Cavite Mutiny (1872) - History PDF

**Readings in Philippine History** **What is Cavite Mutiny in history?** The Cavite mutiny (Spanish: Motín de Cavite; Filipino: Pag-aaklas sa Kabite) was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands (then also known as part of the...

**Readings in Philippine History** **What is Cavite Mutiny in history?** The Cavite mutiny (Spanish: Motín de Cavite; Filipino: Pag-aaklas sa Kabite) was an uprising of Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe, the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippine Islands (then also known as part of the Spanish East Indies) on January 20, 1872. C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\download (4).jpg  https://www.google.com/search?q=cavite+mutiny&sca\_esv=8a267cd209199d1e&sca\_upv=1&udm=2&biw=1600&bih=773&ei=5bMcZvq-GrKOseMP1IifmAQ&ved=0ahUKEwi6xf6\_t8OFAxUyR2wGHV[h](https://www.google.com/search?q=cavite+mutiny&sca_esv=8a267cd209199d1e&sca_upv=1&udm=2&biw=1600&bih=773&ei=5bMcZvq-GrKOseMP1IifmAQ&ved=0ahUKEwi6xf6_t8OFAxUyR2wGHV) **What is the main point of view of Cavite Mutiny?** **T**he viewpoint/argument in the Cavite mutiny is that it was a frustrated separatist revolution, rather than a mutiny of Filipino soldiers and arsenal workers over local grievances. The real authors of the revolt, who escaped execution, were identified as having Masonic ties to Governor Izquierdo  C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\download (6).jpg  EB0MQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=cavite+mutiny&gs\_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiDWNhdml0ZSBtdXRpbnkyCxAAGIAEGLEDGIMBMgoQABiABBiKBRhDMgoQABiABBiKBRhDMg **What was the Cavite Mutiny all about why was it important to the Philippine history?** Cavite Mutiny, (January 20, 1872), brief uprising of 200 Filipino troops and workers at the Cavite arsenal, which became the excuse for Spanish repression of the embryonic Philippine nationalist movement. Ironically, the harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities served ultimately to promote the nationalist cause C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\images (2).jpg  **What was the role of GOMBURZA in the Cavite Mutiny?** It was against this charged environment that GOMBURZA were accused and found guilty of allegedly orchestrating the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, and charged with treason and sedition by Spanish authorities. They were sentenced to public execution by garrote in the same year. C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\images (1).jpg  Gomburza, alternatively stylized as GOMBURZA or GomBurZa, refers to three Filipino Catholic priests, Mariano Gómes, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed by a garrote on February 17, 1872, in Bagumbayan, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite. Who was the first executed in GOMBURZA? Gomes was the first to be executed. He was a 73 years old mestizo, college educated in Catholic schools (Letran and Santo Tomas) and was the head priest in Bacoor. Next was Jacinto Zamora, 37 years old and also college educated in the same schools as Gomes. Jose Burgos as 35 years old at the time of execution. He studied priesthood at the University of Santo Tomas. **The Spanish Perspective versus the Filipino perspective** According to the Spanish perspective, it is an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines, while according to the Filipino version as a response to the injustices made by the Spaniards, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal. **What was the point of view of the Spanish in the Cavite Mutiny?** Rebellion: The Spanish perspective views the Cavite Mutiny as a rebellion against Spanish authority in the Philippines. 2. Threat to Empire: The Spanish authorities saw the uprising as a threat to their colonial rule and viewed the mutineers as traitors who needed to be suppressed. C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\images (3).jpg  **What is the main argument in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Filipino version?** The viewpoint/argument in the Cavite mutiny is that it was a frustrated separatist revolution, rather than a mutiny of Filipino soldiers and arsenal workers over local grievances. The real authors of the revolt, who escaped execution, were identified as having Masonic ties to Governor Izquierdo. C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\Fm3n6WPakAAu1zv.jpg **What happened to the Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny?** A few of the rebels were captured and taken to Manila and there was no further disturbance of the peace or insubordination of any kind. This uprising among the soldiers in Cavite was used as a powerful lever by the Spanish residents and by the friars.  **Who wrote the Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny?** Historical accounts. The Execution of Gomburza was documented by a Spanish historian named Jose Montero y Vidal who wrote a book entitled Historia General de Filipinas that centers on a Spaniard\'s perspective of the Cavite Mutiny. C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\download.jpg  https://www.google.com/search?q=jose+montero+de+vidal%2C+spanish+writer+who+wrote+the+mutiny&sca\_esv=8a267cd209199d1e&sca\_upv=1&udm=2&biw=1600&b **Who was the author of the primary source of the Filipino version of Cavite Mutiny?** Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite C:\\Users\\ay\\Downloads\\download (2).jpg  **Who was Trinidad H Pardo de Tavera in Cavite Mutiny?** Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal against the harsh policy of Governor and Captain General Rafael de Izquierdo. https://www.google.com/search?sca\_esv=8a267cd209199d1e&sca\_upv=1&q=trinidad+pardo+de+tavera&source=lnms&uds=AMwkrPuuhztSDa\_\_4CbZuT5KNtb1ezszrjpA4rbosuzTIcSEaoa6pHp **What is the difference between the versions of Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Jose Montero Vidal?