Participant Handbook Optical Fiber Technician PDF 2022

Participant Handbook Sector Telecom Sub-Sector Passive Infrastructure Occupation Operation & Maintenance – Passive Infrastructure Reference ID : TEL/Q6401, Version 4.0 NSQF Level 4 Optical Fiber Technician Click/Scan the QR code to...

Participant Handbook Sector Telecom Sub-Sector Passive Infrastructure Occupation Operation & Maintenance – Passive Infrastructure Reference ID : TEL/Q6401, Version 4.0 NSQF Level 4 Optical Fiber Technician Click/Scan the QR code to access eBook This book is sponsored by Telecom Sector Skill Council of India Estel House, 3rd Floor, Plot No:- 126, Sector 44 Gurugram, Haryana 122003 Phone: 0124-2222222 Email: [email protected] Web: www.tsscindia.com All Rights Reserved © 2022 First Edition, July 2022 Printed in India Copyright © 2022 Under Creative Commons License: CC-BY -SA Attribution-ShareAlike: CC BY-SA Disclaimer The information contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to Telecom Sector Skill Council of India. Telecom Sector Skill Council of India disclaims all warranties to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such information. Telecom Sector Skill Council of India shall have no liability for errors, omissions, or inadequacies, in the information contained herein, or for interpretations thereof. Every effort has been made to trace the owners of the copyright material included in the book. The publishers would be grateful for any omissions brought to their notice for acknowledgements in future editions of the book. No entity in Telecom Sector Skill Council of India shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever, sustained by any person who relies on this material..  Skilling is building a better India. If we have to move India towards development then Skill Development should be our mission. Shri Narendra Modi Prime Minister of India iii  Certificate COMPLIANCE TO QUALIFICATION PACK NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS is hereby issued by the TELECOM SECTOR SKILL COUNCIL for Complying to National Occupational Standards of Job Role / Qualification Pack : ‘Optical Fiber Technician’ QP No. ‘TEL/Q6401, NSQF Level 4’ Date of Issuance: Dec 30th, 2021 Valid up to*: Sept 30 th , 2025 Authorised Signatory *Valid up to the next review date of the Qualification Pack or the (Telecom Sector Skill Coun cil) ‘Valid up to’ date mentioned above (whichever is earlier) iv Acknowledgements Telecom Sector Skill Council would like to express its gratitude to all the individuals and institutions who contributed in different ways towards the preparation of this “Participant Handbook”. Without their contribution it could not have been completed. Special thanks are extended to those who collaborated in the preparation of its different modules. Sincere appreciation is also extended to all who provided peer review for these modules. The preparation of this handbook would not have been possible without the Telecom Industry’s support. Industry feedback has been extremely encouraging from inception to conclusion and it is with their input that we have tried to bridge the skill gaps existing today in the industry. This participant handbook is dedicated to the aspiring youth who desire to achieve special skills which will be a lifelong asset for their future endeavours. v Participant Handbook About this book India is currently the world's second-largest telecommunications market with a subscriber base of 1.20 billion and has registered strong growth in the last decade and a half. The Industry has grown over twenty times in just ten years. Telecommunication has supported the socioeconomic development of India and has played a significant role in narrowing down the rural-urban digital divide to some extent. The exponential growth witnessed by the telecom sector in the past decade has led to the development of telecom equipment manufacturing and other supporting industries. Over the years, the telecom industry has created millions of jobs in India. The sector contributes around 6.5% to the country's GDP and has given employment to more than four million jobs, of which approximately 2.2 million direct and 1.8 million are indirect employees. The overall employment opportunities in the telecom sector are expected to grow by 20% in the country, implying additional jobs in the upcoming years. This Participant Handbook is designed to impart theoretical and practical skill training to students for becoming an Optical Fiber Technician. Optical Fiber Technician is responsible for maintaining uptime and quality of the network segment (both optical media & equipment) assigned to him by undertaking periodic preventive maintenance activities and ensuring effective fault management in case of fault occurrence. He is also required to coordinate activities for installation and commissioning of Optical Fiber Cable (OFC) as per the route plan. This Participant Handbook is based on Optical Fiber Technician Qualification Pack (TEL/Q6401) & includes the following National Occupational Standards (NOSs) 1. Co-ordinate Installation & Commission of Optical fiber cables (OFC) (TEL/N4137) 2. Undertake Condition based Maintenance & Planned repair activities (TEL/N6403) 3. Perform Corrective Maintenance/Restoration of Optical Fiber Faults (TEL/N6404) 4. Organise Work and Resources as per Safety Standards (TEL/N9101) 5. Interact Effectively with Team Members and Customers (TEL/N9102) The Key Learning Outcomes and the skills gained by the participant are defined in their respective units. Post this training, the participant will be able maintain uptime and quality of the network segment by undertaking periodic preventive maintenance activities & effective fault management. We hope that this Participant Handbook will provide a sound learning support to our young friends to build an attractive career in the telecom industry. Symbols Used ! Learning Unit Tips Steps Notes Exercise Outcomes Objectives vi  Optical Fiber Technician Table of Contents S.No. Modules and Units Page No. 1 Roles and Responsibilities of Optical Fiber Technician 1 Unit 1.1 – Brief overview of Telecom & Fiber Optics 3 2 Carry out inspection of route plan (TEL/N4137) 22 Unit 2.1 – Site visit and route inspection 24 Unit 2.2 – Choosing the right type of optic fiber cable 29 Unit 2.3 – Tools and Tool kit 37 Unit 2.4 – Installation of fiber optic cable 51 3 Perform Planned maintenance and repair activities(TEL/N6403) 78 Unit 3.1 – Carry out testing of Optical fiber 80 Unit 3.2 – Carry out splicing of Optical fiber 109 4 Perform Corrective Maintenance Activities (TEL/N6404) 128 Unit 4.1 – Fault notification 130 Unit 4.2 –Fault localization and restoration 133 Unit 4.3 – Preventive and Corrective Maintenance 140 Organize Resources and Work Effectively and Safely 5 159 (TEL/N9101) Unit 5.1 – Workplace Health and Safety 161 Unit 5.2 – Different Types of Health Hazards 162 Unit 5.3 – Importance of Safe working practices 165 Unit 5.4 – Reporting Safety Hazards 167 Unit 5.5 – Waste Management 170 Unit 5.6 – Organization’s Focus on Greening of Jobs 175 6 Communication and Interpersonal Skills (TEL/N9102) 177 Unit 6.1 – Interaction with supervisors, peers, customers and 181 differently-abled persons Unit 6.2 -Explain the importance of developing sensitivity towards 183 disabled persons 7. DGT/VSQ/N0102 : Employability Skills (60 Hours) 232 https://www.skillindiadigital.gov.in/content/list 8. Annexure 232 vii  Roles and Responsibilities of Optical Fiber Technician UNIT 1.1 - Brief overview of Telecom & Fiber Optics Participant Handbook Key learning Outcomes At the end of this module, you will be able to understand: 1. Broadband industry overview 2. Optical Fiber Technician role and responsibility 3. PSTN (public switch telephone network) operations 4. Overview of Transmission media 5. Important Terminologies used in Fiber Optic 2  Optical Fiber Technician UNIT 1.1:Brief overview of Telecom & Fiber Optics Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to understand: 1. Explain the size and scope of the Telecom industry and its subsectors 2. Fiber technician role & responsibility 3. Identify various employment opportunities for an Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.1 Broadband Industry In the present Global context, telecommunication is playing a key role on changing the whole dimension and taking the progress to next level. Telecommunication is not only influencing urban scenarios but also changing the economy and means operations at rural parts of the country. Indian telecom is bringing considerable revenue by telecom services increasing its customer range in the country across. The Government of India has recognized this fact and has taken various measures over the years to stabilize the telecom sector. Indian telecom sector stands in 2nd position after China wireless market. A stable transmission and transport systems strengthen the mobile network which further helps in providing the best services to users. To bring the best result system should possess strong back haul network built. Indian dream project digital India led to construct digital back bones across the country to fulfill the vision of end reachability across PAN INDIA. Indian Government initiated Bharath net – NOFN (National Optical Fiber Network) to build data coverage reach till last milestones (connecting remote to remote villages via internet). Under this project fiber has been laid across 2.5 lakh Gram panchayat with the ideal plan of 100 MBPS broadband coverage. The Project initiated by Indian Government made phase mode approaches for implementations, over the time tentatively with deadline of 2019, it intends to connect all villages across the India together. In the first phase about one lakh gram panchayats with broadband connectivity by laying underground optic fibre cable (OFC) lines which was completed in Dec 2017. The second phase aimed to provide connectivity to all 2,50,500-gram panchayats in the country using an optimal mix of underground fiber, fiber over power lines, radio and satellite media. It was planned to be completed by March 2019. In the third phase which is planned to provide ring topology network with state-of-art fiber optic, future- proof network. The work commenced in 2019 and is expected to complete by 2023. 3  Participant Handbook 1.1.2 Size & Scope of Telecom industry and its Subsectors The telecommunications industry is made up of businesses that enable global communication, whether it be via the phone or the Internet, over airwaves or cables, via wires or wirelessly. These businesses built the cables, via wires or wirelessly. These businesses built the network that enables the transmission of data in the form of text, voice, audio, or video throughout the globe. Internet service providers, satellite companies, cable companies, and telephone operators are the biggest businesses in the industry. Infrastructure, Equipment, Mobile Virtual Network Operators (MNVO), White Space Spectrum, 5G, Telephone service providers, and Broadband are the subsectors that make up the telecommunications sector. The Indian telecom tower market has expanded dramatically by Fig. 1.1.2 65% during the last seven years. In 2021, there will be 660,000 mobile towers, up from 400,000 in 2014. Similar to this, there will be 2.3 million mobile base transceiver stations in use by 2021, up quickly by 187 percent from 800,000 in 2014. Additionally, it is predicted that 5G technology will boost the Indian economy by $450 billion between 2023 and 2040. The IMT/5G spectrum auction is now underway. According to the GSMA, India will have almost 1 billion installed smartphones by 2025 and 920 million unique mobile customers, including 88 million 5G connections. This will make India the second-largest smartphone market in the world. Nearly the past ten years, India has added over 500 million additional smartphone users. By 2026, there will be 850 million smartphone users worldwide, or around 55% of the population. By December 2022, the DoT wants to have 30 lakh km of fiber-optic cable installed, average internet speeds of 25 mbps, and 100 percent broadband access in all of the country's villages. By December 2024, it is looking at 70% fiberisation of towers, average broadband speeds of 50 Mbps and 50 lakh kms of optic fiber rollouts at a pan-India level. 4  Optical Fiber Technician The transition to digital learning and remote working: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts, digital learning and remote working have grown in popularity in recent months. Telcos have played and will continue to play a part in the acceleration of the shift from learning and working in physical places to online due to the pandemic. Reliable and secure connectivity as well as data management are required for online learning and remote working to function properly. Numerous Telcos have had to negotiate this and will continue to do so. The provision of the same level of accessibility and connectivity to those in remote places is another factor that must be taken into account when examining this trend and potential development chances. Infrastructure sharing: Telecom service providers can share infrastructure in many ways, depending on telecom regulatory and legislation. At a cell site, passive infrastructure sharing involves sharing non-electrical infrastructure. Globally, the telecom industry is seeing a rise in the use of passive infrastructure ▪ Site sharing includes antennas and mast; this may also hold Base transceiver station (BTS), Node B in UMTS context and common equipment such as Antenna system, masts, cables, ducts, filters, power source and shelter. ▪ Sharing a mast is called mast sharing. ▪ Antenna sharing shares an antenna and all related connections (coupler, feeder cable), in addition to sharing electronic infrastructure is active sharing. The notion of spectrum sharing, also known as frequency sharing, is based on a lease model and is frequently referred to as "spectrum trading." An operator may agree to a commercial lease with another operator for a portion of its spectrum. Although MVNOs and this technique are present in the US, Europe, Singapore, and Australia. 