C227 L1 LP1_merged.pdf

C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Learning objectives Describe about fourth and fifth Industrial Revolution and explain its potential to transform life and businesses. Describe the leading technologies that are driving the fourth Industry Revolution. Identify the core enabling ICT skills within these disruptive technologies. Describe the impact of these disruptive technologies on the Future of Work. Describe the common components of the systems that are required to support these disruptive technologies. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Pre-activity C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Class Discussion (5mins) What if you had to get through a day without the Internet? Each team to share one challenge they face without internet C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Learning Phase 1 C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Today’s Problem You need to explore the digital transformation and the technologies driving it. In addition, you need to understand the impact of how digital transformation have transformed today’s business model disruptively. Finally, you need to choose one of your choice and share the reasons for it. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Approaching the Problem Statement What is Digital Transformation and Industry 4.0 & 5.0 What are the major technologies Fourth Industry Revolution? (Industry 4.0) Why are these technologies considered as disruptive technologies? What are the core Information Communication Technology (ICT) skills needed for digital transformation? C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 1 : Discussion (WS Q1) 10 mins Over the years, technology has transformed the world and our lives in many ways. Digital transformation in companies have transformed today’s business model disruptively. Discuss in your team how technology has changed our lives today. What should companies look into for a successful digital transformation? https://aginginplace.org/technology-in-our-life-today-and- how-it-has-changed/ https://medium.com/@brand_minds/why-did-kodak-fail-and- what-can-you-learn-from-its-failure-70b92793493c C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Technology over ages C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Technology: Then and Now C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Digital Transformation Digital Transformation means, implementing a new technology that will enable completely a new processes Digital Transformation is the use of technology to radically improve performance and add value to businesses. Digital transformation is the integration of digital technology into all areas of a business, fundamentally changing how you operate and deliver value to customers. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Class Discussion: Digital Transformation around us (5 mins) Is Digital transformation happening around you? Each team to identify an example for digital transformation around you. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 2 : Success stories (10 mins) How Facebook the most popular social media creates no content? How Alibaba makes profit from its business without having an inventory? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UQYVXz3pOV4 C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Digital Transformation Framework The elements of digital transformation are Customer experience Operational agility Cultural change Technologies Organization Many more… C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Netflix(online streaming) vs Blockbuster(physical rental) C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Disruption vs Transformation Digital Disruption A disrupting technology supersedes an older process, product or habit Disruption is the process in which new technologies or products invalidate their predecessors while create new enterprises. In other word, it is the impact of new technologies Digital Transformation Use of technology to improve business processes Implementing a new technology that will enable completely new processes C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! What is Industry 4.0? Fourth Industry Revolution or Industry 4.0 refers to the use of Digital Technologies to make manufacturing more agile, flexible and responsive to customers Industry 4.0 is the automation, process improvement, productivity optimization, transition to new business models Ways to introduce Digital Technologies in business Build a digital factory Create digital products Provide a digital customer experience C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Where are we now? C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Data is the key C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Learning Phase 2 C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Contents Industry 4.0 Design Principles Digital Technologies driving industry 4.0 Impact and challenges in adopting and adapting new technologies ICT skills need to implement digital technologies C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Industry 4.0 Design Principles Design principles to achieve digital transformation Interoperability Information transparency Technical assistance Decentralized decisions C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 3 : Discussion (WS Q2) 10 mins Watch the YouTube link in Q2. Discuss with team on the major technologies that drive to integrate the real world to virtual world and enable machines to communicate with each other What is the Fourth Industrial Revolution? (4 mins) https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-and-how-to-respond/ C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Technologies driving us C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Digital Technologies in Industry 4.0 Industry 4.0 refers to the convergence of design principles and application of digital technologies We have many applications that already exist using these technologies C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Most impactful Technology The most impactful technologies per the Deloitte The Fourth Industrial Revolution survey 2020 – source and full infographic C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 4 : Discussion (WS Q3) 20 mins Based on the topic assigned to your team, share your understanding on the below Impacts of the technology to improve business processes challenges faced in implementing and adopting the new technology Identify the Information Communication Technology (ICT) skills needed to implement the technology C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Industry Applications Healthcare Entertainment Banking and Finance Marketing Retail and e-commerce Manufacturing Agriculture IT service management C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Software Skills Required C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Skills Required Artificial Intelligence Programming, Data structures, Mathematics, Software Architecture, Data modelling Data Analytics Programming, SQL (Structured Queried Language), Data visualization skills Cloud Computing Linux, Networking, Programming, Database, Web Services & API, Information Security, virtualization Blockchain Programming, Web Development, Data structures Industry Internet of Things (IIoT) Programming, networking, security, hardware interfacing 3D Modelling Animation and visualization tools (3DS, Maya, Max) C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Challenges in Industry 4.0 Security Adoption Connectivity Standardization and legacy systems The skills gap C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! What is the next? C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Industry 5.0 Design Principles Human-Machine Collaboration Exploring the integration of human creativity, problem-solving abilities, and emotional intelligence with advanced technologies to drive innovation and sustainable production. Sustainable Products and Services Emphasizing the goal of Industry 5.0 to create products and services that are environmentally friendly, socially responsible, and aligned with the principles of sustainable development. Impact on Manufacturing Processes Analyzing how Industry 5.0 principles influence manufacturing processes, supply chain management, and the development of customer-centric, value-driven products. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Learning Phase 3 C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Contents Recap of digital technologies that drive Industry 4.0 Internet and its components An overview of client server architecture C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! How are these connected? C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! How are these connected? C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! The Internet The Internet is a conglomerate of networks and is not owned by any individual or group. Millions of devices connected to one another around the world Ensuring effective communication across this diverse infrastructure requires the application of consistent and commonly recognized technologies and standards as well as the cooperation of many network administration agencies. Covered in subsequent lessons C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Internet resources: What do we need? Compute resource Hardware (CPU, memory, device) Software (operating system, applications, device drivers) Network resource Network switch and router Cables, and wireless access points Storage resource Media storage Database servers Cloud computing Covered in subsequent lessons C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 5: Discussion (WS Q4) 15 mins A closer look at your Home Network: Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0Vr_iyYo8A to understand the setup of your home network. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 6 : Discussion 5 min Your lecturer will project a slide and your team need to identify end devices, intermediary devices and communication media. You are given 5 mins to complete this activity. C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! A closer look at your Home Network End devices Laptop, printer, IP camera Communication media Wired and Wireless Intermediary devices Modem, router Covered in subsequent lessons C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! The Big Picture Fundamentally for communication to be effective in the Internet or any networks, these 3 key components are required: Network edge: Computer devices (hosts and end device) Network access: Communication links (fiber, copper, radio, satellite) Covered in Network core: subsequent Intermediary Devices (routers lessons and switches) C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Team Activity 7 : Discussion (WS Q5) 10mins Every day before lesson starts, the first task to do, is to download the problem package form Leo and by end of the day you will upload all submissions to Leo. Discuss with your team and share your understanding on the below How it is possible to download resources from Leo at the same time by all RP students? Essential components needed to download and upload information from Leo Research on internet and illustrate using a diagram on your understanding. (using MS Teams channel to share the drawing) C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! Building Blocks for next level What will you learn from this module? Digital Transformation Computer system (Physical and virtual) Operating system concepts – to manage various system resources Networking concepts – to setup Small Office Home Office (SOHO) network Deep dive to one technology (IoT) - Embedded system concepts Where do I apply my knowledge gained? Year 2 and Year 3 modules (Data Analyst, S/w developer, Blockchain developer, Machine Learning, creating SMART idea) FYPs, Internship, Start-up Business, choosing your career C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! To do list…before Lesson 3 C227 Computer System Technologies P01 Go Digital! C227 Road Map Part I Digital Transformation (Lesson 1) Part II Computer System (Lesson 2) Virtualization (Lesson 3) Computer System Resources (Lesson 4, 5, 6) Cloud Computing( Lesson 7) Part III End-to-end connectivity of the Internet - Lesson 8 to 11 Part IV Embedded Systems - Lesson 12 and 13 Thank you! C227 Computer System Technologies P02 Build IT! AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Learning Phase 1 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Learning objectives Identify the major hardware components in a computer system and describe their purpose Compare how modern computer systems from the Von-Neumann architecture Define and explain the major functions of an operating system Explain the relationships that exist between application software, operating system and computer hardware using device drivers. List the major operating system vendors in computing and mobile industry Interpret the specifications of computer hardware components using system information tools Assess various types of computer hardware specifications to fulfil user requirements C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Contents Recap of week 1 Pre-activity Problem statement Computer system components Computer Hardware Components C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Recap of Week 1 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Pre-activity (Team Submission) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Which of the following is : Computer Hardware, Computer Software?(5 mins) Hard Disk Drive Raspberry Pi Raspbian Microsoft Windows 10 Motherboard Keyboard Android Graphics card FireFox MySQL C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Problem Package – Build IT! To collect used computers and laptops to help needy students to continue their education via home-based learning Some laptops are in good condition and can reuse, while other are defective Can a laptop support to develop a simple cross-platform application? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Problem Package – Build IT! You decided to ThriveFiesta Hackathon organized by the SOI Club. You need to have basic programming and OS skills to participate. You are also interest in exploring more about cloud computing. You are given 6 weeks to build your skill sets in assembling PCs, understanding the operating system concepts and cloud computing concepts. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Computer System A computer system is one that is able to take a set of inputs, process them, create a set of outputs and store them for further processing For processing to take place, there needs to be a set of instructions called a program 4 major functions of a computer system Input - to get data for processing (e.g. from Keyboard) Process – process the data (e.g. add 2 numbers) Output – send the result (e.g. display on a screen) Store – store the result (e.g. for further processing) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Von Neumann Architecture The Von Neumann computer architecture model CPU – performs program execution and system synchronization Memory – holds code and data for immediate use Storage – stores code and data for future use or archiving Input devices – sends information into the system Output devices – receives information from the system * image from http://www.csee.usf.edu/~christen/class7/paper7.html C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Modern computers Modern computer architecture is based on Von Neumann architecture Computer hardware is the physical components that a computer system requires to function. Diagram shows the major hardware components of a desktop system C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Team Activity 1 : Discussion (WS Q1 & Q2) 10 mins Share your understanding on the concepts from the pre- reading video resource PC Parts Your facilitator will randomly choose a team to share your understanding Recommend to watch the video at playback speed at 1.25 -1.5 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Computer Hardware Components – Motherboard Main printed circuit board (PCB) which connects all other hardware components together Contains chipset, BIOS, expansion slots, headers, connectors and ports Motherboard manual contains detailed specifications of the mother board and instructions. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Computer Hardware Components Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes software (operating system and application software) requires heat sink for cooling Random Access Memory (RAM) holds code and data for immediate use by CPU Storage devices stores code and data for future use or archiving hard disk drives, solid state drives, thumb drives C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Computer Hardware Components Peripheral / expansion cards provides extra functionality e.g. video, sound, network, USB e.g. graphics card — contains graphics processing unit (GPU) specially designed to handle graphics. picture shows the rear panel of a graphic card with different video interfaces. Motherboards may come with some "extra" functionality already integrated, making peripheral cards unnecessary (eg. wifi/Bluetooth module). Certain CPU may come with/without integrated graphics processor, but users may want to buy a standalone graphic card to have better graphic processing for games/rendering graphics or even crypto mining. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Computer Hardware Components Categorizing peripheral cards check side of card for type of physical connection possible – defines functionality (e.g. sound card, network card) check edge connector for type of motherboard interface check card for identification label, then use label to search online for documentation and product specifications C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Computer Hardware Components Peripherals devices which attach to and expand the capabilities of the computer system categorized as input devices, output devices or input / output devices Chassis / casing protects hardware from harm convenient interface to some motherboard connectors (e.g. power / reset switch, HDD activity light, front panel) Power supply unit (PSU) provides power to the computer system via the motherboard C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Common Motherboard I/O Connectors 1. CPU Socket 2. Chipset 3. DIMM/RAM slots 4. PCIe x16 slot (GPU) 5. PCIe x1 slot 6. M.2 connector(SSD) 7. SATA ports(HDD or SSD) 8. Front Panel connectors 9. USB 2.x header 10. USB 3.x header 11. USB 3.x header 12. ATX power connector 13. CPU power connector 14. BIOS chips 15. CMOS Battery 16. Fan header 17. Front Panel header 18. VRM heatsink 19. COM/Serial header For more in-depth information on Input output connectors, Do click on the video below. 