** Montero y Vidal\'s historical accounts might be biased towards the Spanish colonial perspective, while Pardo de Tavera\'s ethnographic research might have cultural or regional biases. That being said, both sources can provide valuable insights and knowledge about the Philippine history and society during their time. **Who is Izquierdo in Cavite Mutiny**? Rafael Izquierdo y Gutiérrez - Wikipedia He was the governor-general during the 1872 Cavite mutiny which led to execution of 41 of the mutineers, including the Gomburza priests. **What are the similarities of Spanish and Filipino version of 1872 Cavite Mutiny?** Spaniards and Filipinos agree that the mutiny was an act of resistance against Spanish colonial rule. Both perspectives claim that the mutineers were seeking to gain independence for the Philippines. Finally, both the Spanish and Filipino perspective acknowledge that the mutiny was an act of treason **Unraveling the Truth- National Historical Commission** **September 5, 2012** **1872: Spanish Perspective: Cavite Mutiny --National Historical Commission by Chris Antonette Pieded Pugay** **Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Governor Gen. Rafael Izquierdo's official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization. The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only that the general's report was more spiteful. Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such as :** - **Non-payment of tributes** - **Exemption from force labor** **Were the main reasons of the "revolution" as how they called it, however, other causes were enumerated by them:** - **The Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne;** - **Dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press;** - **Democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets reaching the Philippines, and most importantly,** - **The presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars, "conspired and supported" the rebels and enemies of Spain.** **In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for "stockpiling"malicious propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He reported to the king of Spain that the "rebels" wanted to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new "hari" in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. The general even added that the native clergy enticed other participant by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because God is with them coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the Indio as gullible and possessed an innate propensity for stealing.** **The two Spaniards deemed that the events of 1872 was planned earlier and was thought of it as a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadilllos or native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy. They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be followed by the massacre of the friars. The alleged pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of Manila and Cavite was the firing of rockets from the walls of Intramuros.** **According to the accounts of the two, on January 20 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the east celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks of display. Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.** **When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The "revolution' was easily crushed when the expert reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore. Major instigators including Sgt. Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation. Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of law, arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas island. Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.** **On February 17, 1872, in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism.** What do you mean by Frailocracy? rule of the friars \"frailocracy\" meaning rule of the friars. In the last decades of the 19th century Spanish were so powerful. that they practically ruled the Philippines. What is Friars? A member of any of certain religious orders of men. What does La Frailocracia talks about? The real and effective political power in the Philippines during the close of the Spanish regime was exercised by the religious orders. We had what Del Pilar termed "La Frailocracia" in one of his most renowned works, that is to say, a government by friars **A Response to injustice: The Filipino version of the incident** **In the point of view of Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera who wrote the Filipino version of the Cavite Mutiny, the indicent was a mere mutiny btthe native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissastisfied with the abolition of their privileges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo's cold- blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a cover-up for the organization of a political club.** **On January 20, 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms an assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn't happen. The news about the mutiny reached the authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared and subdued.** **Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in mattes of civil government and the direction and management of educational institutions. This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted to do something drastic their dire desire to maintain power in the Philippines.** **Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called Philippine Institute. The decree proposed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching positions in such schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was warmly received by most Filipinos in spite of the native clergy's zest for secularization.** **The friars fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past, took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged "revolution" reported by Izquierdo and the friars.** **Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896.** **Basic facts that remained to be unvarying:** 1. **There was a dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenals as well as the members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo;** 2. **Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the Filipino move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust;** 3. **The central government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly transpired but relied on report of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public;** 4. **The happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their stay and power;** 5. **The Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country making them prey to the rage of the friars;** 6. **Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what they deemed as injustices; and lastly,** 7. **The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually independence.