IELTS Academic 17 PDF - Cambridge

© CAMBRIDGE IELTS ACADEMIC 17 WITH ANSWERS AUTHENTIC PRACTICE TESTS V WITH AUDIO Ə  BS, HSEBRORASR ‘ila 1718867168 Contents Introduction Test 1 T...

© CAMBRIDGE IELTS ACADEMIC 17 WITH ANSWERS AUTHENTIC PRACTICE TESTS V WITH AUDIO Ə  BS, HSEBRORASR ‘ila 1718867168 Contents Introduction Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Audioscripts Listening and Reading answer keys Sample Writing answers Sample answer sheets 139 Acknowledgements 143  BE, HHSRERDAADR $88 1718867188 Test 1 PART 1 Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Buckworth Conservation Group Regular activities Beach e making sure the beach does not have 1.......................0n it * MO emen Nature reserve e maintaining paths e nesting boxes for birds installed e next task is taking action to attract 3... to the place © identifying types of 4... è building a new 5... Forthcoming events Saturday e meet at Dunsmore Beach car park e walk across the sands and reach the 6 oe e take a picnic e wear appropriate 7.. Woodwork session e Suitable for 8 ose to participate in e makindB. out of wood. 17th, from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. © costofsession (no camping): 10 £ s. 10 |O p. 19| B p. 96  BS, HHSRERARRER PIA 1718867188 PART 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-14 Listening test audio Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Boat trip round Tasmania 11 What is the maximum number of people who can stand on each side of the boat? A 9 B 15 C 18 12 What colour are the tour boats? A dark red B jet black C light green 13 Which lunchbox is suitable for someone who doesn't eat meat or fish? A Lunchbox 1 B Lunchbox 2 C Lunchbox 3 14 What should people do with their litter? A take it home B handitto a member of staff C putitin the bins provided on the boat 11  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 Questions 15 and 16 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO features of the lighthouse does Lou mention? why it was built who built it how long it took to build who staffed it what it was built with moowp Questions 17 and 18 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO types of creature might come close to the boat? sea eagles fur seals dolphins whales penguins moov» Questions 19 and 20 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO points does Lou make about the caves? Only large tourist boats can visit them. The entrances to them are often blocked. It is too dangerous for individuals to go near them. Someone will explain what is inside them. They cannot be reached on foot. moou» 12 |O p. 119| (B p. 97  BE, HHSRERARRER PI 1718867188 PART 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21—26 Listening test audio Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Work experience for veterinary science students 21 What problem did both Diana and Tim have when arranging their work experience? A making initial contact with suitable farms B organising transport to and from the farm C finding a placement for the required length of time 22 Tim was pleased to be able to help A alamb that had a broken leg. B a sheep that was having difficulty giving birth. C a newly born lamb that was having trouble feeding. 23 Diana says the sheep on her farm A were of various different varieties. B were mainly reared for their meat. C hadbetter quality wool than sheep on the hills. 24 What did the students learn about adding supplements to chicken feed? A These should only be given if specially needed. B Itis worth paying extra for the most effective ones. C The amount given at one time should be limited. 25 What happened when Diana was working with dairy cows? A She identified some cows incorrectly. B She accidentally threw some milk away. C She made a mistake when storing milk. 26 What did both farmers mention about vets and farming? A Vets are failing to cope with some aspects of animal health. B There needs to be a fundamental change in the training of vets. C Some jobs could be done by the farmer rather than by a vet. 13  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 Questions 27-30 What opinion do the students give about each of the following modules on their veterinary science course? Choose FOUR answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-F, next to questions 27—30. Opinions Tim found this easier than expected. Tim thought this was not very clearly organised. Diana may do some further study on this. They both found the reading required for this was difficult. Tim was shocked at something he learned on this module. 0U They were both surprised how little is known about some aspects of this. > amo Modules on Veterinary Science course 27 Medical terminology 28 Diet and nutrition 29 Animal disease 30 Wildlife medication 14 |O p. 119| |B p. 98  BS, HHSRERARRER PI 1718867188 PART 4 Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Eistening test audio Labyrinths Definition e a winding spiral path leading to a central area Labyrinths compared with mazes. Mazes are a type:of 31. see = 32... IS needed to navigate through a maze — the word ‘maze’ is derived from a word meaning a feeling of e Labyrinths represent a journey through life — they have frequently been used in 34... and prayer Early examples of the labyrinth spiral e Ancient Carvings on 35... ss. have been found across many cultures e The Pima, a Native American tribe, wove the symbol on baskets e Ancient Greeks used the symbol on 36.... Walking labyrinths e The largest surviving example of a turf labyrinth once had a big rr€—— cin Labyrinths nowadays e. Believed to have a beneficial impact on mental and physical health, e.g., walking a maze can reduce a person's 38 oo. rate ° Used in medical and health and fitness settings and also prisons ° Popular with patients, visitors and staff in hospitals — patients who can't walk can use ‘finger labyrinths’ made from 99. cte etre — research has shown that Alzheimer's sufferers experience less 40.....eee [0 p.119] [B p.100] 15 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The development of the London underground railway In the first half of the 1800s, London's population grew at an astonishing rate, and the central area became increasingly congested. In addition, the expansion of the overground railway network resulted in more and more passengers arriving in the capital. However, in 1846, a Royal Commission decided that the railways should not be allowed to enter the City, the capital's historic and business centre. The result was that the overground railway stations formed a ring around the City. The area within consisted of poorly built, overcrowded slums and the streets were full of horse-drawn traffic. Crossing the City became a nightmare. It could take an hour and a half to travel 8 km by horse-drawn carriage or bus. Numerous schemes were proposed to resolve these problems, but few succeeded. Amongst the most vocal advocates for a solution to London's traffic problems was Charles Pearson, who worked as a solicitor for the City of London. He saw both social and economic advantages in building an underground railway that would link the overground railway stations together and clear London slums at the same time. His idea was to relocate the poor workers who lived in the inner-city slums to newly constructed suburbs, and to provide cheap rail travel for them to get to work. Pearson's ideas gained support amongst some businessmen and in 1851 he submitted a plan to Parliament. It was rejected, but coincided with a proposal from another group for an underground connecting line, which Parliament passed. The two groups merged and established the Metropolitan Railway Company in August 1854. The company's plan was to construct an underground railway line from the Great Western Railway's (GWR) station at Paddington to the edge of the City at Farringdon Street — a distance of almost 5 km. The organisation had difficulty in raising the funding for such a radical and expensive scheme, not least because of the critical articles printed by the press. Objectors argued that the tunnels would collapse under the weight of traffic overhead, buildings would be shaken and passengers would be poisoned by the emissions from the train engines. However, Pearson and his partners persisted. The GWR, aware that the new line would finally enable them to run trains into the heart of the City, invested almost £250,000 in the scheme. Eventually, over a five-year period, £1m was raised. The chosen route ran beneath existing main roads to minimise the expense of 16  BS, HHSRERARRER 8 1718867188 demolishing buildings. Originally scheduled to be completed in 21 months, the construction of the underground line took three years. It was built just below street level using a technique known as ‘cut and cover’. A trench about ten metres wide and six metres deep was dug, and the sides temporarily held up with timber beams. Brick walls were then constructed, and finally a brick arch was added to create a tunnel. A two-metre-deep layer of soil was laid on top of the tunnel and the road above rebuilt. The Metropolitan line, which opened on 10 January 1863, was the world’s first underground railway. On its first day, almost 40,000 passengers were carried between Paddington and Farringdon, the journey taking about 18 minutes. By the end of the Metropolitan’s first year of operation, 9.5 million journeys had been made. Even as the Metropolitan began operation, the first extensions to