressant GROM AF  Fluimucil® for 2. Guaifenesin USE: desiccant for aircon noth  Robitussin® systems Activeough  Mucinex® 3. Lithium Oxide (Li2O) USE: flux in ceramic glazes; Mucolytic Able to break the bonds of the phlegm lang na to mix in ceramic glazes causing lysis; softens or loosens the Lithium O USE: powerful reducing O break / sputum. Example: 4. Aluminum agent Hydride (LiAlH4)  A—ambroxol mucosulvan  B—bromhexine bisolvan 5. Lithium Chloride USE: manufacture of mineral  C –carbocysteine solmux (LiCl) mineral H28 water, esp. Lithia water Antitussive Controls the brain suppressing the 6. Lithium Hydroxide USE: absorbs carbon dioxide, ⑫ coughing activity; relieve cough by (LiOH) esp. in spacesuits – cannisters supress blocking the cough reflex. has electrolytic reaction. lithium (li) Li+ + Br  depressant effect CO2 absorbers LiOH  Synonym: “earth”  Greek word “lithos” means “stone”. ↳ Ba(OH)2 LiBa , SodaLOH] Soda lime *lightest of all metal  G CaO + NaOH  lowest density atomic weight very reactive  stored under oil or coated with petrolatum (↑ reactive) sodium (na)  the only alkali metal that melts above 100°C  AKA: “Natrium” (Latin word, from nature/natural)  bridge element (Li resembles Mg).  Exhibit deliquescent property – absorb moisture from i Be B C N o a diagonal relationship atmosphere and liquifies /melts o from the second period to the third period  IST MAJOR EXTRACELLULAR FLUID Mg Al Si P PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: CATION In Out  Depressant – reduce central nervous system 1st Major Cations Potassium Sodium stimulation, for mania and bipolar disorder (PISO) K Na 2nd Major Cations LizCOs & Bipolar Disorder Symptoms (DIGFAST) (MICO) Magnesium Calcium  Distractibility Mg Ca 1st Major Anions Phosphate Chloride  Indiscretion (PICHLO)  Grandiosity PO4 Chl  Flight of Ideas 2nd Major Anions Sulfate Bicarbonate  Activity increased (SULIBIO) S Haz  Sleep deficit  Talkative 3 transcribed by: ray alfonso d. sabio i, shanaia sheen b. pasal, & krisella madeileen omandam  Bu = ↑ tid content COC  cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility preparations – extract of organic medicaments. Optimization – enhance carbonate ion/ release absorption. pain/fever carbon CO2 dioxide Eg: Skelan®, Flanax®, Forte®, Fern C®, (palatability of sol’n) flavor bubble action Gaviscon®. Vit , ?? Eg of effervescent Note: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are preparations: medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce swelling inflammation, and bring down a high temperature. &  Berocca®  Fluimicil® ⑦ edema /fluid retention  promotes water retention and should be used inO caution to patients with heart & kidney conditions o Aldosterone – a hormone that promotes Common ingredient for effervescent regulation of Na preparation:  NaHCO3 bubble action Triple Acetates with Sodium (forms insoluble salts)  Citric Acid stickly Qualitative analysis:  Tartaric Acid crumble ZUA 1. Zinc Uranyl Acetate MUA 2. Mg Uranyl Acetate Note: Zn poisoning – result to common 3. Cobalt Uranyl Acetate (most stable) – upon presence metabolic acidosis that results in of sodium, yellow precipitate appears All Big Bro Digs DiP low bicarbonate vHCOz Tri Cell Cars SE: Rebound Hyperacidity (also PHARMACOLOGIC ACTION: Fluid Retention E CaCO3 Bored Chix ride with calcium carbonate), Metabolic alkalosis, Edema important compounds of sodium HCOn- ↳ swelling/inflammation 3. Sodium Bromide USES: tx of bipolar disorders & 1. Sodium Acetate USES: diuretic, urinary & (NaBr) Br Li mania Lizcon pro blood (NaCH3COO) systemic alkalizer, antacid IV mania Libr , therapy for metabolic acidosis 4. Sodium USES: (↓HCO3- ) & hyponatremia O O Dihydrogen Cathartic (↓Na+) Na-blood Phosphate more (NaHO2PO4)  urinary acidifier 2 contributors on the (activation of normal PH level of blood: Digs Methenamine) S Methenamine cytitis a) Pulmonary CO2 “fleet enema” – given - urinary antiseptic, Carbon Dioxide rectally/ saline laxative prodrug (systematic) – - (increases bowel - formaldehyde (the acid Alles movement) active drug) b) HCO3 (metabolic) –  source of Phosphate for of TINE hypophosphatemia Pop (blood) basic  tx of hypercalcemia PT : Nea ; VP04  Alkalinizing agent in Note: Ca is inversely imposing Benedicts Solution Me a proportional to phosphate (detect presence of because of bone and mineral reducing sugars) ↓ homeostasis.  Triple Acetates w/ Sodium (forms insoluble salts): Zinc Uranyl Acetate, Mg Uranyl Acetate, & TX. UTI paratureda PTH – hormone that regulates Cobalt Uranyl Acetate the release of PO4 and Ca. (most stable) common oral & - > NaCHycoryellmppt 5. Dibasic Sodium Most palatable saline laxative D/c SE: Rebound Hyperacidity Phosphate available as Fleet® laxative -heartburn and reflux "Cathartic , (NaOu 2HPO4) 2. Sodium 2nd MAJOR Dibasic phosphate ion: major Bicarbonate EXTRACELLULAR ANION anion in intracellular fluid (NaHCO3)  phosphate of soda  sodium phosphate PHOSPOSODA:  phosphosoda USES:  orally OTC saline baking soda laxative “Fleet DID constipation  urinary & systemic Phosphosoda” ① ⑦ Zinc PasoningHCO3  alkalizer antacid  contains monobasic sodium phosphate &  important physiologic ⑳ & dibasic sodium Big buffer resist a changer Enema-rectally i phosphate (main  antidote for Zn component) poisoning bubbleaction  carbonating agent for effervescent 4 transcribed by: ray alfonso d. sabio i, shanaia sheen b. pasal, & krisella madeileen omandam  Na actatamate , edema , metabolic alkalizer BiBo-buffer Na Carbonate Na actate diuretic urinary & systemic alkalize antacid N therapy metabolic acidosis hyponatremia Na Bicarbonate antacid winnans & systemic alkalize important physiological buffer Q too much acidic (blood) carbonating Agent : Effervescent Prep metabolic audosis Na Bromide +x. bipolar/mania Na Phydroge P wrinany audifier Methanamine wrinary septic L formaldehyde of P for : source * TPN * Hypophosphatemia bore mineral homeostasis regulates release of PO4 & Ca - - po * "Fleet " Dibasic Na P most palatable saline laxative rectally Fleet Phospho soda ⑦ monobasic ⑦ Dibasic main. comp  vens alkaline putate y diuretic metabola i 6. Tribasic Phosphate Sodium aqueous solution ALKALINE is VERY 11. Sodium (Na3C6H5O7) Citrate O USES: vitro In (Na3PO4)  Anticoagulant (aPTT test) Tri USES: used to clean glass - block the formation of apparatus vacutainer/vacuum tube Inhibits blood clots)  An additive used to 7. Cellulose Sodium cation-exchange resin that test the level of Phosphate preferentially binds Ca and other anticoagulant activity. cell divalent ions (removes Ca and  placed in the vacuum replace another ion) tube or vacutainer with USE: tx of hypercalcemia light blue cap  diuretic 8. Sodium Carbonate source of carbonate ion  systemic & urinary (Na2CO3) Cathartic alkalizer  Anhydrous Na2CO3 – soda stronger agent that induce forceful/rapid bowel movement  expectorant ash solid form car  laxative softening stoolof  Dihydrated Na2CO3∙2H2O o Note: substance – trona M with -citrate, -  Decahydrated S04 tartrate or with Na2CO3∙10H2O – sal soda, tartrate laxative sulfate ion, they washing soda, soda crystals Citrate sal washing crystals exhibit laxative USES: 404 effect  Antacid to enhance  buffer > effect  carbonating agent BM  tx for chronic acidosis > Here  saponifying agent for fats & Note: Denige’s test – qualitative fixed oils (saponification analysis to detect citrate ion (3 process – making soap) 3/ pyridine; 1 acetic anhydride) : SE: rebound hyperacidity D Result: