Cardiovascular System PDF

Faculty of Nursing Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic systems Dr. Aisha Alshanqiti Edited by: Dr. Ohood Almuzaini 1446-2024 Upon completion of this Lecture, you should be able to: Identify the structure of the musculoskeletal , cardiov...

Faculty of Nursing Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic systems Dr. Aisha Alshanqiti Edited by: Dr. Ohood Almuzaini 1446-2024 Upon completion of this Lecture, you should be able to: Identify the structure of the musculoskeletal , cardiovascular, lymphatic systems Describe the main functions of the musculoskeletal , cardiovascular, lymphatic systems Explore common diseases, disorders, and procedures related to the musculoskeletal , cardiovascular, lymphatic systems. Musculoskeletal system  Musculoskeletal system The musculoskeletal system is a complex network of bones, muscles, cartilage, joints, and connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments. The human skeleton system is composed of around 270 bones at birth, this total decrease to around 206 bones by adulthood after some bones get fused. The central nervous system controls body movements by stimulating skeletal muscles to contract. Contraction of skeletal muscles moves bones, which act as levers.  Structure Musculo-skeletal systemof the human body Bones articulate with each other through joints. Cartilage (Chondral) ‫ الغضاريف‬:provides padding/cushioning for the ends of bones within joints. The human body is made up of structures that come together to Tendon ‫ االوتار‬: are tough, fibrous connective tissues that connecting muscles to bone. make up a whole. Ligaments ‫االربطة‬: bands of connective tissues connecting bones to bonesThese structures (via cartilages), essential instart from supporting andthe smallest strengthening unit (atom) to the joints. Fascia ‫ اللفافة‬: fibrous tissue responsible for covering, largest, most complex unit, the human organism. supporting, separating, and allowing muscles to move and slide easily.  Structure of the human body The human body is made up of structures that come together to make up a whole. These structures start from the smallest unit (atom) to the largest, most complex unit, the human organism.  Types Structure ofhuman of the Muscle body The three types of muscles are: The human body is made up of structures that come together to 1. Skeletal muscle the only muscle that can be controlled make upvoluntarily a whole.attached to the bones Thesemuscle: 2. Cardiac structures start from the smallest unit (atom) to the heart muscle largest, 3. Smooth mostotherwise muscle: complexknown unit, the as human organism. visceral or involuntary muscle e.g. in the internal organs such as the stomach  Bones functions Structure of the human body The human body is made up of structures that come together to make up a whole. These structures start from the smallest unit (atom) to the largest, most complex unit, the human organism.  Disease and disorders of musculoskeletal system The following list of infections affecting the musculoskeletal system: An injury to the spinal cord is life-threatening, may cause paralysis or paresis below the injured part. para = beside; quadri-, tetra- = four plegia = paralysis; paresis = weakness Paraplegia: paralysis of both legs Paraparesis: weakness of the both legs  Structure Disease and of the disorders human body system of musculoskeletal -itis = Inflamation -oma = tumors -malacia —softening diarthrosis or a synovial joint —is joint that is freely movable Muscular dystrophy —skeletal muscle weakness  Specialty and Specialist Orthopedics (orth/o = straight or correct): A branch of medicine focused on preventing and correcting bone and muscle problems. Orthoopedist ‫طبيب عظام‬: Practitioner concerned with Musculoskeletal system.  Musculo-skeletal system terminology Structure of the human body The human body is made up of structures that come together to make up a whole. These structures start from the smallest unit (atom) to the largest, most complex unit, the human organism.  SURGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS Structure of the human body Orthopedic Surgeons perform surgical procedures to restore bones to their normal function. Myoplasty Arthrectomy Ostectomy Arthroplasty Craniectomy Arthrocentesis Arthrocentesis Of The Wrist Joint  Remember!! -plasty: Surgical repair -ectomy: Surgical removal -centesis: Surgical puncture to remove fluid -Cytes: Cells Arthro-: joint Cranio-: skull Osteo-: Bone  Exercise 1 Bone pain……………. An inflammation of bone caused by bacteria in bone and bone marrow ………..…… An inflammation of bone and cartilage ………………. Degeneration of bone from calcium loss ……………. Cardiovascular system  Cardiovascular system Structure of the human body The cardiovascular (cardio + vascul + ar) system consists of the heart and the blood vessels Together they form a transportation system that delivers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells, returns carbon dioxide and wastes to be eliminated.  Structures of the Heart The heart has four chambers: 1. Right and left atria (plural of atrium). 