the line were being authorised; these were built over the next five years, reaching Moorgate in the east of London and Hammersmith in the west. The original plan was to pull the trains with steam locomotives, using firebricks in the boilers to provide steam, but these engines were never introduced. Instead, the line used specially designed locomotives that were fitted with water tanks in which steam could be condensed. However, smoke and fumes remained a problem, even though ventilation shafts were added to the tunnels. Despite the extension of the underground railway, by the 1880s, congestion on London’s streets had become worse. The problem was partly that the existing underground lines formed a circuit around the centre of London and extended to the suburbs, but did not cross the capital’s centre. The ‘cut and cover’ method of construction was not an option in this part of the capital. The only alternative was to tunnel deep underground. Although the technology to create these tunnels existed, steam locomotives could not be used in such a confined space. It wasn’t until the development of a reliable electric motor, and a means of ransferring power from the generator to a moving train, that the world’s first deep-level electric railway, the City & South London, became possible. The line opened in 1890, and ran from the City to Stockwell, south of the River Thames. The trains were made up of three carriages and driven by electric engines. The carriages were narrow and had tiny windows just below the roof because it was thought that passengers would not want to look out at the tunnel walls. The line was not without its problems, mainly caused by an unreliable power supply. Although the City & South London Railway was a great technical achievement, it did not make a profit. Then, in 1900, he Central London Railway, known as the ‘Tuppenny Tube’, began operation using new electric locomotives. It was very popular and soon afterwards new railways and extensions were added to he growing tube network. By 1907, the heart of today’s Underground system was in place. W  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 Questions 1-6 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1—6 on your answer sheet. The London underground railway The problem © O The Iha Of London increased rapidly between 1800 and 1850 e The streets were full of horse-drawn vehicles The proposed solution Charles Pearson, a solicitor, suggested building an underground railway Building the railway would make it possible to move people to better housing in the 2 A number of 3... agreed with Pearson’s idea The company initially had problems getting the 4... needed for the project Negative articles about the project appeared in the 5 |... The construction e The chosen route did not require many buildings to be pulled down e The ‘cut and cover’ method was used to construct the tunnels e With the completion of the brick arch, the tunnel was covered with 18  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 7-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7—13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 7 Other countries had built underground railways before the Metropolitan line opened. 8 More people than predicted travelled on the Metropolitan line on the first day. 9 The use of ventilation shafts failed to prevent pollution in the tunnels. 10 Adifferent approach from the ‘cut and cover’ technique was required in London's central area. 11 The windows on City & South London trains were at eye level. 12 The City & South London Railway was a financial success. 13 Trains on the 'Tuppenny Tube' nearly always ran on time. -4Q p.120) 19  BS, HHSRERARRER 8 1718867188 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14—26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Stadiums: past, present and future A Stadiums are among the oldest forms of urban architecture: vast stadiums where the public could watch sporting events were at the centre of western city life as far back as the ancient Greek and Roman Empires, well before the construction of the great medieval cathedrals and the grand 19th- and 20th-century railway stations which dominated urban skylines in later eras. Today, however, stadiums are regarded with growing scepticism. Construction costs can soar above £1 billion, and stadiums finished for major events such as the Olympic Games or the FIFA World Cup have notably fallen into disuse and disrepair. But this need not be the case. History shows that stadiums can drive urban development and adapt to the culture of every age. Even today, architects and planners are finding new ways to adapt the mono-functional sports arenas which became emblematic of modernisation during the 20th century. B The amphitheatre* of Arles in southwest France, with a capacity of 25,000 spectators, is perhaps the best example ofjust how versatile stadiums can be. Built by the Romans in 90 AD, it became a fortress with four towers after the fifth century, and was then transformed into a village containing more than 200 houses. With the growing interest in conservation during the 19th century, it was converted back into an arena for the staging of bullfights, thereby returning the structure to its original use as a venue for public spectacles. Another example is the imposing arena of Verona in northern Italy, with space for 30,000 spectators, which was built 60 years before the Arles amphitheatre and 40 years before Rome’s famous Colosseum. It has endured the centuries and is currently considered one of the world’s prime sites for opera, thanks to its outstanding acoustics. C The area in the centre of the Italian town of Lucca, known as the Piazza dell’ Anfiteatro, is yet another impressive example of an amphitheatre becoming absorbed into the fabric ofthe city. The site evolved in a similar way to Arles and was progressively filled with buildings from the Middle Ages until the 19th century, variously used as houses, a salt depot and a prison. But rather than reverting to an arena, it became a market square, designed by Romanticist architect Lorenzo Nottolini. Today, the ruins of the amphitheatre remain embedded in the various shops and residences surrounding the public square. D There are many similarities between modern stadiums and the ancient amphitheatres intended for games. But some of the flexibility was lost at the beginning of the 20th century, as stadiums were developed using new products such as steel and reinforced concrete, and made use of bright lights for night-time matches. * amphitheatre: (especially in Greek and Roman architecture) an open circular or oval building with a central space surrounded by tiers of seats for spectators, for the presentation of dramatic or sporting events 20  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Many such stadiums are situated in suburban areas, designed for sporting use only and surrounded by parking lots. These factors mean that they may not be as accessible to the general public, require more energy to run and contribute to urban heat. But many of today’s most innovative architects see scope for the stadium to help improve the city. Among the current strategies, two seem to be having particular success: the stadium as an urban hub, and as a power plant. There’s a growing trend for stadiums to be equipped with public spaces and services that serve a function beyond sport, such as hotels, retail outlets, conference centres, restaurants and bars, children’s playgrounds and green space. Creating mixed-use developments such as this reinforces compactness and multi-functionality, making more efficient use of land and helping to regenerate urban spaces. This opens the space up to families and a wider cross-section of society, instead of catering only to sportspeople and supporters. There have been many examples of this in the UK: the mixed-use facilities at Wembley and Old Trafford have become a blueprint for many other stadiums in the world. The phenomenon of stadiums as power stations has arisen from the idea that energy problems can be overcome by integrating interconnected buildings by means of a smart grid, which is an electricity supply network that uses digital communications technology to detect and react to local changes in usage, without significant energy losses. Stadiums are ideal for these purposes, because their canopies have a large surface area for fitting photovoltaic panels and rise high enough (more than 40 metres) to make use of micro wind turbines. Freiburg Mage Solar Stadium in Germany is the first of a new wave of stadiums as power plants, which also includes the Amsterdam Arena and the Kaohsiung Stadium. The latter, inaugurated in 2009, has 8,844 photovoltaic panels producing up to 1.14 GWh of electricity annually. This reduces the annual output of carbon dioxide by 660 tons and supplies up to 80 percent of the surrounding area when the stadium is not in use. This is proof that a stadium can serve its city, and have a decidedly positive impact in terms of reduction of CO? emissions. Sporting arenas have always been central to the life and culture of cities. In every era, the stadium has acquired new value and uses: from military fortress to residential village, public space to theatre and most recently a field for experimentation in advanced engineering. The stadium of today now brings together multiple functions, thus helping cities to create a sustainable future. 21  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 Questions 14-17 Reading Passage 2 has seven sections, A-G. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 14—17 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 a mention of negative attitudes towards stadium building projects 15 figures demonstrating the environmental benefits of a certain stadium 16 examples of the wide range of facilities available at some new stadiums 17 reference to the disadvantages of the stadiums built during a certain era Questions 18—22 Complete the summary below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 18—22 on your answer sheet. Roman amphitheatres The Roman stadiums of Europe have proved very versatile. The amphitheatre of Arles, for example, was converted first into a 18... , then into a residential area and finally into an arena where spectators could watch 19........ sss Meanwhile, the arena in Verona, one of the oldest Roman amphitheatres, is famous today as a venue where 20. is performed. The site of Lucca's amphitheatre has also been used for many purposes over the centuries, including the storage of 21.... It is now a market square with 22...........ss and homes incorporated into the remains of the Roman amphitheatre. 22  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 23 and 24 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet. When comparing twentieth-century stadiums to ancient amphitheatres in Section D, which TWO negative features does the writer mention? They are less imaginatively designed. They are less spacious. They are in less convenient locations. They are less versatile. moou» They are made of less durable materials. Questions 25 and 26 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet. Which TWO advantages of modern stadium design does the writer mention? offering improved amenities for the enjoyment of sports events bringing community life back into the city environment facilitating research into solar and wind energy solutions enabling local residents to reduce their consumption of electricity providing a suitable site for the installation of renewable power generators moou» >| p. 120 23  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27—40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. To catch a king Anna Keay reviews Charles Spencer 5 book about the hunt for King Charles II during the English Civil War of the seventeenth century Charles Spencer' latest book, To Catch a with the writer and diarist Samuel Pepys. His King, tells us the story of the hunt for King intention when asking Pepys to commit his Charles II in the six weeks after his resounding story to paper was to ensure that this most defeat at the Battle of Worcester in September extraordinary episode was never forgotten. 1651. And what a story it is. After his father Over two three-hour sittings, the king related was executed by the Parliamentarians in 1649, to him in great detail his personal recollections the young Charles II sacrificed one of the ofthe six weeks he had spent as a fugitive. As very principles his father had died for and the king and secretary settled down (a scene did a deal with the Scots, thereby accepting that is surely a gift for a future scriptwriter), Presbyterianism* as the national religion in Charles commenced his story: ‘After the battle return for being crowned King of Scots. His was so absolutely lost as to be beyond hope of arrival in Edinburgh prompted the English recovery, I began to think of the best way of Parliamentary army to invade Scotland in a saving myself,’ pre-emptive strike. This was followed by a Scottish invasion of England. The two sides One of the joys of Spencer’s book, a result not finally faced one another at Worcester in least of its use of Charles II’s own narrative the west of England in 1651. After being as well as those of his supporters, is just how comprehensively defeated on the meadows close the reader gets to the action. The day-by- outside the city by the Parliamentarian army, day retelling of the fugitives’ doings provides the 21-year-old king found himself the subject delicious details: the cutting of the king’s long of a national manhunt, with a huge sum hair with agricultural shears, the use of walnut offered for his capture. Over the following leaves to dye his pale skin, and the day Charles six weeks he managed, through a series of spent lying on a branch of the great oak tree in heart-poundingly close escapes, to evade the Boscobel Wood as the Parliamentary soldiers Parliamentarians before seeking refuge in scoured the forest floor below. Spencer draws France. For the next nine years, the penniless out both the humour — such as the preposterous and defeated Charles wandered around Europe refusal of Charles’s friend Henry Wilmot with only a small group of loyal supporters. o adopt disguise on the grounds that it was beneath his dignity — and the emotional tension Years later, after his restoration as king, the when the secret of the king’s presence was 50-year-old Charles II requested a meeting cautiously revealed to his supporters. *Presbyterianism: part of the reformed Protestant religion 24  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘tla 1718867188 Charles’s adventures after losing the Battle of pacey, readable prose steers deftly clear of Worcester hide the uncomfortable truth that modern idioms and elegantly brings to life the whilst almost everyone in England had been details of the great tale. He has even-handed appalled by the execution of his father, they sympathy for both the fugitive king and the had not welcomed the arrival of his son with fierce republican regime that hunted him, the Scots army, but had instead firmly bolted and he succeeds in his desire to explore far their doors. This was partly because he rode at more of the background of the story than the head of what looked like a foreign invasion previous books on the subject have done. Indeed, force and partly because, after almost a decade the opening third of the book is about how ofcivil war, people were desperate to avoid Charles II found himself at Worcester in the first it beginning again. This makes it all the more place, which for some will be reason alone to interesting that Charles II himself loved the read To Catch a King. story so much ever after. As well as retelling it to anyone who would listen, causing eye- The tantalising question left, in the end, is that rolling among courtiers, he set in train a series of what it all meant. Would Charles II have of initiatives to memorialise it. There was to been a different king had these six weeks never be a new order of chivalry, the Knights of the happened? The days and nights spent in hiding Royal Oak. A series of enormous oil paintings must have affected him in some way. Did the depicting the episode were produced, including need to assume disguises, to survive on wit and a two-metre-wide canvas of Boscobel Wood charm alone, to use trickery and subterfuge to and a set of six similarly enormous paintings escape from tight corners help form him? This of the king on the run. In 1660, Charles H is the one area where the book doesn't quite hit commissioned the artist John Michael Wright the mark. Instead its depiction of Charles II in to paint a flying squadron of cherubs* carrying his final years as an ineffective, pleasure-loving an oak tree to the heavens on the ceiling of his monarch doesn't do justice to the man (neither bedchamber. It is hard to imagine many other is it accurate), or to the complexity of his kings marking the lowest point in their life so character. But this one niggle aside, To Catch a enthusiastically, or indeed pulling off such an King is an excellent read, and those who come escape in the first place. to it knowing little of the famous tale will find they have a treat in store. Charles Spencer is the perfect person to pass the story on to a new generation. His * cherub: an image of angelic children used in paintings 25  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 Questions 27-31 Complete the summary using the list of phrases, A-J, below. Write the correct letter, A-J, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. The story behind the hunt for Charles II Charles II’s father was executed by the Parliamentarian forces in 1649. Charles II then formed a 27 |... With the Scots, and in order to become King of Scots, he abandoned an important 28......................... that was held by his father and had contributed to his father's death. The opposing sides then met outside Worcester in 1651. The battle led to a 29 for the Parliamentarians and Charles had to flee for his life. A 30. cee. WAS offered for Charles's capture, but after six weeks spent in hiding, he eventually managed to reach the 31... Of continental Europe. A military innovation B large reward C widespread conspiracy D relative safety E new government F decisive victory G political debate H strategic alliance 1 popular solution J religious conviction Questions 32-35 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 32 Charles chose Pepys for the task because he considered him to be trustworthy. 33 Charles's personal recollection of the escape lacked sufficient detail. 34 Charles indicated to Pepys that he had planned his escape before the battle. 35 The inclusion of Charles's account is a positive aspect of the book. 26  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 36-40 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. 