Cavite Mutiny PDF

What Happened in the Cavite Mutiny?  What You May Know GOMBURZA Rafael Izquierdo Jose Montero Trinidad Pardo De Tavera Edmund Plauchut Garrote/Garotte  Motivation How do you show your love for our country?  What You Should Learn 1. Det...

What Happened in the Cavite Mutiny?  What You May Know GOMBURZA Rafael Izquierdo Jose Montero Trinidad Pardo De Tavera Edmund Plauchut Garrote/Garotte  Motivation How do you show your love for our country?  What You Should Learn 1. Determine the two events in 1872, Cavite Mutiny and the Martyrdom of GOMBURZA. 2. Identify the causes of Filipino Insurrection 3. Analyze the different accounts on the Cavite Mutiny The year 1872 is a history year of two events: the Cavite Mutiny and the martyrdom of the Three priests: Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later on immortalized as GOMBURZA. These events are very important milestones in Philippine history and have caused ripples throughout time, directly influencing the decisive events of the Philippine Revolution toward the end of the century. While the significance is unquestioned, what made this year controversial are the different sides to the story, a battle of perspective supported by primary sources. In this case study, we zoom in to the events of Cavite Mutiny, a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos of that time.  Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny Primary Sources: Excerpts from Montero’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny Sources: Jose Montero y Vidal, ‘’Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872’’, in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 269-273. José Antonio Julián Montero y Vidal was a Spanish writer, historian, geographer and politician born in Gérgal (province of Almería, Autonomous Community of Andalusia) in 1851 and probably died during the first half of the twentieth century. He held various positions in the Spanish overseas provinces of the Philippines and Cuba, and wrote abundantly about them. Causes of Insurrection: 1. The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of exemption from the tribute; 2. The Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne; 3. The propaganda carried on by an unbridled press against monarchial principles, attentatory [sic] of the most sacred respects towards the dethroned majesty; 4. The democratic and republican books and pamphlets; 5. The speeches and preaching of the apostles of these news ideas in Spain; 6. The outbursts of the American publicists and the criminal policy of the senseless Governor whom the Revolutionary government sent to govern the Philippines and who put into practice these ideas were the determining circumstances which gave rise, among certain Filipinos, to idea of attaining their independence. At various times but especially in the beginning of year 1872, the authorities received anonymous communication with the information that a great uprising would break out against the Spaniards, the minute the fleet at Cavite left for the South, and that all would be assassinated, including the friars. But nobody gave importance to these notices. The conspiracy had been going on since the days of La Torre with utmost secrecy. At times, the principal leaders met either in the house of Filipino Spaniard, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, or in that of the native priest, Jacinto Zamora, and these meetings were usually attended by the curate of Bacoor, the soul of the movement, whose energetic character and immense wealth enabled him to exercise a strong influence. Primary Source: Excerpts from the Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Source: Rafael Izquierdo, ‘’Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny,’’ in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 281-286 Rafael Gerónimo Cayetano Izquierdo y Gutiérrez (September 30, 1820 – November 9, 1883) was a Spanish Military Officer, politician, and statesman. He served as Governor-General of the Philippines from April 4, 1871 to January 8, 1873. He was famous for his use of "Iron Fist" type of government, contradicting the liberal government of his predecessor, Carlos María de la Torre y Navacerrada. He was the Governor- General during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the Gomburza martyrs. Izquierdo also acted as Governor-General of Puerto Rico from March 1862 to April 1862. Until now there has been no solid evidence of a republic’s plan, since the Indio’s have not been able to describe the difference between the two forms of government. Instead of what they called ‘’Hari’’ they would place the head of the government and priest Gomburza. Montero’s account is like Izquierdo’s account. Izquierdo, in an obviously biased report, highlighted that attempt to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines is to install a new ‘’Hari’’ in the persons of Father Burgoz and Zamora. According to him, native clergy attracted supporter’s by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight would not fail because they had God’s support, aside from lofty promises of rewards such as employment wealth and ranks in the army. In the Spaniard’s accounts, the event of 1872 was premeditated, and was part of a big conspiracy among the educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and residents of Manila and Cavite. They allegedly plan to liquidate high- ranking Spanish officers, then kill the friars. The signal they identified among these conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the rockets fired from Intramuros. Izquierdo, upon learning of attack, ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The ‘’revolution’’ was easily crushed, when the Manilenos who were expected to aid the Cavitenos did not arrive. Leaders of the plot were killed in the resulting skirmish, while Father Gomez, Burgoz and Zamora were tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be executed. Others who were implicated such as Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Basa, and other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the private law, arrested, and sentenced to life imprisonment at the Marianas Island. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of an artillery force composed exclusively by penisulares. On February 1872, the Gomburza were executed to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again. Differing Accounts of the Events of 1872 A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident Primary Source: Excerpts from Pardo de Tavera’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny Source: Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, ‘’Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny,’’ in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Sources of Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 274-280 Trinidad Hermenegildo José María Juan Francisco Pardo de Tavera y Gorricho (13 April 1857 – 26 March 1925) was a Filipino physician, historian and politician of Spanish and Portuguese descent. Trinidad, also known by his name T. H. Pardo de Tavera, was known for his writings about different aspects of Philippine culture. According According toto this this account, account, the the incident incident was was merely merely aa mutiny mutiny by by Filipino Filipino soldiers soldiers and laborers of and laborers of the the Cavite Cavite arsenal arsenal to to the the dissatisfaction dissatisfaction arising arising from from the the draconian draconian policies policies of of Izquierdo, Izquierdo, such such as as the the abolition abolition of of privileges privileges and and the the prohibition prohibition of of the the founding founding of of the the school school of of arts arts and and trades trades of of Filipinos which the Filipinos which the General General saw saw as as aa smokescreen smokescreen toto creating creating aa political political club. club. Tavera is of Tavera is of the the opinion opinion that that the the Spanish Spanish friars friars and and Izquierdo Izquierdo used used the the Cavite Cavite Mutiny Mutiny to to address address other other issues issues by by blowing blowing outout of of proportion proportion the the isolated isolated mutiny mutiny attempt. attempt. During During this this time, time, the the Central Central Government Government in in Madrid Madrid was was planning planning to to deprive deprive the the friars friars of of all all the the powers powers of of intervention intervention in in matters matters of of civil civil government government and and direction direction and and management management of of educational educational institutions. institutions. The The friars friars needed needed something something to to justify justify their their continuing continuing dominance dominance inin the the country, country, and and the the mutiny mutiny provided provided such such opportunity. opportunity. However, However, thethe Central Central Spanish Spanish Government Government introduced introduced an an educational educational decree decree fusing fusing sectarian sectarian schools schools run run by by the the friars friars into into aa school school called called the the Philippine Philippine Institute. Institute. The The decree decree aimed aimed to to improve improve the the standard standard of of education education inin the the Philippine Philippine by by requiring requiring teaching teaching positions positions in in these these schools schools to to be be filled filled by by competitive competitive examinations, examinations, an an improvement improvement welcomed welcomed by by Primary Source: Excerpts from Plauchut’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny Source: Edmund Plauchut, ‘’The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 and the Martyrdom of Go-Bur-Za,’’ in Gregorio Zaide and Sonia Zaide, Documentary Source of the Philippine History, Volume 7 (Manila: National Book Store, 1990), 251-268. Edmond Plauchut (1824-1909) was a French journalist, writer, traveler, and close friend of novelist George Sand (1804-1876) and her son Maurice Sand (1823-1889).... After his return to France in 1861, Plauchut frequently resided with the Sand family at their Nohant estate, where he was later buried. Here is the summary of the reforms they considered necessary to introduce: 1. Changes in tariff rates at customs, and the methods of collection. 2. Removal of surcharges on foreign importations. 3. Reduction of export fees. 4. Permission for foreigners to reside in the Philippines, buy real estate, enjoy freedom of worship, and operate commercial transports flying the Spanish flag. 5. Establishments of an advisory council to inform the Minister of Overseas Affairs in Madrid on the necessary reforms to be implemented. 6. Changes in primary and secondary education. 7. Establishments of an Institute of Civil Administration in the Philippines, rendering unnecessary the sending home of short term civil officials every time there is a change of ministry. 8. Study of direct-tax system. 9. Abolition of the tobacco monopoly. Unraveling the Truth Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained to be unvarying: First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo; Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust; Third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public; Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their stay and power; Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey to the rage of the friars; Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they deemed as injustices; and Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually independence. There may be different versions of the event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved way for a momentous 1898.