5  Participant Handbook Base station sharing is prospective, and each operator retains control over logical Node B, which enables it to operate the carrier's assigned frequencies independently of the partner operator. It also retains control over active base station equipment, such as the TRXs that regulate reception and transmission over radio channels. Here, the core network and radio network controller are separate. Radio Network Controller (RNC) sharing entails keeping logical control over each operator's RNC in isolation. Sharing switches (MSC) and routers (SGSN) on the operator's fixed network is referred to as backbone sharing. Network sharing in which a network infrastructure is specifically built with resource sharing in mind. For instance, a joint venture between Telenor Sweden (formerly Vodafone Sweden) and HI3G created a shared network that covers 70% of Sweden (Hutcheson Investor). When a user is inside one of the major cities, his calls are routed through Telenor's or HI3native G's network infrastructure, while when he is outside of the cities, his calls wander into 3GIS's common network. Geographical splitting A FTTH(fiber to the home) network's design is heavily influenced by geography, particularly in how it affects subscriber density. Population-dense areas need less cable and typically more fiber splitters, while suburban areas with lower densities frequently use cascaded splitters to serve fewer subscribers per splitter. In rural areas, long cable runs are frequently necessary, and the choice of whether to connect the subscriber using fiber or wireless must be made. Rural networks feature a variety of alternatives, including remote OLTs and splitter 1.1.3 Role and Responsibilities of an Optical Fiber Technician Installing and maintaining fiber optic cable networks is the responsibility of fiber optic technicians. They are tasked with anything from putting together little bundles of fiber to pulling cables through underground conduits. Numerous industries, including telecommunications, industrial automation, medical imaging, and entertainment, use fiber optic technology. In the creation and application of these technologies, fiber optic technicians are crucial. 6 Participant Handbook Fiber optic technicians have a wide range of responsibilities, which can include: Examining, evaluating, and maintaining machinery utilized in communication networks Setting up new fiber optic networks and fixing current ones as necessary Setting up and maintaining repeaters, switches, and other networking hardware used in telecommunications networks Setting up new infrastructure or upgrading current infrastructure to take advantage of technical developments in the telecommunications sector Setting up cable television equipment, including amplifiers, filters, splitters, and converters, and testing the reception's signal strength Setting up fiber optic hardware, including splicing machines, test equipment, and cable termination devices Installing fiber optic cables in aerial or conduit spaces, such as between buildings or atop telephone poles Troubleshooting fiber optic networks in order to find issues and offer solutions Finding subsurface utilities including gas, water, and electrical lines before starting construction 1.1.4 Skills Required to be successful Fiber Optic Technician Skills: Fiber optic technicians need the following skills in order to be successful: Technical skills: A technician employs their technical skills and knowledge to carry out tasks. To install and fix fiber optic cables, splice fiber optic cables, troubleshoot fiber optic cable issues, and perform other jobs, fiber optic technicians employ their technical expertise. Fiber Optic Technician Skills: Fiber optic technicians need the following skills in order to be successful: Communication  Technicalskills: Since skills: A fiber optic technicians technician employs theirfrequently operate technical in teams, skills and they must knowledge be out to carry able tasks. their to describe To install job toand fix fiber others optic and in a clear cables, splice fiber optic straightforward cables, manner. Theytroubleshoot must be ablefiber optic to explain cable issues, technological processesand andperform othertojobs, procedures fiber clients opticthey because technicians work withemploy their technical them frequently. expertise.  Communication skills: Since fiber optic technicians frequently operate in teams, they must be able to describe their job to others in a clear and straightforward manner. They must be able to explain technological processes and procedures to clients because they work with them frequently. 7 Participant Handbook  Problem-solving Problem-solving abilities: abilities: Fiber opticFiber optic technicians technicians employ employ their their problem-solving problem-solving abilities to diagnose abilities equipment to diagnoseproblems, equipment pinpoint the source problems, ofthe pinpoint network sourceoutages, and outages, of network fix damagedand cables. These abilities are also used to choose the best tools and equipment to employ and fix damaged cables. These abilities are also used to choose the best tools and to choose the most effective manner to execute jobs. equipment to employ and to choose the most effective manner to execute jobs.  AttentionAttention to detail: To to make detail:sure they are To make installing sure they aretheinstalling equipmentthecorrectly; equipment fiber optic correctly; specialists need to pay close attention to every detail. Before they depart a project site, they fiber optic specialists need to pay close attention to every detail. Before they depart a must also make sure the equipment is in good working order. This is crucial to guarantee the project client site, they is happy with must also the job andmake sureany to stop thepotential equipment is in good problems working in the future. order. This is crucial to guarantee the client is happy with the job and to stop any potential problems Teamwork abilities: Being a part of a team can help you learn more about your career and in the future. advance your talents. By participating in a club or volunteer organization at your school, you  can develop Teamwork abilities:skills. your teamwork Being a part of Working a teamwith together can your help co-workers you learn more about your to complete tasks and solveand career difficulties advanceisyour another wayBy talents. to participating learn in a club or volunteer organization at your school, you can develop your teamwork skills. Working together with your co- workers to complete tasks and solve difficulties is another way to learn 1.1.5 Fiber Optic Infrastructure growth Fiber optic infrastructure expansion is a trend that is becoming more and more popular all over the world. The demand for experienced professionals to install and maintain these systems will increase as more homes and businesses adopt fiber optic technology Because they possess the knowledge necessary to install, test, and troubleshoot fiber optic systems, fiber optic technicians are in high demand. There will be a rising need for these specialists due to the fiber optic infrastructure's continuing expansion Fig1.1.5 Fiber Optics 8  Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.6 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): Standard telephone service, e.g. BSNL, MTNL, etc. Through a ‘SWITCH’ PSTN – uses end to end closed connectivity, it adopts Switch concept in implementing the network. Every user will be given with a closed-circuit line. Circuit is connection of devices with wired cables which could be controlled to opens and closes. PSTN is fully wired network, every end user is connected to main controlling station (called exchange). These exchanges further inter connected with rest of the surrounding exchanges with wires/cables, connectivity continues till the national gateway which continues to build connectivity with surrounding countries. The connectivity may be further enriching with satellite and microwave connectivity. When a customer picks up the handset of the landline from the cradle his/her connection at the telephone exchange is ready to receive the signals which he dials from his telephone in the form of the number to which he / she wants to speak. Through his connection the exchange starts sending signal to mobile or landline phone (depending on the number he is dialing). As the person picks up the phone the circuit is complete and they can now start talking to each other. 1.1.2 : Public switched telephone network 9 Participant Handbook 1.1.1 Transmission Media Cable type in which the two conductors are twisted and same is used in circuit connections. This type of cables is termed as twisted pair. The twist made from the cable will avoid the external charge influence. 1.1.3 (a): Twisted copper wire Copper being the inner core of twisted wire cable protected with protective material. There are plenty of coaxial cables in market comes out with protective jacket and multiple layered protective sheets. 1.1.4 (b): Coaxial cable 10  Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.4 Transmission Media (Contd.) Optical fiber cable could be used in a fashion of single modal or multi modal holding single fiber or multiple fibers in the cable. The fibers are used based on the application and the best practices followed in the system. 1.1.4 (c): Optical fiber cable Microwave is part of electromagnetic spectrum used in parallel with Radio frequency range of frequencies. As microwaves are best resulted in long distance and line of sight travel, it is used effective in RADAR operations. Satellite are the system device setups hosted from earth to space, located at different orbit of earth where the system made operational and it is away from earth gravitation pull. 1.1.4 (d): Microwave These devices work on microwave frequencies and connect to the stations on earth. Satellite systems serves for weather forecasting, television, communications, military and many other purposes. 1.1.4 (e): Satellite 11 Participant Handbook 1.1.5 Important Terminologies Terminology Definition Signal Frequency representation which conveys information could be a form of simple data or in complex message format. Signaling Signaling is the process of connecting source and destination by doing authentication of the service and users and authorizing the session Frequency The number of times in a second an electric signal or electromagnetic wave, completes a cycle. Network Group of systems interconnected in a fashion where they could share, exchange data, and communicate the necessary. Mode Fashion/ way of propagation in a media, in specific to Fiber cable mode is the light patterns which are made to travel across.. Multimode Kind of mode in which more than one light signal can travel across is called as fiber multimodal fiber. It naturally little bigger than single mode fiber. (Almost always 50 or 62.5 microns - a micron is one millionth of a meter). Single mode Fiber which allows single Light wave to travel across is termed as Single mode fiber. fiber It has smaller core compare to multimodal fibers (about 8-9 microns). Single mode is mostly preferred for telecommunication services like telephony, fiber to the home and CATV. Fiber ID Based on the fiber inner and outer core construction Fiber ID tagged for identification. Core and cladding diameters are expressed in microns; most multimode and single mode fibers have an outside diameter of 125 microns. Fiber IDs are internationally standardized with specifications that include all characteristics. Plastic optical One type of multimodal fibers. Normally preferred for short distance for networks fibers (POF) which run effectively with low speed. Cable Cables come in various colors and sizes. These protect the fiber from weather, provides protection from stress. Cables are manufactured based on the number of fibers to be accommodated. There are many types of cables few in list are tight buffer (with hard plastic coating on fiber preferred for mainly indoors), loose-tube, (light coating on fiber), ribbon (fibers made ribbons). 12  Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.2 Important Terminologies (Contd.) Terminology Definitions Jacket The outermost cover on the cable is termed as jacket. These jackets provide additional safety to the cables. Strength members The supportive element used for safety and operations Armor Armor Discourages rodents from chewing through it. Connector Device used for connecting fibers. The connectors could be kept in system and could be disconnected based on requirement. Ferrule A tube which holds a fiber for alignment, usually part of a connector. / No need to change. Splice Joining fibers /broken fibers is carried out with a tool termed as splicer and process called as splicing. This joint (splice) between two fibers made will be permanent. Hardware Terminations and splices require hardware for protection and management patch panels, splice closures, etc. Attenuation Loss in the power while signal travels across is termed as attenuation. Mostly expressed in decibels (dB). For fibers, considerable is attenuation coefficient or attenuation per unit length with unit of dB/km. Bandwidth Group of frequencies could be termed as Bandwidth. The difference between the frequencies ranges transmitted is considered as Delta Frequency in turn called as bandwidth. Decibels (dB) A unit of measurement of optical power which indicates relative power. A -10 dB means a reduction in power by 10 times, -20 dB means another 10 time or 100 times overall, -30 mean another 10 times or 1000 times overall, & so on dB Optical power measurement is done by dB (decibel). Decibel helps in understanding the power variation dB representation, -10 dB refers to a reduction of power by 10 times, -20 dB means further reduction 10 times or 100 times overall, and so on. dBm absolute Optical power measurement referring to 1 milli watt Optical Loss The amount of optical power lost as light is transmitted through fiber, splices, couplers, etc., expressed in "dB" Switch A mechanical or electronic device that opens or closes circuits completes or breaks an electrical path or selects paths or circuits. Multiplexing Process of missing multiple signals before transmitting over media. 