** **There may be different versions of the event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny paved way for a momentous 1896.** **The 13 Martyrs of Cavite** The trial of the 13 martyrs by the Council of War (Consejo de Guerra) took only four hours.  Shortly after noon of September 12, 1896, after being pronounced guilty of rebellion, they were marched from Fort San Felipe to the Plaza de Armas; blindfolded, forced to kneel and shot from behind.  At 12: 45  in the afternoon, Dr Francisco Masip, the examining physician declared every one dead.\ \ The lifeless bodies of the thirteen martyrs were piled in three  carabao-drawn carts, guarded by six Spanish soldiers armed with rifles and bayonets. Their remains were brought to the  Catholic  Convent Cemetery in Caridad.  Maximo Inocencio, Francisco Osorio, Luis Aguado, Hugo Perez and Victoriano Luciano were appropriately placed in separate coffins and buried albeit in a common grave, but the others, Maximo Gregorio, Feliciano Cabuco, Antonio de San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Eugenio Cabezas, Jose Lallana, Severino Lapidario and Alfonso de Ocampo were buried without caskets.  The 13 Martyrs Monument  On  September 12, 1906,   Masons led a march from Magallanes Street to the Convent Cemetery in Caridad to exhume the remains of the Thirteen Martyrs.  Then, a public procession was held for their final interment  at the  Isthmus of Rosario.  Their monument was also formally  inaugurated. (Renovated in 1930.) This site  is now called the \"Thirteen Martyrs Centennial Plaza.\"   Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite - Wikipedia The Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite (Tagalog: Labintatlong Martir ng Kabite; Spanish: Trece Mártires de Cavite) were Filipino patriots in Cavite, Philippines who were executed by musketry on September 12, 1896, for cooperating with the Katipunan during the Philippine Revolution against Spain. The **Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite** ([[Tagalog]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language): *Labintatlong Martir ng Kabite*; [[Spanish]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language): *Trece Mártires de Cavite*) were [[Filipino]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinos) [[patriots]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism) in [[Cavite]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite), [[Philippines]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines) who were executed by [[musketry]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musketry) on September 12, 1896, for cooperating with the [[Katipunan]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan) during the [[Philippine Revolution]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Revolution) against [[Spain]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain). The *de facto* capital city of [[Trece Martires]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trece_Martires) in Cavite is named after them.  The Thirteen Martyrs Monument along [[Governor\'s Drive]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Drive) in Trece Martires, Cavite erected in 2004. The martyrs https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Labintatlong\_Martir\_ng\_Cavite\_historical\_marker.jpg/220px-Labintatlong\_Martir\_ng\_Cavite\_historical\_marker.jpgThe historical marker of the monument in Trece Marteres **The 13 Martyrs** **Birthdate** **Birthplace** **Notes** -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Luis Aguado** 1863 [[Bacoor]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacoor), [[Cavite]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite) He was the son of a captain in the Spanish Navy. He would later become supply chief of the Spanish arsenal in [[Fort San Felipe]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_(Cavite)) in the town of Cavite (now [[Cavite City]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite_City)). He was married to Felisa Osorio, sister of Francisco Osorio and oldest daughter of Antonio Osorio, a [[Chinese-Filipino]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese-Filipino) businessman reputed to be the richest man in Cavite at that time. Aguado\'s widow would later marry Daniel Tria Tirona. **Eugenio Cabezas** 1855 [[Santa Cruz]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Manila), [[Manila]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila) He was a goldsmith who was a [[Freemason]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason) and Katipunero. He was married to Luisa Antonio of Cavite by whom he had seven children. He owned a jewellery and watch repair shop on Calle Real (now called Trece Martires Avenue) in Cavite which was used by the Katipunan as a meeting place. **Feliciano Cabuco** June 9, 1865 Caridad, [[Cavite Puerto]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite_City) He was born to a wealthy family in Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit). He worked in a hospital. He was married to Marcela Bernal of Caridad by whom he had two sons. **Agapito Conchu** August 18, 1860 [[Guagua]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guagua), [[Pampanga]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga) A native of Binondo, Manila who migrated to Cavite and became a schoolteacher, musician, photographer, painter and lithographer. **Alfonso de Ocampo** 1860 Cavite He was a Spanish [*[mestizo]*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo), who had been sergeant in the Spanish army before his appointment as assistant provincial jail warden. He was both a Freemason and Katipunero. He was married to Ana Espíritu by whom he had two children. **Máximo Gregorio** November 18, 1856 [[Pasay]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasay), [[Manila]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_(province)) He was drafted into the Spanish colonial army while he was studying at the [[Colegio de San Juan de Letrán]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letr%C3%A1n). After training in San Antonio, Cavite, he was inducted into the 72nd Regiment of the [[Spanish Army]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Army) and dispatched to [[Jolo, Sulu]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu) to fight Moro insurgents. Upon his return from [[Mindanao]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao), was appointed chief clerk of the *Comisaría de Guerra* in Cavite where he worked for 20 years. He became a Freemason and joined the Katipunan in 1892. He was the founder of two Katipunan branches, namely, *Balangay No. 1* named *Marikít* (\"bright\") in Barrio San Antonio, Cavite, and *Balangay No. 2* called *Lintík* (\"lightning\") in Barrio San Rafael, Cavite. Among the people he initiated into the Katipunan were the jail warden Severino Lapidario, Feliciano Cabuco, tailor José Lallana, watchmaker Eugenio Cabezas and tailor Eulogio Raymundo. He was married to Celedonia Santiago, with whom he had four children. [**[Máximo Inocencio]**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximo_Inocencio) November 18, 1833 Cavite He was the oldest of the martyrs. Being a Freemason, he was implicated in the [[Cavite Mutiny]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite_Mutiny) of 1872 and was subsequently exiled to [[Ceuta]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceuta) in Spanish [[Morocco]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco) or [[Cartagena, Spain]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain) for ten years. Upon his return, he rebuilt his fortune from building and bridge contracting, shipbuilding, sawmilling, logging and trading. He was married to Narcisa Francisco with whom he had nine children. **José Lallana** 1836 Cavite He was a tailor whose shop was used by the Katipunan as a meeting place. Lallana was married to Benita Tapawan of Imus, by whom he had two children, Clara and Ramón. Ramón would later join the Revolution to avenge his father\'s death, but he never returned and is believed to have been [[killed in action]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action). **Severino Lapidario** January 8, 1847 [[Imus]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imus), Cavite He was a corporal in the [[Spanish Navy Marines]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Navy_Marines) who was implicated in the [[Cavite Mutiny]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite_Mutiny) of 1872. He later regained the confidence of the Spanish colonial authorities who named him warden of the Cavite provincial jail in 1890. **Victoriano Luciano III** March 23, 1863 He was a [[pharmacist]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacist) and [[freemason]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason) who was recognized for his formulae of rare perfumes and lotions, and was a member *Colégio de Farmaceuticos de Manila*. He studied at the [[Colegio de San Juan de Letrán]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letr%C3%A1n) and [[University of Santo Tomas]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas). He owned a pharmacy, *Botica Luciano* along Calle Real (now Trece Martires Avenue) in Cavite which was also a meeting place of the Katipunan. **Francisco Osorio** 1860 He was the scion of a wealthy and well-connected family in Cavite. Little is known of him except that he was a simple pharmacist and neither a Freemason nor a Katipunero. **Hugo Pérez** 1856 [[Binondo]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binondo), [[Manila]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila) He was a doctor of medicine. There is little biographical information about Pérez except that he was a [[Freemason]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason). **Antonio San Agustín** March 8, 1860 San Roque, Cavite He was a scion of a wealthy family. He studied at [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_de_San_Juan_de_Letran) and University of Santo Tomas. He was married to Juliana Reyes. He owned *La Aurora*, the only bookstore in town, which was used as a meeting place by the Katipunan\'s local members. https://www.google.com/search?q=the+spnish+version+of+the+cavite+mutiny&sca\_esv=ea05bd65b2dab007&sca\_upv=1&ei=E6IcZvz3COmokdUP8YujgA4&ved=0ahUKEwi8zcLApsOFAxVpVKQEHfHFCOAQ4dUDCBA&uact=5 **Freemasonry**, the teachings and practices of the fraternal (men-only) order of Free and Accepted Masons, the largest worldwide secret society---an oath-bound society, often devoted to fellowship, [[moral]](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/moral) [[discipline]](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discipline), and mutual assistance, that conceals at least some of its rituals, customs, or activities from the public (secret societies do not necessarily conceal their membership or existence) Masonry is not a religion nor a secret society. It teaches man to practice charity and benevolence, to protect chastity, to respect the ties of blood and friendship, to adopt the principles and revere the ordinances of religion, to assist the feeble, guide the blind, raise up the downtrodden, shelter the orphan, guard the altar, support the government, inculcate morality, promote learning, love man, fear God, implore his mercy, and hope for happiness.  Masonry is the universal morality, which is suitable to all men regardless of race and creed. It teaches no doctrine, except those truths which tend directly to the well-being of man and thereby achieve better men in a better world, happier men in a happier world, and wiser men in a wiser world.  No one is invited to become a Mason. A man who wants to join must request a petition from someone already in the society. Among the **VIRTUES** a Mason should live by are: **KINDNESS** in one's home **HONESTY** in business **COURTESY** in society **FAIRNESS** in work **UNDERSTANDING** and **CONCERN** for the unfortunate. https://grandlodge.ph/freemasonry