36 What is the reviewer's main purpose in the first paragraph? A todescribe what happened during the Battle of Worcester B to give an account of the circumstances leading to Charles II’s escape C to provide details of the Parliamentarians' political views D tocompare Charles II’s beliefs with those of his father 37 Why does the reviewer include examples of the fugitives' behaviour in the third paragraph? A to explain how close Charles II came to losing his life B to suggest that Charles II’s supporters were badly prepared C to illustrate how the events of the six weeks are brought to life D toargue that certain aspects are not as well known as they should be 38 What point does the reviewer make about Charles II in the fourth paragraph? A He chose to celebrate what was essentially a defeat. B He misunderstood the motives of his opponents. C He aimed to restore people's faith in the monarchy. D He was driven by a desire to be popular. 39 What does the reviewer say about Charles Spencer in the fifth paragraph? A His decision to write the book comes as a surprise. B He takes an unbiased approach to the subject matter. C His descriptions of events would be better if they included more detail. D He chooses language that is suitable for a twenty-first-century audience. 40 When the reviewer says the book 'doesn't quite hit the mark', she is making the point that A itoverlooks the impact of events on ordinary people. B itlacks an analysis of prevalent views on monarchy. C itomits any references to the deceit practised by Charles II during his time in hiding. D _ it fails to address whether Charles ll's experiences had a lasting influence on him. -»| p. 120 27  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 WRITING WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The maps below show an industrial area in the town of Norbiton, and planned future development of the site. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. Norbiton industrial area now el E Farmland ZZ = Factory Planned future development —— ™ LES bed Playground BE = Housing 28 =|% p. 127  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: It is important for people to take risks, both in their professional lives and their personal lives. Do you think the advantages of taking risks outweigh the disadvantages? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. > $ p.128) 29  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 1 PART 1 The examiner asks you about yourself, your home, work or studies and other familiar topics. EXAMPLE History e What did you study in history lessons when you were at school? e Did you enjoy studying history at school? [Why/Why not?] e How often do you watch TV programmes about history now? [Why/Why not?] e What period in history would you like to learn more about? [Why?] PART 2 Describe the neighbourhood you lived in when You will have to talk you were a child. about the topic for one to two minutes. You You should say: have one minute to where in your town/city the neighbourhood was think about what you what kind of people lived there are going to say. You what it was like to live in this neighbourhood can make some notes and explain whether you would like to live in this to help you if you wish. neighbourhood in the future. PART 3 Discussion topics: Neighbours Example questions: What sort of things can neighbours do to help each other? How well do people generally know their neighbours in your country? How important do you think it is to have good neighbours? Facilities in cities Example questions: Which facilities are most important to people living in cities? How does shopping in small local shops differ from shopping in large city centre shops? Do you think that children should always go to the school nearest to where they live? 30  BE, HHSRERDAADR $88 1718867188 Test 2 PART 1 Questions 1-10 Questions 1-7 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Opportunities for voluntary work in Southoe village Library e Help with 1... books (times to be arranged) e Help needed to keep 2.... of books up to date e Librenisinihe 9. Room in the village hall Lunch club. Help by providing 4..............- e Help with hobbies such as 5... Help for individuals needed next week ə Taking Mrs Carroll to 6. èe Work in the 7.. Questions 8-10 Complete the table below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Village social events Date Event Location Help needed 19Oct |g O aa Village hall providing refreshments 18 Nov |dance Village hall checking 9... sss. 31 Dec |New Year's Eve party |Mountfort Hotel |designing the 10... 3 Q p. 121 p. 101 31  BS, HHSRERARRER 8 1718867188 Test 2 PART 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11-14 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Listening test audio Oniton Hall 11 Many past owners made changes to A the gardens. B the house. C thefarm. 12 Sir Edward Downes built Oniton Hall because he wanted A a place for discussing politics. B a place to display his wealth. C aplace for artists and writers. 13 Visitors can learn about the work of servants in the past from A audio guides. B photographs. C people in costume. 14 What is new for children at Oniton Hall? A clothes for dressing up B minitractors C the adventure playground 32  BS, HHSRERARRER $8 1718867188 Questions 15-20 Which activity is offered at each of the following locations on the farm? Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 15-20. Activities A shopping B watching cows being milked C seeing old farming equipment D eating and drinking E starting a trip F seeing rare breeds of animals G helping to look after animals H using farming tools Locations on the farm 15 dairy 16 large barn 17 small barn 18 stables —À 19 shed 20 parkland -O p. 121 p. 102 33  BS, HHSRERARRER 8 1718867188 Test 2 PART 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21 and 22 Listening test audio Choose TWO letters, A-E. Which TWO things do the students agree they need to include in their reviews of Romeo and Juliet? analysis of the text a summary of the plot a description of the theatre a personal reaction a reference to particular scenes moou» Questions 23-27 Which opinion do the speakers give about each of the following aspects of The Emporium's production of Romeo and Juliet? Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 23-27. Opinions They both expected this to be more traditional. They both thought this was original. They agree this created the right atmosphere. They agree this was a major strength. They were both disappointed by this. They disagree about why this was an issue. p> oou ommThey disagree about how this could be improved. Aspects of the production 23 the set "—M 24 the lighting 25 the costume design 26 the music -— 27 the actors' delivery — 34  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 28-30 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 28 The students think the story of Romeo and Juliet is still relevant for young people today because A _ itillustrates how easily conflict can start. B _ it deals with problems that families experience. C itteaches them about relationships. 29 The students found watching Romeo and Juliet in another language A (frustrating. B demanding. C moving. 30 Why do the students think Shakespeare's plays have such international appeal? A The stories are exciting. B There are recognisable characters. C Theycan be interpreted in many ways. > p. 121 p.103| 35  BS, HHSRERARRER PI 1718867188 Test 2 PART 4 Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. Listening test audio The impact of digital technology on the Icelandic language The Icelandic language has approximately 31.................... speakers has a 32... that is still growing has not changed a lot over the last thousand years has its own words for computer-based concepts, such as web browser CIUS MN Young speakers are big users of digital technology, such as 34... are becoming 35... very quickly are having discussions using only English while they are in the 365... at school are better able to identify the content of a 37..... Icelandic Technology and internet companies e write very little in Icelandic because of the small number of speakers and because of how complicated its 38............. is The Icelandic government has set up a fund to support the production of more digital content in the language believes that Icelandic has a secure future is worried that young Icelanders may lose their 39 as Icelanders is worried about the consequences of children not being 40 oo... ce in either Icelandic or English 36 |O p. 121 p. 105  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1—13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The Dead Sea Scrolls In late 1946 or early 1947, three Bedouin teenagers were tending their goats and sheep near the ancient settlement of Qumran, located on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea in what is now known as the West Bank. One of these young shepherds tossed a rock into an opening on the side of a cliff and was surprised to hear a shattering sound. He and his companions later entered the cave and stumbled across a collection of large clay jars, seven of which contained scrolls with writing on them. The teenagers took the seven scrolls to a nearby town where they were sold for a small sum to a local antiquities dealer. Word of the find spread, and Bedouins and archaeologists eventually unearthed tens of thousands of additional scroll fragments from 10 nearby caves; together they make up