Civil Engineering Orientation PDF

#1 CEORTN20 FLEX Course Material Identify contributions of Engineering to local, societal and global issues; Distinguish Engineering from Science and Technology and; Differentiate the major discipline of Engineering Recognize the purpose fo...

#1 CEORTN20 FLEX Course Material Identify contributions of Engineering to local, societal and global issues; Distinguish Engineering from Science and Technology and; Differentiate the major discipline of Engineering Recognize the purpose for CIVIL ENGINEERING which Civil Engineering was born ORIENTATION History of Civil Engineering Definitions Civil Engineering An engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges, dams, and other large facilities. Architecture Art and science of designing buildings for human habitation. Contributions of Engineering to Local, Societal, and Global Issues Local Contributions Infrastructure Development Engineers design and construct essential infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and water systems, improving transportation, accessibility, and quality of life in local communities. Urban Planning Civil engineers plan and manage land use to ensure sustainable development, address local housing needs, and manage urban growth. Disaster Resilience: Engineering solutions, like earthquake-resistant buildings and flood prevention systems, enhance local resilience against natural disasters. Contributions of Engineering to Local, Societal, and Global Issues Societal Contributions Public Health Engineering innovations in water treatment, waste management, and air quality control contribute significantly to public health and safety. Economic Growth By developing efficient transportation networks and industrial facilities, engineers drive economic development and job creation. Education and Outreach Engineers engage in community education, promote STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) fields, and contribute to public awareness of engineering advancements Contributions of Engineering to Local, Societal, and Global Issues Global Contributions Sustainable Development Engineers work on global challenges such as climate change, renewable energy, and sustainable resource management, contributing to environmental protection and sustainable living. Global Health Initiatives Engineering solutions in medical technology and sanitation play a crucial role in addressing global health issues, such as disease prevention and treatment. International Collaboration Engineers collaborate across borders to address complex global problems, such as natural disaster relief, infrastructure development in developing countries, and addressing global challenges like climate change. Distinguishing Engineering from Science and Technology Engineering: Engineering - applies scientific principles and mathematical methods to design, build, and optimize systems and structures to solve practical problems. - emphasizes practical applications and solutions. Engineers create products, structures, and systems that address specific needs and improve the quality of life. Science - seeks to understand the natural world through observation, experimentation, and theoretical modeling. It aims to expand knowledge and explain natural phenomena. - understanding fundamental principles and uncovering new knowledge about how the world works. Technology: - involves the application of scientific knowledge and engineering principles to develop tools, systems, and devices that solve specific problems or improve processes. - often centers on creating and improving tools and systems for practical use, driven by both scientific understanding and engineering design Beginnings Architecture was born when people began to live in constructed dwellings and within communities. Caves were last used as habitats around 8000 BC. Early engineering was centered around food. The development of tools and ways to increase the efficiency of farming and hunting were documented, first in cave paintings and later in Egypt with hieroglyphics Building Materials Materials were chosen based on availability and climate. Wood was readily available in China. Traditional Chinese wooden architecture changed little over thousands of years. View of the city of Machu Picchu constructed from stone cut from the surrounding mountains. The history of civil engineering and architectural projects is regional in nature. The development of building design and construction on an African grassland differs greatly from building design and construction in Alaska or the mountainous regions of Peru. A major reason for differences in the development of construction techniques is the availability of local materials. Although it is possible to import materials from great distances, the historic reality is that people often used what was easily available to them when constructing buildings. This influenced architectural style and the selection of structural elements. Of course climate also has an effect on the design and construction of buildings. For example, sun dried bricks can support loads in a dry climate but will disintegrate in wet climates.  Greece consists almost entirely of limestone with many sources of fine marble. Therefore many Greek structures were constructed with limestone and marble. Ruins of Babylon (present day Iraq). All that remains of the famous city-state is a mound of broken mud- brick dwellings. Vernacular Architecture Vernacular architecture is a term used to categorize methods of construction which use locally available resources and traditions to address local needs. It is often viewed as crude and unrefined, but many modern architects have claimed inspiration from vernacular architecture An igloo, an Inuit winter dwelling African Hut at Bana, a small village of Cameroon Apache wickiup built of brush, grass, or reed Traditional www.wikipedia.org Nepalese house built of stone and clay  Southern African rondavel (or banda) The Pyramids Stepped Pyramid Great Pyramid of Khufu  Kukulkan's Pyramid Modern Pyramids The Nima Sand Museum The Louvre Pyramid The Parthenon Arches The Vault Domes Pantheon Colosseum Great Wall of China Water Supply Road Systems Early Bridge Designs www.wikipedia.org Roman Bridges ©istockphoto.com A Roman bridge crosses the Afrin River in northern Syria and is still in use today. istockphoto.com Roman bridge in Vaison la Romaine, South France ©istockphoto.com After the Fall of Rome istockphoto.com www.wikipedia.org The first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron, a material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures Structural Steel Perhaps the best-known structural steel framed building is the Empire State istockphoto.com Building, completed in 1931. Reinforced Concrete The Burj Khalifa (United Arab Emirates) is the tallest man- made structure ever built. It is supported by a reinforced concrete core using a special concrete mix. Reinforced Concrete Bridges www.wikipedia.org Cedar Avenue Bridge (actually carrying Tenth Street) in Minneapolis, MN over the Mississippi is a reinforced concrete open spandrel arch bridge. Purpose of Civil Engineering Civil Engineering was born to address the fundamental need for infrastructure and built environments that support human activity 1. Infrastructure Development Creating and maintaining essential infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and buildings. 2. Urban and Regional Planning Designing and managing urban spaces and regional development to ensure functionality, safety, and sustainability. 3. Public Safety and Resilience: Developing structures and systems that enhance safety and resilience against natural and man-made hazards. 4. Sustainability: Promoting sustainable practices in construction and development to minimize environmental impact and ensure long-term viability. Purpose of Civil Engineering Civil engineering emerged as a distinct discipline as societies recognized the need for organized and systematic approaches to infrastructure and construction challenges, essential for supporting economic development and improving quality of life. Civil Engineering Specialization Structural Engineering Construction Engineering and Management Geotechnical Engineering Water Resources Engineering Transportation Engineering 28