20. TPM header https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iwPrn1EE4NY 21. RGB header (Lighting) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Common Motherboard Rear I/O Connectors 01 HDMI 02 Display port 03 USB A 2.0 04 USB A 3.0 (Super speed) 05 USB C 06 RJ-45 LAN port 07 WIFI 08 Optical S/PDIF out port 09 Audio I/O ports (surround sound) 10 Mic in port C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Team Activity 2 : Input /Output Connectors 5 mins USB 3.0 (Super Speed) RJ45 / LAN HDMI USB Type C / Thunderbolt Mini Display VGA Port C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT What have we covered? Computer System Functions of a computer system Von Neumann Architecture Computer Hardware Components Major functions of each component C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT C227 Computer System Technologies P02 Build IT! AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Learning Phase 2 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Contents Recap on Learning Phase 1 Computer software and its types Major functions of an operating system Relationship between application software, OS and hardware components Major OS vendors in computing and mobile industry Data representation in a computer system C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Recap on Learning Phase 1 Computer system Needs hardware and software to function Von Neumann Architecture Computer hardware components Functions of major hardware components C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Software Software are instructions executed by computer that tells the computer what to do There are two types of computer software Application software are the programs that help perform a specific task according to the utilization of computer, such as managing the records of employees in a company. Ex., spreadsheets, database systems, etc., System software is a program that provides an interface to run application software and is less noticed by end users. Ex., operating system (OS), utility software, device drivers, firmware, etc., C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Application and System Software - comparison COMPARISON SYSTEM SOFTWARE APPLICATION SOFTWARE Basic System Software manages system resources Application Software, when run, and provides a platform for application perform specific tasks, they are software to run. designed for. Language System Software is written in a low-level Application Software is written in language, i.e. assembly language. a high-level language like Java, C++,.net, VB, etc. Run System Software starts running when the Application Software runs as and system is turned on, and runs till the system when the user requests. is shut down. Requirement A system is unable to run without system Application software is even not software. required to run the system; it is user specific. Purpose System Software is general-purpose. Application Software is specific- purpose. Examples Operating system, system utility, firmware Microsoft Office, Photoshop, Animation Software, etc. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Where an OS fits into the picture? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Definitions Hardware Physical, touchable, material parts of a computer or other system. Operating system (OS) Low-level software which handles the interface (input/output) to peripheral hardware, schedules tasks, allocates storage, and presents a common interface to the user. Application program A complete, self-contained program that performs a specific function directly for the user. (e.g., excel, words) User Any person, organization, process, device, program, protocol, or system which uses a service provided by others. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT What an operating system can do? An operating system is the system software that provides a communication medium between computer hardware and application software that user runs on a computer. recognizes data that you enter through the keyboard and prints the processed output to the screen. keeps track of files and directories of the computer system located on the disk of the computer system. decides the manner of performing computer functions and to interpret user commands. ensures that the programs that are running simultaneously, without interfering each other. provides security of systems from unauthorized access of users. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Team Activity 3 : Software types (5 mins) Identify which category the following belong to? Application Software (or) System Software Python Notepad Visual Studio Code Device Drivers Command Prompt Linux Registry iTunes iOS 17 Raspbian Microsoft Windows 10 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Team Activity 4: Discussion (WS Q3) 10 mins Discuss the worksheet question on the relationship between hardware, OS, application and user Your facilitator will randomly choose a team to share your understanding C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Relationship between OS, application software and computer hardware OS controls and manages hardware devices Different devices use different commands to control the hardware (e.g. inkjet and laser printer) too confusing / not possible for application software (e.g. MS Words) to know all these commands ❑ Devices use OS specific device driver to translate device commands into a Device drivers common operating system are between OS and commands (e.g. open or hardware close a file) devices C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Main functions of an operating system Process management (e.g. running a program) Memory management (e.g. area storing the instructions) File management (e.g. hard disk) Device management (e.g. sound card) Each management works closely with others Provides consistent and simplified platform for application development and execution Provides interface for human-computer interaction C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Team Activity 5 : When OS is needed? (5mins) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT When OS is needed? Complexity of applications / tasks to be executed Requirement to run multiple applications Requirement to support different hardware Requirements of users Ease or difficulty of application development OS needed? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Operating System – Current Major operating systems Microsoft Before Windows: Xenix, MS-DOS, MSX-DOS Windows NT line: 2016-2019, Server 2022 Windows: Windows 10, Windows 11. Linux OS distributions Fedora, Ubuntu, Mint, Debian, Pop, MX, Elementary, Zorin, Deepin, Solus, Manjaro and many more Chrome OS Mac OS Version 12(Monterey) Version 13(Ventura) Version 14(Sonoma) Phone OS iOS17 iPadOS 17 Android 14(Upside Down Cake) Android 12 (Vanilla Ice Cream) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Do you know computer cannot understand text, images and video? How are information represented in computers? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT It only understand 1s & 0s format. It is called “Binary Language” Computer convert all the text, images and videos into the 1s & 0s format to understand it C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Data Representation in computer system All information inside computers are stored in Binary Digits called bits. Bit is the smallest unit of data represented in computer Two digits in binary: 0 and 1 8 bits in one byte byte (B), kilobyte (kB), megabyte (MB), gigabyte (GB), terabyte (TB) To convert 1 byte to bit = 1 byte x (8 bits/1 byte) = 8 bits To convert 16 bits to byte = 16 bits x (1 byte/8 bits) = 2 bytes Note: byte is represented by a capital B bit is represented by a small b C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT 1kB = 1,000 bytes or 1024 bytes? Depending on usage For Speed: generally used for For Storage: storage media network data transfer rates, such as hard disk drive, flash- internal bust speed, CPU based storage, CD, DVD, USB clock speed 1 Kilo = 210 = 1,024 1 kilo = 1,000 bytes 1 Mega = 1024 x 1024 = 1 Mega = 1,000,000 bytes 1,048,576 1 Giga = 1,000,000,000 bytes 1 Giga = 1,024 x 1,024 x 1,024 = 1,073,741,824 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobyte http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Conversion (5 mins to play) Binary to Decimal Decimal to Binary https://learningcontent.cisco.com/games/binary/index.html C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Commonly used user interfaces Graphical user interfaces (GUI) Web-based user interfaces Command line interfaces Touch user interfaces Voice user interfaces Conversational interfaces Gesture interfaces Natural-language interfaces C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT C227 Computer System Technologies P02 Build IT! AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Learning Phase 3 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Contents ▪ Recap on Learning Phase 1 and 2 ▪ Interpret computer specifications ▪ PC Assembly using simulator ▪ Hardware Compatibility List ▪ Component Testing and Burn-in Testing ▪ Flowchart for testing components C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Recap Device drivers are between OS and hardware devices C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Class Discussion Identify the peripheral Identify the device card What do you think is/are required for the OS and peripheral card to work Do you need to install a device together? driver? Justify your answer How does the OS controls and manages the? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Recap - OS, device driver and hardware (Ethernet as example) Network device drivers provide communication between a Network Interface Card (NIC) and the network redirector (network software) running in the computer. The network device driver ensure direct communication between the computer operating system and the NIC This, in turn, establishes a link between the computer operating system and the rest of the network. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Plug and Play (PnP) In computing, a plug and play device or computer bus, is one with a specification that facilitates the discovery of a hardware component in a system without the need for physical device configuration or user intervention in resolving resource conflicts. Generic device drivers are often used here. Examples of common plug and play devices: USB thumb drive USB mouse USB Keyboard C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Why hardware specifications are important? Hardware specifications communicate the characteristics of the hardware each piece of hardware has its own set of specifications specifications normally available in hardware manual obtainable from manufacturer website When building / buying a computer system, always start with system specifications, which is actually a set of hardware specifications As requirements of operating system / application software increase, or performance demands increase, upgrade hardware components When no further upgrade path available, replace with new computer system C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Team Discussion – 10 mins (WS Q12) Install and run speccy software from student resource folder to obtain the specifications of your laptop Compare the specifications of your computer with your team members laptop. Who is having the highest specification? Share the save file with your team mates to open and compare specification on each other laptops. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Ready to Assemble? Refer to video resources Assembly phase 1 – test boot motherboard, PSU, CPU, RAM, graphics card + monitor Assembly phase 2 – media boot chassis, HDD, SSD, keyboard, mouse Assembly phase 3 all other peripherals First-hand experience is the best! Be prepared! – research first Dare to try! – have confidence Learn from mistakes! – you're only human Picking PC parts Power supply calculator C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Individual Activity : Simulation WS Q12 You are given 30mins for assembling PC using PC simulator Use the PC Building Simulator for Windows x32(Student Resource folder/Software to install) List down the components you have chosen and justify the reasons it Document the progress of your work by including screenshots after fixing each component C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Are you ready for the challenge? Let’s do it as aTEAM C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT PC building in real life. PC parts picking PC building C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT What is Hardware Compatibility List A hardware compatibility list (HCL) is a list of computer hardware (typically including many types of peripheral devices) that is compatible with a particular operating system or device management software. In today's world, there is a vast amount of computer hardware in circulation, and many operating systems too. https://partner.microsoft.com/en-us/dashboard/hardware/search/cpl C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Testing Component testing functionality test – place part under test in a known working computer system to test for functionality performance test – use appropriate software to test performance of component (e.g. speed performance) Burn-in testing / stress testing for constructed computer system process by which components of a system are exercised prior to being placed in service software to perform testing PassMark BurnInTest to test a computer system reliability Prime95 MemTest Furmark C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Special consideration – laptops Same hardware as desktop computer system, but most functionality integrated into motherboard most components custom built (except CPU, RAM and HDD) – cannot be reused with other laptop models Not as easy to refurbish as desktop computer systems See http://www.laptoprepair101.com/ for more information C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Solution - Testing individual parts C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Solution - Testing individual parts C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Solution - OS Installation Step 1 - Enter your computer's BIOS Step 2 - Set your computer to boot from DVD or USB Step 3 - Choose the clean install option Step 4 - Key in license key where applicable Step 5 - Select which disk you wish to store your OS Can develop cross- platform application? Will explore next week C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Thought of the week What are the keys to enter the BIOS of your laptop? (reboot your machine to find out) Explore the BIOS settings for your laptop (Note: Do not change any settings) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Sustainability IT (General) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT What is Sustainability in IT? Sustainable IT, also known as Green IT, covers the manufacturing, use, management and disposal of information technology in a way that minimizes its impact on the environment. Ref:-https://circularcomputing.com/what-is-sustainable- it/#:~:text=Sustainable%20IT%2C%20also%20known%20as,need%20for%20laptops %20and%20technology. Sustainable IT technology are solutions that reduce the environmental impact of IT infrastructure across its entire lifecycle. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Goal Of Green Information Technology Goal of Green IT can generally achieve by focusing on: Improving the design of computing devices to make them more energy efficient and easier to disassemble and recycle. Reducing the use of rare metals or dangerous chemicals in both the devices and the manufacturing processes. Promoting correct disposal and recycling practices of electronic waste. Promoting the use of renewable energy to power the IT infrastructure. Encouraging to reuse old computing systems if not yet obsolete. Using the IT systems to Improve business sustainability. Ref: https://sustainability-success.com/green-it/ C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT NEA Study C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT Goal Of Green Information Technology Recycling e-waste is best done through recycling points put in place by recycling programs. This ensures that the items are sent to recycling facilities that dismantle and recycle e- waste in an environmentally-friendly manner. E-waste also comprises many different components, and these facilities can also extract the maximum amount of recyclable materials from e-waste using specialized equipment. Please watch this YouTube video on e-waste recycling https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NryNob_haXc&t=159s C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 2 Build IT C227 Road Map Part I Digital Transformation (Lesson 1) Part II Computer System (Lesson 2) Virtualization (Lesson 3) Computer System Resources (Lesson 4, 5, 6 ) Cloud Computing( Lesson 7) Part III End-to-end connectivity of the Internet - Lesson 8 to 11 Part IV Embedded Systems - Lesson 12 and 13 Thank you! C227 Computer System Technologies AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Learning Phase 1 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Learning objectives Explain the concept of virtualization and the need for virtualization Explain the benefits of using virtualization technology Types of virtualization (Desktop Virtualization) Hypervisor and its types Install and configure a virtual machine for a given hardware specifications to demonstrate desktop virtualization Demonstrate basic CLI (command line interface) commands for file and directory operations (using VM) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Contents for Learning Phase 1 Recap of Problem Package Team Activity Define Virtualization technology Benefits of virtualization C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Problem Package – Build IT! To collect used computers and laptops to help needy students to continue their education via home-based learning Some laptops are in good condition and can reuse, while other are defective Can a laptop support to develop a simple cross-platform application? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Problem Package – Build IT! You decided to ThriveFiesta Hackathon organized by the SOI Club. You need to have basic programming and OS skills to participate. You are also interest in exploring more about cloud computing. You are given 6 weeks to build your skill sets in assembling PCs, understanding the operating system concepts and cloud computing concepts. Will explore next week C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Recap (WS Q1) Power Supply Mother Board Graphic Card CPU Fan CPU RAM CPU Heat Sink Solid State Motherboard Hard disk power cable C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Resource Sharing (Simulation) Recap the PC simulator game in week 2 Do we have physical computer hardware component? Car racing video game Is there a physical car? How to simulate engine and other parts of a car? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Activity 1: Class Discussion WS Q2 (10 mins) Discuss in your team and provide a situation where\when a resource can be shared. Provide an example where resources can be shared. Example Transport School 5 mins for team discussion to understand the pros and cons Class discussion (5 mins) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Can we virtualize computer resources? Simulation of processor, memory, disk Or virtualization software is used Accomplishes the same task as physical server C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Traditional Architecture Single OS per machine Software and hardware tightly coupled Multiple applications often conflict Underutilized resources Traditional Data Center Occupies large number of physical servers, network switches, storage devices Is challenging ! Consumes a lot of power and manpower to maintain data centers Investment C227 Computer System Technologies Virtualization Virtualization is the process of creating a software-based, or virtual representation of operating system, applications, servers, storage and networks It creates an illusion of physical hardware to achieve the goal of operating system isolation Provides hardware virtualization that allows each virtualized machine to appear to its “own” set of hardware resources. Allows multiple applications to run in isolation within virtual machines on the same physical machine Virtualization provides direct access to the hardware resources to give much greater performance than software emulation Source: https://www.vmware.com/sg/solutions/virtualization.html C227 Computer System Technologies Activity 2: Team Discussion (WS Q3) 10 mins Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBI31dmqSX0, discuss the various benefits of virtualization? Your facilitator will randomly pick one team to share teams understanding (2-5Mins) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Advantages of Virtualization Maximize resources — Virtualization can reduce the number of physical systems you need to acquire, and you can get more value out of the servers. Most traditionally built systems are underutilized. Virtualization allows maximum use of the hardware investment. Multiple systems — With virtualization, you can also run multiple types of applications and even run different operating systems for those applications on the same physical hardware. IT budget integration — When you use virtualization, management, administration and all the attendant requirements of managing your own infrastructure remain a direct cost of your IT operation. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Advantages for Virtualization (2) VM1 VM2 VM3 Effective Resource Usage Resources (RAM/CPU/DISK) can be DB1 DB2 DB3 allocated wherever needed. Ease of Management Actual Phy Storage Unused virtual machines (VMs) can be kept indefinitely off until when required, and do not consume any resources other than disk space. Data Isolation from each VMs Security Applications can be kept on separate VM servers. Separate VM servers do not pose a risk to each other Run non trustworthy application and testing on the VMs C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT What have we covered? What is virtualization? Benefits for virtualization Types of virtualization Virtualization technologies C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT To do list…before Learning Phase 3 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT C227 Computer System Technologies AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Contents Types of virtualization What is a Hypervisor? Types of Hypervisors Desktop virtualization platform Containers Install Windows OS in a local Virtual Machine (VM) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Resource Virtualization Separates presentation of resources to users from actual resources Aggregates pools of resources for allocation to users as virtual resources C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Types of Virtualization Server Virtualization – focus on partitioning a physical instance of an OS into several virtual machines. E.g Windows Servers, Linux Servers, Mac OS Servers. Desktop Virtualization – relies on virtual machines to provide desktop system. E.g. Windows 7, Ubuntu, Fedora. Storage Virtualization – used to merge physical storage from multiple devices so that it appears as one single storage pool. E.g. direct attached storage (DAS), network attached storage (NAS) Network Virtualization – Used to control available bandwidth by splitting it into independent channels (2.4GHZ and 5GHz) that can be assigned to specific resources. E.g. virtual local area network (VLAN) Data virtualization is an approach to data management that allows an application to retrieve and manipulate data without requiring technical details about the data, such as how it is formatted at source C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Activity 3: Team Discussion (WS Q4) 10mins Watch the video to complete worksheet Q4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtXNIy_noWg (3Mins) Your facilitator will randomly pick one team to share your understanding from the video (5mins) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT How do we achieve virtualization? Hypervisor or virtual machine monitor (VMM) is a piece of computer software, firmware that runs virtual machines. It sits between virtual machines and the hardware. It translates all OS instructions on the fly and caches the results for future use It provides hypercall interfaces for other critical kernel operations (such as memory management, interrupt handling and time keeping) There are two different types of hypervisor Type 1 hypervisor also called a Bare-Metal hypervisor Type 2 hypervisor also called as Hosted An Example of a virtualization hypervisor C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Type 1 Hypervisor Bare-metal Hypervisor – Also called native, is a layer of software directly installed on top of a physical server. No operating system or any other software is in between and hence it is called bare-metal Virtualization – the physical machine running this hypervisor serves only for virtualization purposes only and not for other purposes Physical Resources – allows to over-allocate more physical resources to virtual machines and the role of hypervisors is to dynamically allocate available resources depends on the current needs Mostly used in enterprise environments with large data centers Example: Vmware vSphere with ESX/ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V and many more.. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Type 2 Hypervisor Hosted Hypervisor – runs inside an operating system of a physical host machine and act as management console Host Machine and Host OS– the physical machine running where an operating system is installed directly on the hardware. Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS Guest Virtual Machine – a software component of a virtual machine Guest OS - is an independent instance of an operating system. Host and guest VM are the two components that make up a virtual machine. Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS Mostly used in used in environments with small number of servers Example: Oracle VM VirtualBox, VMware Workstation Pro, and many more… C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Activity 4: Team Discussion (WS Q5) 10 mins Refer to the video link (3 Mins) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZKmqoH5otZM Discuss with your team on the benefits of using Desktop virtualization. (5 Mins) Your facilitator will randomly pick one team to share teams understanding C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Desktop Virtualization Commonly referred to as client virtualization Used to separate a computer desktop environment from the physical computer. It is considered a type of client- server computing model because the virtualized desktop is stored on a centralized, or remote, server Users work from their remote desktop client, all of the programs, applications, processes, and data used are kept and run centrally C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Why Desktop Virtualization? Having every Desktop running individually can mean the increase of : Resources , time, money and even data loss or theft Benefits Virtualized PC can support testing and development environments. Sensitive applications can be isolated into specific PC VMs. Can provide centrally managed desktop to users on any endpoint device Less maintenance on actual physical PCs Can lock down virtual desktops because they are controlled centrally. Easy management using one single desktop image and copy it as often. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT 3 Types of Desktop Virtualizations – Presentation Also called a terminal services model— E.g. Microsoft Remote Desktop Services, Citrix XenApp all applications and data are stored in a centralized server. The user's PC functions like a terminal to the server. applications are said to be "virtualized" because they function as if they were running on the client. no hypervisor (VMM) layer Presentation Virtualization server is limited to a single server OS instance, and a single application drives multiple user sessions simultaneously, by sending a copy of the screen to Server OS each user’s desktop. This approach isn’t very efficient and not secure or reliable Presentation Server C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT 3 Types of Desktop Virtualizations – Application Rather than installing all app. in every user's machine, app. are Application Virtualization delivered to each user's PC as needed. Local OS encapsulate app. from the underlying OS on which they are executed Local OS hypervisor layer intercepts the app. which at runtime acts as if it is interfacing with the original OS Local OS Server Pros enable the applications to be Key applications are bundled, updated centrally virtualized on the server and then downloaded or streamed to improve delivery and compatibility of applications a specially isolated environment within the user’s PC. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT 3 Types of Desktop Virtualizations – Hosted Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) is a desktop-centric service that hosts user desktop environments on remote servers Server running a hypervisor and Hosted Virtual Desktop executes a full desktop and application environment within a virtual machine. each user has a personal virtual VM VM VM desktop isolated from the other Hypervisor users’ desktops. Server OS Users can access their desktop from any location, without being tied to a single client device. Hypervisor-based model is more Server secure, more reliable, and works with just about any application C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Containers A Software Containerization platform Shares the kernel with containers, running isolated processes on the HOST OS In a nutshell, it’s a software containerization platform. It provides abstraction of operating system level virtualization. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT VM vs Containers Containers includes the application and all VM includes the application, its dependencies – but share the kernel necessary binaries and libraries with other containers, running as isolated and entire guest OS – all of which processes in the user space on the host amount to 10 of Gigabytes OS. They are not tied to any specified infrastructure and can run in any infra, any computer and in any cloud. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Resource / Memory Utilization C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Benefits of Containerization C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT To do list…before Learning Phase 3 Step 1: Check and ensure the Windows 10 ISO file is downloaded from the provided source. *Please approach your lecturer for further instructions. Step 2: Refer to the lab guide provided in Lesson 1, titled C227 L3 VMware Windows VM Installation guide v1.docx, for instructions on setting up a Windows 10 VM in your VMware environment. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT What have we covered? Types of virtualization Hypervisor and types of hypervisors Virtualization Architectures Desktop virtualization platform C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT C227 Computer System Technologies AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Learning Phase 3 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Command-line interpreter (CLI) A command-line interpreter (CLI), also known as a command-line interface (CLI) , is a software program that enables users to interact with a computer’s operating system through a text-based interface. The key points about command-line interpreters: Text-Based Interaction: A CLI allows users to give instructions to the computer by typing commands and executing them. Instead of using graphical menus or buttons, users interact with the system by entering text commands. Interpreting Commands: The CLI interprets the text-based commands entered by the user. It processes these commands and executes them as system or application functions. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Command-line interpreter (CLI) DOS commands are run in command line interpreter Interpreter is a computer program that reads lines of text and interprets them in the context of the operating system or programming language On Windows – cmd.exe, command.com and PowerShell On Unix, Linux, Mac OS X – bash shell, C shell C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Command-line interpreter (CLI) Blinking cursor after the prompt indicates user may enter commands for Windows, the prompt is the > symbol To the left of the prompt is the path of the current directory in this example, this would be C:\Users\Student C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT What is a Path? File path refers to the location of a file D:\C227\test.txt D: drive letter, always includes the colon (:) \ directory separator symbol C227 in this example, the name of a directory test.txt in this example, the name of a file D:\C227\ is the directory path to the file test.txt Two special directory paths in every directory. – represents current directory.. – represents parent directory of current directory C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Absolute vs Relative ▪ Absolute Path o path that points to the same location on one file system regardless of the current directory o e.g. D:\C227\Lesson3 o If the “C227” directory is shifted to E: drive, then the above reference will be broken ▪ Relative Path o path relative to the current directory of the user or application o E.g. if the current directory is C227, then “.\Lesson3” will be the relative path from this current directory o The reference remains intact even if we change the location of the current directory “C227” to another directory C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Team Activity 5 Attempt Lab Guide(C227 L3 VMware Windows Lab Guide.docx), Questions 1 & 2 Your facilitator will randomly pick one team to share teams understanding. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Introduction to Commands There are a few ways to learn new commands or to know how to use the command Using Help Typing help will reveals all the commands available Typing help will reveal how to use the command and the syntax related to that command. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Help command (Lecturer Demo) Using /? If you are already sure of the command but do not know how to use it. Typing /? will also reveal you how to use the command and the syntax related to that command. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT cd – Change current directory cd [drive][path] Change Directory Goto child directory Goto parent directory Goto root directory C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT File and Directory Manipulation (Demo) Command Purpose Example echo Outputs strings to screen or a file echo date type To view file contents type filename.txt copy, To copy and move files/directory copy file1 file2 move move file1 file2 cd to change directory cd rmdir To delete empty directories only rmdir del, To delete files and directories del filename.txt rmdir rmdir /s mkdir To create new directories mkdir dir To list a directory dir C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT File and Directory Manipulation (Demo) Example of creating a file with content Example of viewing a file C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT File and Directory Manipulation (Demo) list the content of the current directory Example of changing directory Example of making new directory C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT dir – list the content of the current directory To view what are the various parameters/options you can use for “dir” you can type dir /? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT dir – to do a normal listing C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Team Activity 6 Attempt Lab Guide(C227 L3 VMware Windows Lab Guide.docx), Questions 3,4 & 5. Your facilitator will randomly pick one team to share teams understanding. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT dir with option dir/w – use wide list format dir/b - Listing with bare format (heading info or summary) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT DOS (Wildcard - * or ?) Windows Lab Guide Q6. Symbol used to replace or represent one or more characters asterisk (*), which represents one or more characters question mark (?), which represents a single character Display all files with Command pptx as the extension dir *.pptx 4th character is a 7 C110 as part of the filename A113 as part of the filename C207 as part of the filename with only xlsx as the file extension C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT File and Directory Manipulation (Demo) Example of removing a folder C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Rename(Demo) Example of renaming of a file Note that the reason why we placed double quotes surrounding the filename is because there is a space in between the 2 words. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Team Activity 7 Attempt Lab Guide(C227 L3 VMware Windows Lab Guide.docx), Questions 7 & 8. Your facilitator will randomly pick one team to share teams understanding. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Solution continued from week 2 If the collected laptop is fully functional, install a Virtualization software on top of the OS of the host OS. Ex. VMware Create virtual machines as needed to develop your application on your host machine. Install various OS as needed based on your requirement. Ex. Before Windows, Linux. macOS allocating Alternatively, resources, use cloud There is no need to buy check the services to host these services. specifications additional laptop to develop and of your laptop (covered in week 7) test on multiple platforms C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Sustainability IT (Virtualization) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT How does Virtualization Contribute to Sustainability IT? Virtualization technology revolutionizes the traditional IT infrastructure by creating virtual instances of servers, storage devices, and networks. A single physical server can host multiple virtual machines, each operating independently. This capability reduced hardware costs. Ref: https://ismiletechnologies.com/technology/virtualization-101-how- virtualization-technology-can-make-it-services-more- sustainable/#:~:text=In%20conclusion%2C%20virtualization%20technology%20offer s,impact%20while%20enhancing%20operational%20efficiency. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Sustainability : VMware Video Watch this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWiCF4Eh M68&t=1s C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT Lesson 3 Deliverable C227 L3 VMware Windows Lab Guide.docx C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 3 Build IT C227 Road Map Part I Digital Transformation (Lesson 1) Part II Computer System (Lesson 2) Virtualization (Lesson 3) Computer System Resources (Lesson 4, 5, 6) Cloud Computing( Lesson 7) Part III End-to-end connectivity of the Internet - Lesson 8 to 11 Part IV Embedded Systems - Lesson 12 and 13 Thank you! C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Learning objectives Identify the basic building blocks of a processor and how they are interconnected to process instructions Define an instruction cycle and various phases of an instruction cycle and process states Interpret CPU specifications in terms of word size, clock speed, core count and instruction set Explain the need for process management in operating systems Describe how an operating system manages the various programs running on a multi-tasking computer – processor states, processes, threads, process management, task scheduling, context-switching Manage processes on a computer system Explain the structure of memory hierarchy diagram (covered next week) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Learning Phase 1 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Contents Recap of functions of OS Functions of a processor Processor Instruction cycle and Machine cycle Processor specifications C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Problem Package – Build IT! To collect used computers and laptops to help needy students to continue their education via home-based learning Some laptops are in good condition and can reuse, while other are defective Can a laptop support to develop a simple cross-platform application? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Problem Package – Build IT! You decided to participate inThriveFiesta Hackathon organized by the SOI Club. You need to have basic programming and OS skills to participate. You are also interest in exploring more about cloud computing. You are given 6 weeks to build your skill sets in assembling PCs, understanding the operating system concepts and cloud computing concepts. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Recap on Functions of OS (WS Q1) 10mins C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Major functions of OS OS is an intermediary between user and computer hardware It controls the allocation of resources and services such as processors, memory, devices and files Process Management Memory Management Device Management File Management C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT How CPU executes Program? We will cover processor, memory and storage device and how OS manage these system resources C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Functions of a processor A processor is the brain of the computer Four primary functions of a process are fetch, decode, execute and store the CPU has the same functions It handles most of the operations on a computer which includes Managing computer’s memory Handling input from users Processing instructions Output to printer or other device C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Building blocks of a Processor part of the memory that is inside the CPU C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Processor Instruction Cycle A program consists of number of instructions Instruction cycle is the time taken by the CPU to execute one program instruction and driven by stream of clock pulses To execute one instruction the CPU performs a series of steps also known as Machine Cycle C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Activity 1: Team/Class Discussion – WS Q2 15mins How is an instruction fetched and executed by a processor? Watch the video (7mins) to understand the process. Record your summary of the process in MS Teams Choose one team to share their understanding Recommended to watch the video in 1.25x – 1.5x playback speed. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Processor Machine cycle Machine cycle is part of an instruction cycle and consists of four phases Fetch - reads instruction from RAM or cache into instruction register (IR) Decode - uses value in IR to determine what operation ALU should perform Execute - passes values between various function units and busses (channel,/interface) for operation by ALU Store - result of instruction written to destination (either a An example of a processor machine cycle in real world environment processing calculation register or a memory location) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Is faster clock speed better CPU performance? Timing signal to set pace of instruction execution – one clock period is one cycle – unit of measurement is Hertz (Hz) 1 Hz = 1 cycle per second 1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second (Megahertz) 1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second (Gigahertz) – one cycle is the smallest unit of time to a processor Processor execution timing measured in cycles – each instruction may take one or more cycles to process – > 1 instruction per clock cycle (superscalar processor) Faster clock speed = faster processing! – over-clocking – increase speed of processor beyond specification (http://www.pcworld.com/article/198882/overclocking_for_newbi es.html) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Word Size Number of bits a processor can access and manipulate in one go depends on size of registers in ALU and capacity of circuits connected to those registers 64-bit CPU has a 64 bits word size Processors with a larger word size can process more data during each processor cycle Most computer processors are now 64-bit real benefits only visible when running 64-bit operating systems and 64-bit application software 64-bit system is better, but you also need to be running 64-bit programs and have a 64-bit processor or else all the trouble of setting up the 64-bit operating system would be worthless C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Instruction set (CISC vs RISC) There are 2 main categories of instruction sets ❑ Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) ▪ Large number of complex instructions (e.g. mul – to multiple) ▪ used by Intel and AMD (x86) ❑ Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) ▪ Minimal set of simple instructions (e.g. mov, add) ▪ used by ARM (most mobile phones, e.g. iPhone, Android) ▪ instructions execute faster than CISC, ▪ Generally executes more instructions to complete same task as CISC C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Factors affecting CPU performance Important specifications of processor Word size Clock speed/clock cycle Cores Threads Instruction set Cache more cache, faster CPU A video to explain CPU clockspeed C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Complete during 1st Study Period Using the utility “speccy” which was introduced in week 2, obtain the specifications for your processor. Compare your specifications with the specifications your teammates obtained. How would the difference in specification values impact the performance of the computers in your team? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Learning Phase 2 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Contents System and Peripheral Buses Process Life cycle Managing system processes C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Recap of CPU specifications (worksheet) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Recap of CPU specifications Core: A dual-core (or quad-core) processor integrates 2 (or 4) physical CPUs within a single processor unit, enabling the operating system to concurrently execute 2 (or 4) processes. Thread: Viewed by the OS as multiple logical CPUs. Thus, 4 threads can run 4 processes at the same time. Bus Speed: A bus is a circuit that connects one part of the motherboard to another. The more data a bus can handle at any one time, the faster it allows information to travel. Core Speed: clock speed of a processor's individual core, measured in cycles per second (Hz). It represents how quickly the core can execute instructions and process data. Caches: Store program instructions or data that are frequently referenced by software during operation, leading to faster processing. Instruction set: Group of commands for a CPU in machine language. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Activity 2 : Class Discussion WS Q3 ( 5mins) In RP, near W6 there are two escalators, assume that during school days, in the morning both are programmed to run in the same direction? Why is it so? For all RP students, if lesson starts at 8.30, two escalators will not be enough. What is an alternate solution for this? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Latency and Throughput Latency – time taken for data to go from source to destination; this delay is caused by: Distance, transmission errors and error recovery, congestion processing capabilities of systems involved in the transmission Throughput – number of bits successfully transmitted per second measured in bits per second actual (measured) throughput is always less than the theoretical maximum throughput C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Computer Buses A bus is to carry signals between computer components Buses are circuits on the motherboard that are connected to other components System Bus consists of address bus, control bus and data bus C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Computer Buses Northbridge – also known as Memory Controller Hub (MCH), connected directly to the CPU via front-side bus (FSB). Responsible for tasks require high performance. Paired with southbridge Southbridge – also known as I/O controller hub connected via Direct Media Interface (DMI)To control PCI bus and slower that northbridge. It is used to connect slow data path components such as SATA adaptors, USB ports, PCI Bus C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Activity 3: Team Activity 1 WS Q4 (15 mins) Identify the SATA, USB, and PCI/PCIe buses along with the devices connected to them. Compare these buses in terms of speed, size, latency, and throughput. (Each team member to take one bus and summarize your understanding) Record your findings in MS Teams and later consolidate team contribution to the individual worksheet. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT USB (Universal Serial Bus) South Bridge Specification for communication between devices and a host controller (e.g. PC) Peripherals – mice, keyboards, cameras, printers, flash drives, network adapters, and external hard drives Also used on smartphones for data transfer and charging Supports plug-and-play and hot-plugging (ability to add/remove devices to a computer while the computer is running and have the OS automatically recognize the change). C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) South Bridge Serial ATA Computer bus interface for connecting mass storage devices (e.g. HDD, optical drives) SATA (1-3) Cables Thinner and cheaper (less wires) Data Transfer 1.5–6Gbps Data link One drive per link SATA revision 3.2 (16 Gbit/s) Hot swapping Yes C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT PCI /PCIe North Bridge Peripheral Component Interconnect a local computer bus( a communication system ) for attaching hardware devices in a computer Used for attaching peripheral devices to motherboard PCI internally either as integrated circuit on the motherboard expansion card connected via expansion slot PCIe (express) is the successor to PCI, PCI-X (extended) but PCIe is using serial communication technology. PCI PCI-X PCIe PCIe Data 133 – 1.06 – 250MBps – Rate 533MBps 4.3GBps 16GBps Bus Serial Parallel Parallel Type (1 to 32 (32 bits) (64 bits) lanes) Channel Half-duplex Half-duplex Full duplex Type bidirectional bidirectional