13 Participant Handbook 1.1.5 Important Terminologies (Contd.) Terminology Definition Optical Power Capacity of optical signal strength represented in terms of power, measured in dBm/decibels. Scattering Dispersion of light ray due to obstacles. Tag name given for the light ray changing the path of travel and splitting energy into multiple angles this will cause majority of loss in optical fibers and is used to make measurements by an OTDR. Wavelength Wavelength a term for the color of light, usually expressed in nanometers (nm) or microns (m). Fiber is mostly used in the infrared region where the light is invisible to the human eye. Most fiber specifications (attenuation, dispersion) are dependent on wavelength. Dispersion Pulse spreading caused by modes in multimode fiber (modal dispersion), the difference in speed of light of different wavelengths (CD or chromatic dispersion in multimode or single mode fiber) and polarization (PMD or polarization mode dispersion in single mode) PSTN (Public Traditional wired phone service. It refers to the standard telephone Switched Telephone service, e.g., BSNL. Network ) BTS (Base It is a wireless interface with a mobile handset in mobile communication. Transceiver Station) It has an antenna mounted on a tower and a trans-receiver BSC (Base Station BTS are administered by a BSC Signaling. Controller) MSC (Mobile It is the hub of the mobile communication network. It connects mobile Switching Center) stations to PSTN. Roaming Realization of all frequency ranges in sequential manner. Spectrum Device used for the TRX operations from user end. Telephony Word used to describe the science of transmitting voice over a telecommunications network. Modem A device that both modulates and demodulates signals. 14  Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.5 Important Terminologies (Contd.) Terminology Definition NLD National Long-Distance Telephony – pertains to calls outside the local area, to any place in India. ILD International Long-Distance Telephony – outside India. SDCA Short Distance Charging Area – There are total of 2647 SDCA in India, each having a unique STD code. LDCA Long Distance Charging Area. A few SDCAs make a LDCA. A call beyond 50 km distance is considered as a long-distance call. Service Plan The plan under which it operate publicize the service lists to user is termed as service plan. This plan may have altered over time. Tariff Services offered to users are categorized based on the subscription and categories known as tariff. 1.1.5 : Optical fiber technology has tremendous potential 15 Participant Handbook 1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology Optical transmissions over the fiber cables need immense strengthen technology associated. Optical cables inner core glass is made in a way to propagate complete ray travelling by giving zero resistance and losses. To achieve connectivity over long distance optical medium proven to be the best even though it is laying and maintenance takes more economy. Unlike in copper cable electrical signal converted into light and it is transmitted over fiber cables. It began about 40 years ago in the R&D labs (Corning, Bell Labs, ITT UK, etc.) and was first installed commercially in Dorset, England by STC and Chicago, IL, USA in 1976 by AT&T. By the early 1980s, fiber telecommunications networks connected the major cities on each coast. By the mid-80s, fiber was replacing all the telecom- copper, microwave and satellite links. In the 90s, transoceanic fiber optic cables replaced sate llites between most continents. Over the period fiber optics took over the entire major service provider favorite as its effectiveness ruled out the cost. DTH and CATV are few services mostly relied on fiber network. Adding on the Research prove that the network will be the reliable to provide Internet services, mobile services network development. Slowly the fiber placed in the small networks and then tried with LAN, WAN, MAN, and most of implantations is taking place with fiber network in today’s data. As the cables could be routed fascinatingly without disturbing the infra, more company’s showed interest in having fiber network. Fiber is effective in huge data transfer and connectivity with reliability. Fiber is implemented in most Multinational companies with fiber LANs backbones, connections to systems for employees or design workstations with many wireless AP (access point). Some more applications for consideration are: mobile - cell network connections, Ship & aircraft, automation and automobile connecting lines, security like CCTV, & digital stereos for consumers. Fiber optics users in current time zones are systems who use it for connecting social blocks like Educational institutes, stores/ departments, transport& traffic lights, security add on like CCTV surveillance systems. Fiber to home is another upcoming big business which provides the best connections to their users. Optical fiber is either predominant medium or choice made logically for most of communication system. With reduced Costs fiber to the home is most likely accepted by user ends, the fantasy come true for users as fiber to home provides all means of data and services which other medium fails to provide. 1.1.6 (a): An optical fiber 16  Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.) Fiber optics would be used as a channel for communication & networking as it is easy and flexible. Plastic or glass manufactures fibers, it is s used in long-distance applications of telecom. Optical fibers mostly prefer glass inner core medium than plastic as glass provide low absorption. Optical fiber principally uses total internal reflection phenomenon for the light transmission within the material. Due to total internal reflection angle Eliminates distortion, leakage, reflection, signal crosstalk between fibers within the cable and allows the cable routing (supporting twists and turns). Infrared Light is mostly used for communication in case of telecom applications, as wavelengths proven best for the case (minimum absorption with fiber). 