2. Right and left ventricles  Structures of the Heart Structure of the human body The heart wall is made up of the following layers: 1. Epicardium: The outer layer. 2. Myocardium: The muscular middle layer. 3. Endocardium: The inner layer Pericardium: The outermost protective layer surrounding the heart.  The circulatory system: Blood vessels Five types of bloodStructure of the human body vessels that transport blood throughout the entire body: Arteries: oxygenated blood from heart to different body parts Arterioles: small blood vessels, connect arteries to capillaries Capillaries: smallest blood vessels where oxygenation and nutrients uptake occurs Venules: small blood vessels connecting capillaries to veins Veins: deoxygenated blood from different parts of the body back to the heart https://youtu.be/_qmNCJxpsr0?si=xfbQVq31spfi30T2 Diseases and Disorders of Cardiovascular system Structure of the human body Cardiomyopathy: a weakens of the heart muscle (myocardium) that making it harder to pump blood and may lead to heart failure. …………….: Inflammation Of The Myocardium (Heart Muscle) …………..: Inflammation Of The Endocardium ……………:Inflammation Of The Pericardium Hyperlipidemia: high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood Arteriosclerosis: thickening and hardening of the arteries, which reduces blood flow.  Blood vessels: Arterial narrowing Structure of the human body The distribution of blood to the various - parts of the body is influenced by the diameter of the blood vessels: Vasoconstriction: decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel (vaso+constriction) Vasodilation: increase in the diameter of a blood vessel (vaso+dilation)  Cardiac Diagnostic Terms Structure of the human body Electrocardiogram: (electr/o + cardi/o + -gram) measures the electrical activity of the heart (rate=pulse; rythmn)  Cardiac Diagnostic Terms Structure of the human body Echocardiogram: echo + cardi/o + -gram Echo- reflected sound wave pattern producing images record of the heart’s sonogram  SURGICAL AND THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS Structure of the human body Cardiopulmonary bypass: a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and the lungs during surgery Cardioversion: A procedure that uses an electric current to restore the heart's normal rhythm.  Thrombolytics (thromb/o + lytic): medications that dissolve clots Medications for Vasodilators: medications that dilate the blood vessels cardiovascular problems Antihypertensives: medications that decrease blood pressure Diuretics: medications that facilitate excretion of water by the kidneys  CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPEUTIC Structure of the humanINTERVENTIONS body Procedure Word Intervention components angioplasty angio + plasty repair of the blood vessels aortoplasty aort/o + plasty repair of the aorta phlebectomy phleb + ectomy excision of a vein or a vein segment  Word parts related of Structure to the the human Cardiovascular body system Combining form Meaning Word Association venul/o venule Venulitis-inflammation of venules. phleb/o, ven/o veins Phlebitis or venitis is the inflammation of the veins. arteriol/o arteriole Arteriolopathy refers to any disease of the arterioles. ather/o yellow, fatty The build-up of plaque in the arterial walls is plaque known as atherosclerosis. Lymphatic System  Lymphatic Structure of theSystem human body The lymphatics (subsystem of immune + circulatory systems) performs the following functions: 1-Return the fluid that escaped from the blood vessels back to circulation 2-Defend the body against disease https://youtu.be/cCPyWFK0IKs?si=rBuj0nILhhHJCtBq  Structure ofofLymphatic Structure System the human body Structure: ▪ Lymph: fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system ▪ Lymph vessels: thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells ▪ Lymph nodes: small round glands that filter lymph throughout the body https://youtu.be/cCPyWFK0IKs?si=rBuj0nILhhHJCtBq Pathological terms and Structure diagnoses of the related to the human body lymphatics. Word part Meaning Word Association lymphoma lymph + oma cancer originating in the lymphatic system lymphadenitis lymph + aden + itis inflammation of the lymph nodes lymphedema lymph + edema Accumulation of lymph in the tissue that results in swelling. Any disease involving the lymph nodes is referred to as lymphadenopathy.  Surgical and Therapeutic Structure Interventions of the human body Antibiotics or anti-infective medications are the usual lines of treatment for infections of the lymph nodes and lymph vessels. In more severe problems of the lymphatic system such as cancer, excision of the affected lymphatic structure may be necessary. Recall the meaning of the following terms: Lymphadenectomy Splenectomy Tonsillectomy Adenoidectomy  Word parts relatedoftothe Structure thehuman lymphatic body system Word part Meaning Word Association adenoid/o adenoids Adenoidectomy-surgical removal of adenoids. lymphat/o lymphatics Lymphadenopathy-A disease or enlargement of the lymph nodes splen/o spleen Splenomegaly-enlargement of the spleen. thromb/o thrombus-blood clot Thrombolysis -breakdown of blood clots. Any questions?