between 800 and 900 manuscripts. It soon became clear that this was one of the greatest archaeological discoveries ever made. The origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which were written around 2,000 years ago between 150 BCE and 70 CE, is still the subject of scholarly debate even today. According to the prevailing theory, they are the work of a population that inhabited the area until Roman troops destroyed the settlement around 70 CE. The area was known as Judea at that time, and the people are thought to have belonged to a group called the Essenes, a devout Jewish sect. The majority of the texts on the Dead Sea Scrolls are in Hebrew, with some fragments written in an ancient version of its alphabet thought to have fallen out of use in the fifth century BCE. But there are other languages as well. Some scrolls are in Aramaic, the language spoken by many inhabitants of the region from the sixth century BCE to the siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE. In addition, several texts feature translations of the Hebrew Bible into Greek. The Dead Sea Scrolls include fragments from every book of the Old Testament of the Bible except for the Book of Esther. The only entire book of the Hebrew Bible preserved among the manuscripts from Qumran is Isaiah; this copy, dated to the first century BCE, is considered the earliest biblical manuscript still in existence. Along with biblical texts, the scrolls include documents about sectarian regulations and religious writings that do not appear in the Old Testament. a7  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 2 The writing on the Dead Sea Scrolls is mostly in black or occasionally red ink, and the scrolls themselves are nearly all made of either parchment (animal skin) or an early form of paper called ‘papyrus’. The only exception is the scroll numbered 3Q15, which was created out of a combination of copper and tin. Known as the Copper Scroll, this curious document features letters chiselled onto metal — perhaps, as some have theorized, to better withstand the passage of time. One of the most intriguing manuscripts from Qumran, this is a sort of ancient treasure map that lists dozens of gold and silver caches. Using an unconventional vocabulary and odd spelling, it describes 64 underground hiding places that supposedly contain riches buried for safekeeping. None of these hoards have been recovered, possibly because the Romans pillaged Judea during the first century CE. According to various hypotheses, the treasure belonged to local people, or was rescued from the Second Temple before its destruction or never existed to begin with. Some of the Dead Sea Scrolls have been on interesting journeys. In 1948, a Syrian Orthodox archbishop known as Mar Samuel acquired four of the original seven scrolls from a Jerusalem shoemaker and part-time antiquity dealer, paying less than $100 for them. He then travelled to the United States and unsuccessfully offered them to a number of universities, including Yale. Finally, in 1954, he placed an advertisement in the business newspaper The Wall Street Journal— under the category ‘Miscellaneous Items for Sale’ — that read: ‘Biblical Manuscripts dating back to at least 200 B.C. are for sale. This would be an ideal gift to an educational or religious institution by an individual or group.’ Fortunately, Israeli archaeologist and statesman Yigael Yadin negotiated their purchase and brought the scrolls back to Jerusalem, where they remain to this day. In 2017, researchers from the University of Haifa restored and deciphered one of the last untranslated scrolls. The university's Eshbal Ratson and Jonathan Ben-Dov spent one year reassembling the 60 fragments that make up the scroll. Deciphered from a band of coded text on parchment, the find provides insight into the community of people who wrote it and the 364-day calendar they would have used. The scroll names celebrations that indicate shifts in seasons and details two yearly religious events known from another Dead Sea Scroll. Only one more known scroll remains untranslated. 38  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 1-5 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1—5 on your answer sheet. The Dead Sea Scrolls Discovery Qumran, 1946/7 e. three Bedouin shepherds in their teens were near an opening on side of cliff ° heard a noise of breaking when one teenager threw a 1... e teenagers went into the 2.......... s. and found a number of containers uicocl f — The scrolls e date from between 150 BCE and 70 CE e thought to have been written by group of people known as the èe written mainly in the 5... language. most are on religious topics, written using ink on parchment or papyrus 39  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 2 Questions 6-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6—13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this 6 The Bedouin teenagers who found the scrolls were disappointed by how little money they received for them. 7 There is agreement among academics about the origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 8 Most of the books of the Bible written on the scrolls are incomplete. 9 The information on the Copper Scroll is written in an unusual way. 10 Mar Samuel was given some of the scrolls as a gift. 11 |n the early 1950s, a number of educational establishments in the US were keen to buy scrolls from Mar Samuel. 12 The scroll that was pieced together in 2017 contains information about annual occasions in the Qumran area 2,000 years ago. 13 Academics at the University of Haifa are currently researching how to decipher the final scroll. 40 |O p. 122  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. A second attempt at domesticating the tomato A Ittook at least 3,000 years for humans to learn how to domesticate the wild tomato and cultivate it for food. Now two separate teams in Brazil and China have done it all over again in less than three years. And they have done it better in some ways, as the re-domesticated tomatoes are more nutritious than the ones we eat at present. This approach relies on the revolutionary CRISPR genome editing technique, in which changes are deliberately made to the DNA of a living cell, allowing genetic material to be added, removed or altered. The technique could not only improve existing crops, but could also be used to turn thousands of wild plants into useful and appealing foods. In fact, a third team in the US has already begun to do this with a relative of the tomato called the groundcherry. This fast-track domestication could help make the world’s food supply healthier and far more resistant to diseases, such as the rust fungus devastating wheat crops. ‘This could transform what we eat,’ says Jorg Kudla at the University of Munster in Germany, a member of the Brazilian team. ‘There are 50,000 edible plants in the world, but 90 percent of our energy comes from just 15 crops.’ ‘We can now mimic the known domestication course of major crops like rice, maize, sorghum or others,’ says Caixia Gao of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. ‘Then we might try to domesticate plants that have never been domesticated.’ B Wild tomatoes, which are native to the Andes region in South America, produce pea-sized fruits. Over many generations, peoples such as the Aztecs and Incas transformed the plant by selecting and breeding plants with mutations* in their genetic structure, which resulted in desirable traits such as larger fruit. But every time a single plant with a mutation is taken from a larger population for breeding, much genetic diversity is lost. And sometimes the desirable mutations come with less desirable traits. For instance, the tomato strains grown for supermarkets have lost much of their flavour. By comparing the genomes of modern plants to those of their wild relatives, biologists have been working out what genetic changes occurred as plants were domesticated. The teams in Brazil and China have now used this knowledge to reintroduce these changes from scratch while maintaining or even enhancing the desirable traits of wild strains. * mutations: changes in an organism's genetic structure that can be passed down to later generations 41  BS, HHSRERARRER PIA 1718867188 Test 2 C Kudla's team made six changes altogether. For instance, they tripled the size of fruit by editing a gene called FRUIT WEIGHT, and increased the number of tomatoes per truss by editing another called MULTIFLORA. While the historical domestication of tomatoes reduced levels of the red pigment lycopene — thought to have potential health benefits — the team in Brazil managed to boost it instead. The wild tomato has twice as much lycopene as cultivated ones; the newly domesticated one has five times as much. ‘They are quite tasty,’ says Kudla. ‘A little bit strong. And very aromatic.’ The team in China re-domesticated several strains of wild tomatoes with desirable traits lost in domesticated tomatoes. In this way they managed to create a strain resistant to a common disease called bacterial spot race, which can devastate yields. They also created another strain that is more salt tolerant — and has higher levels of vitamin C. D Meanwhile, Joyce Van Eck at the Boyce Thompson Institute in New York state decided to use the same approach to domesticate the groundcherry or goldenberry (Physalis pruinosa) for the first time. This fruit looks similar to the closely related Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana). Groundcherries are already sold to a limited extent in the US but they are hard to produce because the plant has a sprawling growth habit and the small fruits fall off the branches when ripe. Van Eck's team has edited the plants to increase fruit size, make their growth more compact and to stop fruits dropping. "There's potential for this to be a commercial crop,' says Van Eck. But she adds that taking the work further would be expensive because of the need to pay for a licence for the CRISPR technology and get regulatory approval. E This approach could boost the use of many obscure plants, says Jonathan Jones of the Sainsbury Lab in the UK. But it will be hard for new foods to grow so popular with farmers and consumers that they become new staple crops, he thinks. The three teams already have their eye on other plants that could be 'catapulted into the mainstream', including foxtail, oat-grass and cowpea. By choosing wild plants that are drought or heat tolerant, says Gao, we could create crops that will thrive even as the planet warms. But Kudla didn't want to reveal which species were in his team's sights, because CRISPR has made the process so easy. 'Any one with the right skills could go to their lab and do this." 42  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 14-18 Reading Passage 2 has five sections, A-E. Which section contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 14—18 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 14 a reference to a type of tomato that can resist a dangerous infection 15 an explanation of how problems can arise from focusing only on a certain type of tomato plant. 16 a number of examples of plants that are not cultivated at present but could be useful as food sources 17 a comparison between the early domestication of the tomato and more recent research 18 a personal reaction to the flavour of a tomato that has been genetically edited Questions 19-23 Look at the following statements (Questions 19—23) and the list of researchers below. Match each statement with the correct researcher, A-D. Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 19—23 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 19 Domestication of certain plants could allow them to adapt to future environmental challenges. 20 The idea of growing and eating unusual plants may not be accepted on a large scale. 21 It is not advisable for the future direction of certain research to be made public. 22 Present efforts to domesticate one wild fruit are limited by the costs involved. 23 Humans only make use of a small proportion of the plant food available on Earth. List of Researchers A Jorg Kudla B Caixia Gao C Joyce Van Eck D Jonathan Jones 43  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 2 Questions 24-26 Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 24—26 on your answer sheet. 24 An undesirable trait such as loss of...................... may be caused by a mutation in a tomato gene. 25 By modifying one gene in a tomato plant, researchers made the tomato three times ils; Otgifidl. asco eon 26 Atype of tomato which was not badly affected by... e, ANd Was rich in vitamin C, was produced by a team of researchers iin1 China. 44 |O p 122  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27—40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Insight or evolution? Two scientists consider the origins of discoveries and other innovative behavior Scientific discovery is popularly believed to result from the sheer genius of such intellectual stars as naturalist Charles Darwin and theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. Our view of such unique contributions to science often disregards the person’s prior experience and the efforts of their lesser-known predecessors. Conventional wisdom also places great weight on insight in promoting breakthrough scientific achievements, as if ideas spontaneously pop into someone’s head — fully formed and functional. There may be some limited truth to this view. However, we believe that it largely misrepresents the real nature of scientific discovery, as well as that of creativity and innovation in many other realms of human endeavor. Setting aside such greats as Darwin and Einstein — whose monumental contributions are duly celebrated — we suggest that innovation is more a process of trial and error, where two steps forward may sometimes come with one step back, as well as one or more steps to the right or left. This evolutionary view of human innovation undermines the notion of creative genius and recognizes the cumulative nature of scientific progress. Consider one unheralded scientist: John Nicholson, a mathematical physicist working in the 1910s who postulated the existence of ‘proto-elements’ in outer space. By combining different numbers of weights of these proto-elements’ atoms, Nicholson could recover the weights of all he elements in the then-known periodic table. These successes are all the more noteworthy given he fact that Nicholson was wrong about the presence of proto-elements: they do not actually exist. Yet, amid his often fanciful theories and wild speculations, Nicholson also proposed a novel heory about the structure of atoms. Niels Bohr, the Nobel prize-winning father of modern atomic heory, jumped off from this interesting idea to conceive his now-famous model of the atom. What are we to make of this story? One might simply conclude that science is a collective and cumulative enterprise. That may be true, but there may be a deeper insight to be gleaned. We propose that science is constantly evolving, much as species of animals do. In biological systems, organisms may display new characteristics that result from random genetic mutations. In the same way, random, arbitrary or accidental mutations of ideas may help pave the way for advances in science. If mutations prove beneficial, then the animal or the scientific theory will continue to hrive and perhaps reproduce. 45  BS, HHSRERARRER PIA 1718867188 Test 2 Support for this evolutionary view of behavioral innovation comes from many domains. Consider one example of an influential innovation in US horseracing. The so-called ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement, in which the rider's foot in his left stirrup is placed as much as 25 centimeters lower than the right, is believed to confer important speed advantages when turning on oval tracks. It was developed by a relatively unknown jockey named Jackie Westrope. Had Westrope conducted methodical investigations or examined extensive film records in a shrewd plan to outrun his rivals? Had he foreseen the speed advantage that would be conferred by riding acey-deucy? No. He suffered a leg injury, which left him unable to fully bend his left knee. His modification just happened to coincide with enhanced left-hand turning performance. This led to the rapid and widespread adoption ofriding acey-deucy by many riders, a racing style which continues in today's thoroughbred racing. Plenty of other stories show that fresh advances can arise from error, misadventure, and also pure serendipity — a happy accident. For example, in the early 1970s, two employees of the company 3M each had a problem: Spencer Silver had a product — a glue which was only slightly sticky — and no use for it, while his colleague Art Fry was trying to figure out how to affix temporary bookmarks in his hymn book without damaging its pages. The solution to both these problems was the invention of the brilliantly simple yet phenomenally successful Post-It note. Such examples give lie to the claim that ingenious, designing minds are responsible for human creativity and invention. Far more banal and mechanical forces may be at work; forces that are fundamentally connected to the laws of science. The notions of insight, creativity and genius are often invoked, but they remain vague and of doubtful scientific utility, especially when one considers the diverse and enduring contributions of individuals such as Plato, Leonardo da Vinci, Shakespeare, Beethoven, Galileo, Newton, Kepler, Curie, Pasteur and Edison. These notions merely label rather than explain the evolution of human innovations. We need another approach, and there is a promising candidate. The Law of Effect was advanced by psychologist Edward Thorndike in 1898, some 40 years after Charles Darwin published his groundbreaking work on biological evolution, On the Origin of Species. This simple law holds that organisms tend to repeat successful behaviors and to refrain from performing unsuccessful ones. Just like Darwin's Law of Natural Selection, the Law of Effect involves an entirely mechanical process of variation and selection, without any end objective in sight. Of course, the origin of human innovation demands much further study. In particular, the provenance of the raw material on which the Law of Effect operates is not as clearly known as that of the genetic mutations on which the Law of Natural Selection operates. The generation of novel ideas and behaviors may not be entirely random, but constrained by prior successes and failures — of the current individual (such as Bohr) or of predecessors (such as Nicholson). The time seems right for abandoning the naive notions of intelligent design and genius, and for scientifically exploring the true origins of creative behavior. 46  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 27-31 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27—31 on your answer sheet. 