1.1.6 (b): Total internal reflection Infrared Light is mostly used for communication in case of telecom applications, as wavelengths proven best for the case (minimum absorption with fiber). Fibers could be practically implemented in terms of single fiber, pairs of fibers for every carrier connection. Single mode and multimodal fibers are used based on the distance and application. Coupling/splitting devices enable the system to lay the cable for distances and overcoming geographical challenges. Waveguides normally could support multiple modes of transmission. For long distance communications, single mode fiber is widely preferred., as propagation mode is singular it provides effectiveness with minimum distortions. In fibers supporting multi-mode, transmission on multiple time on multiple timings transmitted in the different modes arrives at different times, resulting in dispersion of signal. Between signal generations single mode fiber optic cables sustain transmission distances of 80 to 140 km approx. distance of 300 to 500 meters are recorded in case of multi -mode. Single mode equipment’s are comparatively little more costly than multi -modal equipment. Fibers deployed in telecommunications normally hold diameter of 125 µm. The core transmission of single mode fibers most commonly support diameter of 9 µm. Multi-mode cores are available with 50 µm or 62.5 µm diameters. Single mode fiber offers low loss, high linearity and dispersion, with a estimate data rates of up to 40 Gbit/s on a single wavelength. WDM - Wavelength division multiplexing could be used further to allow many wavelengths to be used at once on a single fiber. Estimated that single fiber provides an aggregate bandwidth in terabits per second. Click/Scan the QR code to know what is Fiber Optic Cable? 17 Participant Handbook 1.1.3 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.) Today’s cables of optical fiber could provide a range of capacity, example: thousand fibers in a single cable. Optical fiber performance fulfils the needs of the required bandwidth. Unutilized end to end powerful bandwidths do not convert to operating benefits, and it is calculated that not more than 1% of the optical fiber laid under soil recent years is lit. Presently manufactured cable s hold wide variety of sheathings, Armor, prepared for applications. Some application to list is: direct burial in trenches, installation in conduit, lashing to aerial telephone poles, submarine installation, or insertion in paved streets. Presently Improvements in fiber technology have minimized losses to an extent that no amplification of the optical signal is required for a considerable 100km. it has greatly cut down the cost of optical networking, especially in undersea spans where the cost reliability of amplifiers is one of the key factors shaping system performance of the whole. In the previous few years several manufacturers of submarine cable line terminal equipment have introduced improvement that promise to quadruple the capacity of older submarine systems installed in the early to mid-1990s. Factors due to which optical fiber are used are advantages available which are not present in metallic conductor/ microwaves. Important use of optical fiber is it can transport more information longer distances in less time than compare to other communications medium. Add on, it is unchanged by the EM (Electromagnetic) interference of radiation, due to which data could be transmitted with less noise & error. There are also couples of applications in fiber optics that are simply not possible with metallic conductors. It holds sensors/scientific applications, medical/surgical applications, industrial applications, subject illumination & image transport. Many fiber optics are made of glass, even though few made of plastic. Mechanical protection is a concern and hence optical fibers are housed inside cables. Specific cables types and configurations are practiced for specific cases as: indoor, outdoor, in the ground, underwater, in ocean & overhead. 1.1.6 (c): current global undersea optical fiber network 18  Optical Fiber Technician 1.1.6 Optical Fiber Technology (Contd.)  Fiber optic data link is made up of three elements as follows Light source at one end (laser or light-emitting diode [LED]), including a connector or other  alignment mechanism to connect to the fiber. The light source will receive its signal from the support electronics to convert the electrical information to optical information. The fiber (and its cable, connectors, or splices) from point to point. The fiber transports this  light to its destination. The light detector on the other end with a connector interface to the fiber. The detector converts the incoming light back to an electrical signal, producing a copy of the original electrical input. The support electronics will process that signal to perform its intended communications function. 1.2.6: Signal transmission optical fiber cable Notes 19 Participant Handbook Exercise 1. Identify the uncommon application of fiber optic cable? a. Computer networks b. Long-distance telephone systems c. Closed circuit TV d. Consumer TV 2. Principle of Fiber optics is a. Reflection b. Refraction c. Dispersion d. Total internal reflection 3. light transmission in optical fiber is in. a. Core b. Cladding c. Buffer d. Jacket 20  Optical Fiber Technician Exercise (Cont.) 4. Electrical to optical conversion is done through (Copper networks to fiber optics) using. a. Fiber hubs b. Media converters c. Patch panels d. Rewiring 5. Today, except for some , most of the Mobile/communication backbone lies in fiber optics. a. Rugged or remote locations b. Ultra-high speed connections c. Large cities d. Triple play systems 6. Write true or false after reading the following statement: Advantage of optical fiber is, it is best cost-effective means of transporting information. (True / False) 7. Write true or false after reading the following statement: Fiber networks supporting Telephone networks for long distance and metropolitan networks like fiber to the home (FTTH) is not yet feasible (True / False) 21 Participant Handbook Exercise (Cont.) 8. How does the telecom growth benefit the nation? 9. What is the brief history of India’s telecom growth story? 10. Explain TRAI. 11. Briefly explain PSTN. 12. Mention what do the following terms stand for – BTS, BSC & MSC. 22  Optical Fiber Technician Exercise (Cont.) 13. What is the difference between multi-mode and single mode fiber? 14. What is fiber Id? 15. What are aramid fibers? 16. What is a ferrule? 17. What is scattering? 