Cardiovascular System PDF

ANIMAL SCIENCE Cardiovascular System  Cardiovascular System Functions: conveys nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the tissues carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs removes waste products of metabolism a...

ANIMAL SCIENCE Cardiovascular System  Cardiovascular System Functions: conveys nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract to the tissues carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs removes waste products of metabolism and takes them to the excretory organs for disposal transports hormones from one part of the body to another helps in maintaining water equilibrium in the body helps in keeping the normal temperature of the body regulates hydrogen ion concentration in the body helps in overcoming diseases by the antibodies contained in the blood  Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system includes the heart blood vessels ✔Artery – Away ✔Vein – To ✔Capillaries blood  Cardiovascular System Heart Location: middle mediastinal space in the thoracic cavity between the right and the left lungs Function: organ that pumps blood to all parts of the body Layers of the heart:  Cardiovascular System Four Chambers UPPER Right Atrium - Receives blood into heart from body, from veins Left Atrium - Receives blood into heart from lungs LOWER Right Ventricle - Pumps blood out to the lungs Left Ventricle - Pumps blood out into body via arteries  Cardiovascular System Valves of the Heart 1. Tricuspid Valve – with three cusps; separates the right atrium from the right ventricle 2. Bicuspid Valve or Mitral Valve – has two cusps; separates the left atrium from the left ventricle; 3. Semilunar valve – found in the aorta and pulmonary arteries;  Cardiovascular System Types of Blood Circulation Pulmonary Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart.  Cardiovascular System Types of Blood Circulation Systematic Blood flows from the lungs to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle and to the aorta that distributes blood to the arteries and the capillaries of the different organs, and back to the heart through the venules and the Coronary – supplies blood to the heart veins that carry blood to the right Hepatic – supplies blood to the liver atrium Cerebral – supplies blood to the brain Renal – supplies blood to the kidneys Splanchnic – supplies blood to the digestive tract  Cardiovascular System The Blood Circulation  Cardiovascular System Blood vessels 1. Artery Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to all organ-systems of the body except the pulmonary artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs Arterioles – small arteries Pulmonary artery – carries unoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs Pulmonary veins – carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart  Cardiovascular System Blood vessels 2. Veins Carry deoxygenated blood from all organ-systems, except the pulmonary vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart Equipped with valves to prevent backflow of blood Venules – small veins 3. Capillaries Site of exchange of materials between the surrounding tissues  Cardiovascular System Cardiac Cycle the atrial contraction and ventricular contraction Systole (contraction), Diastole (relaxation) As the atria contracts, blood is pushed to the ventricles When the ventricles contract, blood is pushed to the arteries All of these events occur in one heartbeat These contraction and relaxation create heart sounds Sino-atrial Node (SA Node) Cardiac pacemaker rate of discharge determines the rate at which the heart beats  Cardiovascular System Purkinje fibers are part of the specialized conduction network of the heart that ensures that the wave of excitation spreads rapidly and almost synchronously to the ventricular muscle mass. The bundle branches, or The bundle of His, formed of a group of Tawara branches, heart muscle cells, transmits the are offshoots of the bundle electrical impulses generated at paced of His in the heart's intervals by the atrioventricular node ventricle. (AVN), to the right and left ventricles.  Cardiovascular System Heart Sounds or Heart Beats Lub - first sound caused by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves Species Pulse rate/minute Location Auscultation method Dub - second sound caused by the Chicken 200-400 using stethoscope at the chest region closure of the aortic and pulmonary Auscultation method valves Pig 70-120 using stethoscope at the chest region External maxillary artery; Sequence: Horse 38 about the middle of the 1. Atrial systole - contraction of atria lower jaw Goat 78 Femoral artery 2. Ventricular systole - contraction of External maxillary artery ventricles slightly on the outer surface of the lower jaw, 3. Diastole - relaxation of heart muscles Cattle and carabao 54 and at the coccygeal artery at the base of the 4. Pulse or Pulse Wave-the arterial underneath of the tail palpation of a heartbeat is determined to measure the rate of heartbeat  Cardiovascular System Blood A thick suspension of cellular elements in an aqueous solution of electrolytes and some non-electrolytes Composition: blood cells (erythrocytes or RBC and leukocytes or WBC), blood plasma, platelets and other dissolved substances Characteristics of blood red in color pH ranges from pH 7.35 to 7.45 three to five times thicker (viscous) than water Plasma the fluid portion of the blood that contains blood cells, plasma proteins, hormones and respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), metabolic wastes and electrolytes makes up to 52%-62% of the total volume of blood is 91% water normal volume is about 3%-5% of the body weight  Cardiovascular System The Three Blood Cells 1.Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) Biconcave disks manufactured in the bone marrow Packed red blood cells is referred to as Hematocrit Carries oxygen to all parts of the body Hemoglobin –protein in red blood cells containing iron responsible for its oxygen- carrying capacity  Cardiovascular System 2.White blood cells (Leukocytes) Involved in defense against infection and cancer Classified into three: a) Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) – most numerous; main function is to phagocyte b) Monocytes – large and non- nuclear; actively phagocytic c) Lymphocytes – mostly formed in the lymph nodes, spleen and thymus; produce antibodies and counteract toxins 3.Thrombocytes (Platelets) produced from cytoplasmic fragmentation of large cell megakaryocyte essential for blood clotting If an animal had an allergic response, what kind of white blood cells will increase in number in respond to the allergens? A. neutrophils B. lymphocytes C. eosinophils D. basophils  White blood cells 1. Granulocytes – contain granules within the cytoplasm that are easily stained neutrophils – first line of defense against infection and constitute the greatest number of all the white blood cells eosinophils – increases in number during allergic reactions basophils – mast cell formation 2. Agranulocytes – these are cells that do not contain or contain very little granular material in their cytoplasm monocytes – largest white blood cells and involved in phagocytosis lymphocytes – it produces antibodies, neutralize or fix toxins The cardiovascular system is composed of the blood vessels together with the heart, the following are the functions of this system except: A. carries oxygen to the lungs from the different tissues B. transports hormone C. assists in overcoming diseases D. helps maintain water equilibrium in the body Blood is being oxygenated in the lungs and it goes back to the heart and passes to the following structures except? A. caudal vena cava B. left atrium C. bicuspid valve D. aorta Structures of the heart  Lymphatic System Lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials composed of lymph nodes, lymph vessels and lymph carry fluid from the tissue space into the blood a defense mechanism by way of transporting lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells throughout the body  Lymphatic System The lymphatic system also helps defend the body against germs (viruses, bacteria, and fungi) that can cause illnesses. Those germs are filtered out in the lymph nodes, small clumps of tissue along the network of lymph vessels. Inside the lymph nodes, lymphocytes called T-cells and B-cells help the body fight infection. B cells make antibodies — special proteins that stop infections from spreading by trapping disease-causing germs and destroying them.  Lymphatic System Lymph Nodes Ovoid or bean-shaped tissues located in strategic points of the body where lymph passes on its way to the bloodstream Functions: produce lymphocytes and stop foreign materials that come to them; become swollen or inflamed during severe bacterial infections Lymph Vessels A system of vessels draining from the lungs and from the rest of the body tissues, ending in the venous system Also contains valves that prevent the back flow of its contents (like the veins) Lymph an interstitial fluid derived largely from the blood and in similar composition with blood plasma flow in the lymph vessels is unidirectional, from the tissues toward the heart