27 The purpose of the first paragraph is to A defend particular ideas. B compare certain beliefs. C disprove a widely held view. D outline a common assumption. 28 Whatare the writers doing in the second paragraph? A criticising an opinion B justifying a standpoint C explaining an approach D supporting an argument 29 Inthe third paragraph, what do the writers suggest about Darwin and Einstein? A They represent an exception to a general rule. B Their way of working has been misunderstood. C Theyare an ideal which others should aspire to. D Their achievements deserve greater recognition. 30 John Nicholson is an example of a person whose idea A established his reputation as an influential scientist. B was only fully understood at a later point in history. C laid the foundations for someone else's breakthrough. D initially met with scepticism from the scientific community. 31 What is the key point of interest about the ‘acey-deucy’ stirrup placement? the simple reason why it was invented the enthusiasm with which it was adopted the research that went into its development the coU» cleverness of the person who first used it 47  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 2 Questions 32-36 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 32 Acknowledging people such as Plato or da Vinci as geniuses will help us understand the process by which great minds create new ideas. 33 The Law of Effect was discovered at a time when psychologists were seeking a scientific reason why creativity occurs. 34 The Law of Effect states that no planning is involved in the behaviour of organisms. 35 The Law of Effect sets out clear explanations about the sources of new ideas and behaviours. 36 Many scientists are now turning away from the notion of intelligent design and genius. 48  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 37—40 Complete the summary using the list of words, A-G, below. Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 37—40 on your answer sheet. The origins of creative behaviour The traditional view of scientific discovery is that breakthroughs happen when a single great mind has sudden 37 ae. Although this can occur, it is not often the case. Advances are more likely to be the result of a longer process. In some cases, this process involves 38 o...ecccssssssesssneeee., Such as Nicholson's theory about proto-elements. In others, simple necessity may provoke innovation, as with Westrope's decision to modify the position of his riding stirrups. There is also often an element of 39 oo , for example, the coincidence of ideas that led to the invention of the Post-It note. With both the Law of Natural Selection and the Law of Effect, there may be no clear 40 issis involved, but merely a process of variation and selection. A invention B goals C compromise D mistakes E luck F inspiration G experiments 23|Q p.122) 49  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 2 WRITING WRITING TASK 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. The table and charts below give information on the police budget for 2017 and 2018 in one area of Britain. The table shows where the money came from and the charts show how it was distributed. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words. Police Budget 2017-2018 (in £m) National Government Local Taxes Other sources (eg grants) How the money was spent 2017 2018 Oo Salaries (officers and staff) oO Technology Bl Buildings and transport 50 | 24$ p. 130  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 WRITING TASK 2 You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: Some children spend hours every day on their smartphones. Why is this the case? Do you think this is a positive or a negative development? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. Write at least 250 words. =æ $& p.131| 51  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 2 PART 1 The examiner asks you about yourself, your home, work or studies and other familiar topics. EXAMPLE Reading e Did you have a favourite book when you were a child? [Why/Why not?] e How much reading do you do for your work/studies? [Why/Why not?] e What kinds of books do you read for pleasure? [Why/Why not?] * Do you prefer to read a newspaper or a magazine online, or to buy a copy? [Why?] PART 2 Describe a big city you would like to visit. You will have to talk about the topic for one You should say: to two minutes. You which big city you would like to visit have one minute to how you would travel there think about what you what you would do there are going to say. You and explain why you would like to visit this big city. can make some notes to help you if you wish. PART 3 Discussion topics: Visiting cities on holiday Example questions: What are the most interesting things to do while visiting cities on holiday? Why can it be expensive to visit cities on holiday? Do you think it is better to visit cities alone or in a group with friends? The growth of cities Example questions: Why have cities increased in size in recent years? What are the challenges created by ever-growing cities? In what ways do you think cities of the future will be different to cities today? 52  BE, HHSRERDAADR $88 1718867188 Test 3 PART 1 Questions 1-10 Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD AND/ORA NUMBER for each answer. Advice on surfing holidays Jack’s advice ©. Recommends surfing for 1... holidays in the summer e Need to be quite 2 „sussun Irish surfing locations e County Clare — Lahinch has some good quality 3......................... and surf schools — There are famous cliffs nearby e County Mayo — Good surf school at 4.......... beach — Surf camp lasts for one — Can also explore the local 6 sue DY kayak Weather e Bestmonth to go: 7 sss e Average temperature in summer: approx. 8 „sssrin degrees Costs e Equipment — Wetsuit and surfboard: 9...... „euros per day — Also advisable to hire 10.. for warmth 3| p.123] [B p. 107| 53  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ela 1718867188 Test 3 PART 2 Questions 11-20 Questions 11 and 12 Choose TWO letters, A-E. Listening test audio Which TWO facts are given about the school’s extended hours childcare service? It started recently. More children attend after school than before school. An average of 50 children attend in the mornings. A child cannot attend both the before and after school sessions. The maximum number of children who can attend is 70. moou»pr» Questions 13-15 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. 13 How much does childcare cost for a complete afternoon session per child? A £3.50 B £570 C £7.20 14 What does the manager say about food? A Children with allergies should bring their own food. B Children may bring healthy snacks with them. C Children are given a proper meal at 5 p.m. 15 What is different about arrangements in the school holidays? A Children from other schools can attend. B Older children can attend. C Agreater number of children can attend. 54  BS, SEBRORASR ‘ela 1718867168 Questions 16-20 What information is given about each of the following activities on offer? Choose FIVE answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to Questions 16—20. Information has limited availability is no longer available is for over 8s only requires help from parents involves an additional fee is a new activity D> ow was requested by children onmo Activities 16 Spanish — 17 Music 18 Painting 19 Yoga RN 20 Cooking — O p. 123 p. 108 55  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 3 PART 3 Questions 21-30 Questions 21—24 Choose the correct letter, A, B or C. Listening test audio Holly’s Work Placement Tutorial 21 Holly has chosen the Orion Stadium placement because A itinvolves children. B _ it is outdoors. C itsounds like fun. 22 Which aspect of safety does Dr Green emphasise most? A ensuring children stay in the stadium B checking the equipment children will use C removing obstacles in changing rooms 23 What does Dr Green say about the spectators? A Theycan be hard to manage. B They make useful volunteers. C They shouldn't take photographs. 24 Whathas affected the schedule in the past? A bad weather B aninjury C extra time 56  BS, HHSRERARRER PI 1718867188 Questions 25-30 What do Holly and her tutor agree is an important aspect of each of the following events management skills? Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-H, next to Questions 25-30. Important aspects being flexible focusing on details having a smart appearance hiding your emotions relying on experts trusting your own views doing one thing at a time psp thinking of the future zrToanmnmmooow Events management skills 25 Communication —.. 26 Organisation —MÓÁ 27 Time management 28 Creativity 29 Leadership 30 Networking O p. 123 p. 109 57  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ela 1718867188 Test 3 PART 4 Questions 31-40 Complete the notes below. Listening test audio Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer. Bird Migration Theory Most birds are believed to migrate seasonally. Hibernation theory ° It was believed that birds hibernated underwater or buried themselves WBN puc " e This theory was later disproved by experiments on caged birds. Transmutation theory e Aristotle believed birds changed from one species into another in summer and winter. — |n autumn he observed that redstarts experience the loss of 32... and thought they then turned into robins. — Aristotle's assumptions were logical because the two species of birds had a similar 39. pums ; 17th century e Charles Morton popularised the idea that birds fly to the 34.s. in winter. Scientific developments e In 1822, a stork was killed in Germany which had an African spear in IS SSe à — previously there had been no 36... that storks migrate to Africa ° Little was known about the 37 oo... and journeys of migrating birds until the practice of ringing was established. — It was thought large birds carried small birds on some journeys because they were considered incapable of travelling across huge 38........... — Ringing depended on what is called the 39 '.......... ' of dead birds. e In 1931, the first 40.... to show the migration of European birds was printed. 