23 Participant Handbook Tips Following tips should be followed: Visit a fiber optic site. Inspect the different fiber optic cables and their features Note 24  1. Carry out inspection of Route Plan Unit 2.1 – Site visit and route inspection Unit 2.2 – Choosing the right type of optic fiber cable Unit 2.3 – Tools and tool kit Unit 2.4 – Installation of fiber optic cable TEL/N4137 Participant Handbook Key learning Outcomes At the end of this module, you will be able to: 1. Perform an effective site visit 2. Describe, demonstrate and monitor an effective route inspection 3. Choose between single mode and multiple mode as per the location 4. Describe the advantages of an effective route inspection 5. Identify and make use of common fiber optic tools and tool kit 6. Determine the availability of the test equipment as per the requirement 7. Explain and outline the benefits of fiber optic cable specification and the factors affecting it 8. Describe, demonstrate and monitor the correct procedure of handling the fiber optic cable 9. Describe, demonstrate and monitor the optical fiber laying pre-requisites 10. Identify instances of cross fiber using power source and power meter tests 11. Describe, demonstrate and monitor the correct procedure of - trenching, aerial cabling, ducting, figure-eight, cable pulling, blowing and termination of an optical fiber 12. Explain and illustrate the reports required to document steps undertaken during troubleshooting 23  Optical Fiber Technician UNIT 2.1: Site Visit and Route Inspection Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Perform an effective site visit 2. Choosing the right type of optic fiber 3. Explain and outline route inspection and its benefits 4. Perform an effective route inspection by demonstrating proper steps 2.1.1 Site Visit Site visit is essential before making any plan of action. The visit gives the necessary information about the changes to be needed for the ideal plan. Site visit also emphasizes the action list with necessary competency needed. By doing effective site visit one could make the best plan of installation and avoid ambiguities. Obstruction which may prevent transportation of various equipments to the site could also be taken care. It is necessary to note down all the points observed start from layout view while site visit. While in the site data collected will equip informationso that proper, complete & accurate package for the same could be estimated. Site visit will make us understand actual equipment locations, routing for conduits, and proper elevations. It will help you to apply methods to overcome the challenges by applying the architectural drawings/ layouts. If found Site drawing details incomplete, then update it by site actual data. Note down the physical status, changes needed and plan further. 2.1.1 : A site visit in progress 24 Participant Handbook 2.1.2 Route Inspection and its Benefits Route Inspection Route inspection will give you an insight into what may confront you while performing your job. You may see obstructions, issues or gaps which you would have not known unless you conducted this ‘inspection’.  Route Inspection Benefits Following are the benefits of a detailed route inspection:  Route inspection will give you an insight into what may confront you while performing your job.  You may see obstructions, issues or gaps which you would have not known unless you conducted this ‘inspection’. Plan is verified with the actual physical location to identify gaps.  Helps in meeting manufacturer‘s specifications regarding ‘bend ratios’. Plan is designed keeping in mind the health and safety standards.  Any re-work due to lack of proper plan is avoided. Accidents are avoided due to proper planning. 2.1.2 : Effective route inspection 25  Optical Fiber Technician 2.1.3 Steps – Route Inspection Following are the steps for route inspection: Step 1– Obtain an OFC route plan Step 2– Verify the plan through a Route Walk Step 3– Take corrective actions 2.1.3.1 Step 1 – Obtain OFC Route Plan Obtain a ‘layout’ describing the proposed OFC route from the planning team so as to identify the: Physical locations (premises or outside plant) along the route. Other utilities, cables etc. so that damages are avoided.  Departments involved – electricity, water, municipality, etc. Permission(s) required to carrying out the entire activity. Physical obstacles & health hazards along the route. 2.1.3.1: OFC route plan 26 Participant Handbook 2.1.3.2 Step 2 – Verify Plan – ‘Route Walk’  Conduct a ‘Route Walk’ along with ‘Fiber Optic Technician’ and an experienced ‘Fiber Optic Splicer’ so as to:  Verify the ‘plan’ for accessibility and availability as per design. Verify construction methods, special tools, splice locations, etc.  Verify ground characteristics including subsurface investigation; it helps allay fears related to trenching / ploughing  Draw and mark bends, conduit size, splice locations, manholes, etc., so as to begin any preparatory or co-ordination work (Ref. next page). Mark the proximity to AC power areas to avoid possibility of damages / accidents Check for material storage areas, ventilation, etc. 2.1.3.2 (a): OFC Route Walk Avoid proximity to AC power areas to avoid any accidents. Although the fiber does not conduct electricity yet, fiber could be means to conduct electricity, installer should take precautions with live electrical wires in working when close to AC power. Mark other utility lines so as to avoid damage. Thereafter make a sketch as per the route walk. It is called the ‘Route Walk Sketch’. 2.1.3.2 (b): OFC ‘Route Walk’sketch 27  Optical Fiber Technician 2.1.3.3 Step 3 – Take Corrective Actions Prepare the site so that it is ready for installation by taking corrective actions with the help of  laborers:  Take permissions from other departments, etc., if required. Revise routes – bends, splicer locations, etc., if required. Arrange for the availability of any special tools if required.  Remove or circumvent any obstruction / conflict along the route. Prepare the site thoroughly and properly for better productivity.  Protect optical fiber cable from high temperature. Take measures to prevent optical cables from direct stress. Determine locations where reels are to be positioned during the installation. 2.1.3.3: Take corrective actions 28  Participant Handbook Unit 2.2 Choosing the right type of Optical Fiber Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Choose the type of optical fiber based on the location 2. Define the characteristics of Single and multimode optical fiber 3. Explain how to select the type of optical fiber 2.2.1 Choosing between Single Mode vs Multimode Optical Fiber The manner an optical wave is transmitted is often referred to as the mode. As they reach the optical fiber, uniformly frequencies optical waves are dispersed along several transmission routes. Mode is the name given to the specific path that each individual optical wave takes. The Helmholtz equation for waves is used to compute the number of modes in a fiber optic cable. Applying boundary conditions to Maxwell's equation results in the actual Helmholtz equation. The projectile solutions of Maxwell's equation are the fiber optic modes as a result. The modal dispersion phenomena that occur inside the fiber optic cable causes the modes. Note: The quantity of glass fiber strands wrapped inside the cladding has absolutely no bearing on the modal dispersion. Click/Scan the QR Code to know how Fiber Optic work 29  Optical Fiber Technician 2.2.2 Overview of Single Mode