bidirectional C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT What is a Process? An application consists of one or more processes A process is basically a program in execution and a processor executes one process at a time and it consists of one or more threads An example is when you write a python program and execute this program, it becomes a process in which all tasks are mentioned in the program A thread is the basic unit to which the operating system allocates processor time and managed by a scheduler. Example: Spell checker in word can be considered as a thread C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Process Life Cycle Process manager - manages each process by describing the state and resource ownership of the process Process Scheduler – a program which defines a set of policies and mechanisms that tells in which order the processes need to be executed When a process executes, it passes through different states Start: initial state when a process is first started/created Ready: the process is waiting to be assigned to a processor. A process can come into this state after start state or while running but interrupted by some other process Running: processor executes instructions Waiting: waiting for a resource, ex., waiting for a file or user input Terminated – completed execution or terminated by OS C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Activity 4: Individual WS Q5 (10 mins) Open your Task Manager to answer the following questions Include a screenshot to show the number of process running on your system with your team member Why are the number of processes running in your system different from your team member? What is the PID number? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Managing System Process (Windows) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Learning Phase 3 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Contents Functions of Process Management Scheduling Physical vs Virtual Processors C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Process Management Keeps tracks of processor and status of process with the help of process and job scheduler Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process De-allocate processor when a process is no longer required Process scheduling is the process of OS to decide which process to run C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Scheduling How processes are assigned to run on available CPUs; done by system software known as scheduler and dispatcher Goals maximize processor utilization balance processor load prevent processes from monopolizing resources (keep holding on) prevent processes from being starved for resources (can’t run even it is ready) ensure processes complete before required deadlines. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Scheduling Algorithms : WS Q6 First-come-first-serve (FCFS) Based on queue position Process until job completed Long Job monopolizes the CPU Shortest job first (SJF) Based on process duration Process until job completed Long Job may be starved. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Scheduling Algorithms : WS Q6 Round Robin (RR) processes are activated in a fixed cyclic order Used by most operating systems since it allows for multitasking Processes activated for duration of one or more time slices time slice – period of time a process runs uninterrupted in a pre-emptive multitasking operating system Scheduler runs once per time slice to choose next process to run time slice too short – scheduler consumes too much processing time time slice too long – processes may not respond to external events quickly enough Process enters different process states over its lifetime. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Priorities and Preemption Scheduler can assign priorities to processes Pre-emptive scheduler can halt a running process to schedule another process in place Eg: process 4 enters queue when process 3 is being serviced no priority – process 4 has to queue behind process 1 priority without preemption – process 4 has to queue behind process 3 priority with preemption – process 3 put on hold, process 4 serviced, process 3 resumes Process 4 without priority 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Process 4 with priority 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 Process 4 with priority and pre-emption 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT RR with Priority Round Robin is governed by the time slice. By nature, it is pre-emptive by itself. Job within the time slice will continue to be executed till that time slice finishes before pre-empted by the next job or a higher priority job. Time slice=5. At time=16, Job 4 , a high priority enters the queue. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Activity 6: Class Discussion WS Q7 10 mins Single task supports only single process being executed by one user using one processor How do many processes run concurrently with 1 or 2 CPU’s? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Multitasking Multitasking allows more that one process to run concurrently. Ex., a user can open word document, listen to music, surf web at the same time Multitasking share common processing resources such as CPU, RAM, etc., It created an illusion of executing all process at same time and referred as context switching C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Single Thread vs Multi-thread/ multi-processor A process with four threads of execution, running on a single processor A process with four threads of execution, running on a multi-core or multi-processor C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT What is the Difference? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Hyperthreading 1 physical processor simulating 2 logical processors to an operating system – CPU pretends it has more cores than it does, and it uses its own logic to speed up program execution – can use each core to schedule two processes at once – shares the workload between them when possible if one logical CPU is stalled and waiting, the other logical CPU can borrow its execution resources (uses resources that would otherwise be idle) can help speed your system up, but it’s nowhere near as good as having additional physical cores Proprietary to Intel processor C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Physical vs Virtual Processors The OS runs and makes it possible for the users to interact with the computer without any knowledge about the underlying hardware. The OS interacts with the hardware using firmware and device drivers and the users can use the hardware using the interface of the OS All modern processors support Multi-Processing, Multi-Tasking, Multi-User, Hyper threading, virtualization C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT What’s Next? Read the pre-reading materials for week 5 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT C227 Road Map Part I Digital Transformation (Lesson 1) Part II Computer System (Lesson 2) Virtualization (Lesson 3) Computer System Resources (Lesson 4, 5, 6 ) Cloud Computing( Lesson 7) Part III End-to-end connectivity of the Internet - Lesson 8 to 11 Part IV Embedded Systems - Lesson 12 and 13 Thank you! C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT AY2024 Semester 1 School of Infocomm C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Learning Phase 2 C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Contents System and Peripheral Buses Process Life cycle Managing system processes C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Recap of CPU specifications (worksheet) C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Recap of CPU specifications Core: A dual-core (or quad-core) processor integrates 2 (or 4) physical CPUs within a single processor unit, enabling the operating system to concurrently execute 2 (or 4) processes. Thread: Viewed by the OS as multiple logical CPUs. Thus, 4 threads can run 4 processes at the same time. Bus Speed: A bus is a circuit that connects one part of the motherboard to another. The more data a bus can handle at any one time, the faster it allows information to travel. Core Speed: clock speed of a processor's individual core, measured in cycles per second (Hz). It represents how quickly the core can execute instructions and process data. Caches: Store program instructions or data that are frequently referenced by software during operation, leading to faster processing. Instruction set: Group of commands for a CPU in machine language. C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Activity 2 : Class Discussion WS Q3 ( 5mins) In RP, near W6 there are two escalators, assume that during school days, in the morning both are programmed to run in the same direction? Why is it so? For all RP students, if lesson starts at 8.30, two escalators will not be enough. What is an alternate solution for this? C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Latency and Throughput Latency – time taken for data to go from source to destination; this delay is caused by: Distance, transmission errors and error recovery, congestion processing capabilities of systems involved in the transmission Throughput – number of bits successfully transmitted per second measured in bits per second actual (measured) throughput is always less than the theoretical maximum throughput C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Computer Buses A bus is to carry signals between computer components Buses are circuits on the motherboard that are connected to other components System Bus consists of address bus, control bus and data bus C227 Computer System Technologies Lesson 4 Build IT Computer Buses Northbridge – also known as Memory Controller Hub (MCH), connected directly to the CPU via front-side bus (FSB). Responsible for tasks require high performance. Paired with southbridge Southbridge – also known as I/O controller hub connected via Di

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