58 23 p. 123| B p. 111  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1—13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. The thylacine The extinct thylacine, also known as the Tasmanian tiger, was a marsupial* that bore a superficial resemblance to a dog. Its most distinguishing feature was the 13—19 dark brown stripes over its back, beginning at the rear of the body and extending onto the tail. The thylacine's average nose- to-tail length for adult males was 162.6 cm, compared to 153.7 cm for females. The thylacine appeared to occupy most types of terrain except dense rainforest, with open eucalyptus forest thought to be its prime habitat. In terms of feeding, it was exclusively carnivorous, and its stomach was muscular with an ability to distend so that it could eat large amounts of food at one time, probably an adaptation to compensate for long periods when hunting was unsuccessful and food scarce. The thylacine was not a fast runner and probably caught its prey by exhausting it during a long pursuit. During long-distance chases, thylacines were likely to have relied more on scent than any other sense. They emerged to hunt during the evening, night and early morning and tended to retreat to the hills and forest for shelter during the day. Despite the common name ‘tiger’, the thylacine had a shy, nervous temperament. Although mainly nocturnal, it was sighted moving during the day and some individuals were even recorded basking in the sun. The thylacine had an extended breeding season from winter to spring, with indications that some breeding took place throughout the year. The thylacine, like all marsupials, was tiny and hairless when born. Newborns crawled into the pouch on the belly of their mother, and attached themselves to one of the four teats, remaining there for up to three months. When old enough to leave the pouch, the young stayed in a lair such as a deep rocky cave, well-hidden nest or hollow log, whilst the mother hunted. Approximately 4,000 years ago, the thylacine was widespread throughout New Guinea and most of mainland Australia, as well as the island of Tasmania. The most recent, well-dated occurrence of a thylacine on the mainland is a carbon-dated fossil from Murray Cave in Western Australia, which is around 3,100 years old. Its extinction coincided closely with the arrival of wild dogs called dingoes in Australia and a similar predator in New Guinea. Dingoes never reached Tasmania, and most scientists see this as the main reason for the thylacine's survival there. *marsupial: a mammal, such as a kangaroo, whose young are born incompletely developed and are typically carried and suckled in a pouch on the mother's belly 59  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 3 The dramatic decline of the thylacine in Tasmania, which began in the 1830s and continued for a century, is generally attributed to the relentless efforts of sheep farmers and bounty hunters** with shotguns. While this determined campaign undoubtedly played a large part, it is likely that various other factors also contributed to the decline and eventual extinction of the species. These include competition with wild dogs introduced by European settlers, loss of habitat along with the disappearance of prey species, and a distemper-like disease which may also have affected the thylacine. There was only one successful attempt to breed a thylacine in captivity, at Melbourne Zoo in 1899. This was despite the large numbers that went through some zoos, particularly London Zoo and Tasmania’s Hobart Zoo. The famous naturalist John Gould foresaw the thylacine’s demise when he published his Mammals of Australia between 1848 and 1863, writing, ‘The numbers of this singular animal will speedily diminish, extermination will have its full sway, and it will then, like the wolf of England and Scotland, be recorded as an animal of the past.’ However, there seems to have been little public pressure to preserve the thylacine, nor was much concern expressed by scientists at the decline of this species in the decades that followed. A notable exception was T.T. Flynn, Professor of Biology at the University of Tasmania. In 1914, he was sufficiently concerned about the scarcity of the thylacine to suggest that some should be captured and placed on a small island. But it was not until 1929, with the species on the very edge of extinction, that Tasmania’s Animals and Birds Protection Board passed a motion protecting thylacines only for the month of December, which was thought to be their prime breeding season. The last known wild thylacine to be killed was shot by a farmer in the north-east of Tasmania in 1930, leaving just captive specimens. Official protection of the species by the Tasmanian government was introduced in July 1936, 59 days before the last known individual died in Hobart Zoo on 7th September, 1936. There have been numerous expeditions and searches for the thylacine over the years, none of which has produced definitive evidence that thylacines still exist. The species was declared extinct by the Tasmanian government in 1986. ** bounty hunters: people who are paid a reward for killing a wild animal 60  BS, HSUBRORABSR ‘ila 1718867188 Questions 1-5 Complete the notes below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1—5 on your answer sheet. The thylacine Appearance and behaviour looked rather like a dog had a series of stripes along its body and tail ate an entirely 1... diet probably depended mainly on 2 ooo. When hunting young spent first months of life inside its mother's 3... Decline and extinction last evidence in mainland Australia is a 3,100-year-old 4... probably went extinct in mainland Australia due to animals known as dingoes reduction in 5 „eaaa and available sources of food were partly responsible for decline in Tasmania 61  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 Test 3 Questions 6-13 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6—13 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE if the statement contradicts the information NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this Significant numbers of thylacines were killed by humans from the 1830s onwards. Several thylacines were born in zoos during the late 1800s. John Gould's prediction about the thylacine surprised some biologists. o ON o In the early 1900s, many scientists became worried about the possible extinction of the thylacine. 10 T.T. Flynn’s proposal to rehome captive thylacines on an island proved to be impractical. 11 There were still reasonable numbers of thylacines in existence when a piece of legislation protecting the species during their breeding season was passed. 12 From 1930 to 1936, the only known living thylacines were all in captivity. 13 Attempts to find living thylacines are now rarely made. 62 -|Q p.124  BS, HHSRERARRER ‘ila 1718867188 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14—26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Palm oil A Palmoil is an edible oil derived from the fruit of the African oil palm tree, and is currently the most consumed vegetable oil in the world. It's almost certainly in the soap we wash with in the morning, the sandwich we have for lunch, and the biscuits we snack on during the day. Why is palm oil so attractive for manufacturers? Primarily because its unique properties — such as remaining solid at room temperature — make it an ideal ingredient for long-term preservation, allowing many packaged foods on supermarket shelves to have ‘best before’ dates of months, even years, into the future. B Many farmers have seized the opportunity to maximise the planting of oil palm trees. Between 1990 and 2012, the global land area devoted to growing oil palm trees grew from 6 to 17 million hectares, now accounting for around ten percent of total cropland in the entire world. From a mere two million tonnes of palm oil being produced annually globally 50 years ago, there are now around 60 million tonnes produced every single year, a figure looking likely to double or even triple by the middle of the century. C However, there are multiple reasons why conservationists cite the rapid spread of oil palm plantations as a major concern. There are countless news stories of deforestation, habitat destruction and dwindling species populations, all as a direct result of land clearing to establish oil palm tree monoculture on an industrial scale, particularly in Malaysia and Indonesia. Endangered species — most famously the Sumatran orangutan, but also rhinos, elephants, tigers, and numerous other fauna — have suffered from the unstoppable spread of oil palm plantations. D ‘Palm oil is surely one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity,’ declares Dr Farnon Ellwood of the Univ