Optical Fiber Single mode optical fiber is a specific kind of optical fiber made for the transmission of single mode light. This indicates that this particular type of optical fiber allows the transmission of various light waves with various frequencies along a single channel. The preferred abbreviation for these single mode optical fibers in the sector is SMF. Transverse mode optical signals are carried via the SMF. This indicates that although the electromagnetic oscillation occurs in a perpendicular or transverse direction to the length of the fiber optic core strand, the path of the optical wave transmission is parallel to it. Characteristics of Single Mode Optical Fiber The following features of single mode optical fiber (SMF) make them exclusive : SMF features a micro core diameter of sizes ranging amid 8 to 10.5µm. The diameter cladding of SMF is approximately 125µm Laser rays being the basis of optical signals in SMF, the categorized optical wavelengths for SMF is 1310 nm and 1550 nm Ideally, SMF offers limitless bandwidth, as it offers a single light transmission mode at a time According to TIA-598C, the industrial color-coding or sheath colour for an SMF is yellow for non-military uses Owing to higher fidelity for all pulse of light wave coupled with smaller diameters, these SMFs are appropriate for long-distance transmission without excessive signal/data loss The SMFs can transfer the optical signal over hundreds of kilometres at a transmission speed of 40Gbps and above thousands of kilometres at the transmission speed of 10Gbps by using dispersion-compensation devices Depending on the variation in features, the single mode optical fiber (SMF) is classified. Let us discuss the classification of SMF further 30 Participant Handbook Types of Single Mode Optical Fiber The general types of single mode SMF are listed below. OS1: The first type of SMF described in ISO/IEC 11801 is OS1. The core diameter of this kind of optical fiber is between 8 and 9 m. This fiber, however, experiences a greater attenuation of roughly 1dB/km. The signal weakens from one end to the other due to increasing attenuation. Because of this, this SMF is utilised for interior fiber-optic connections and relatively small distances. OS2: OS2 is an SMF variant that is generally superior. In ISO/IEC 24702, it is described. Although it has a similar diameter of 8 to 9 m, the signal only experiences a slight attenuation of 0.4 dB/km. Lower attenuation means that the transmission's signal strength is constant. Installations of outdoor and long-distance optical fibers favour this kind of SMF. 2.2.3 Overview of Multimode Optical Fiber A type of optical fiber created for the propagation of several light signals is the multimode optical fiber. MMF is the abbreviation used in industry for multimode optical fiber. According to the different optical signal wavelengths, modal dispersion occurs in MMF. The MMF has increased modal dispersion as a result. Depending on the refractive index of the glass core material, the optic wave propagation route in the MMF is either zigzag or semi-elliptical in shape. Characteristics of Multimode Optical Fiber The following characteristics of Multimode optical fiber (MMF) make them ideal for certain applications. The core diameter of MMF is greater, ranging from 50 to 100 m. The typical core sizes for the basic types of MMF, however, are 50 mm and 62.5 mm. The cladding's diameter stays at 125 meters. The classified optical wavelengths in MMF remain 850nm and 1300nm since the light sources are either vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) or light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Modal dispersion limits the MMF's range of operation. MMF bandwidth has a theoretical value of 28000MHz*km. The industrial color-coding or sheath colour for MMF is an orange or aqua jacket, per TIA- 598C 31  Optical Fiber Technician The MMFs are appropriate for short-distance fiber optic transmission because to their  The MMFs are appropriate for short-distance fiber optic transmission because to their increased attenuation through dispersion. However, the transmission distance can be increased increased attenuation through dispersion. However, the transmission distance can be byincreased utilizing proper fiberproper by utilizing optic links. fiber optic links.  100Gbit/sec data transport speed is available from MMF(magnetomotive force). MMF can transmit 100Gbit/sec data of data at a rate transport speed up 100Mbit/sec is available from10Gbit/sec to 2km and MMF(magnetomotive force).inMMF up to 550 meters can transmit data at a rate of 100Mbit/sec up to 2km and 10Gbit/sec up to 550 meters in practice. practice. Types of Multimode Optical Fiber Refractive index and signal behaviour, along with a classification scheme, are the major two criteria used to divide the multimode optical fiber (MMF) into two categories. Based on System of Classification: Both the ISO 11802 and the TIA-492-AAAD classification methods are used to categorize multimode optical fiber. Let's understand about the following categories: OM1: According to ISO 11802, OM1 is a category of MMF. It has a core diameter of 62.5 mm. These optical fibers provide more bandwidth and are FDDI-grade cable compatible. OM2: According to ISO 11802, OM2 has a core diameter of 50 mm. It is intended to provide users more control over how light signals spread. OM3: The core diameter of OM3 is 50 m, and it is also described by ISO 11802. This particular MMF, however, is made for laser-optimized propagation over VCSELs. OM4: It is an MMF type that is specified by TIA-492-AAAD. Although it has a 50 m core diameter, it is made for high bandwidth, long-distance transmission. It supports transmission rates of 40 and 100 gigabits per second over a 125 meter distance. Based on the Refractive Index and Signal Behavior: The behaviour or course of a signal varies depending on the refractive index of the material that makes up the core of the glass. The following types of MMF are established based on the same. Multimode Graded Index Fiber: This kind of optical fiber has a core made of a substance with a graduated refractive index. This indicates that the refractive index of the core gradually decreases during signal transmission across a cable. The signal behaviour or path of propagation in this type of cable is semi-elliptical due to the graded refractive index. In this cable, attenuation and optical dispersion are reduced because of the same type of propagation. Multimode Step Index Fiber: This variety of MMF has a core with a diameter of 100 m. There is a variation in the refractive index throughout the fiber as a result of the big diameter. Complete or partial refraction inside the core is caused by a randomly fluctuating refractive index at various refraction angles. In these kinds of MMFs, the result is that light propagates in a zigzag pattern 32  Participant Handbook 2.2.4 Difference between Single Mode and Multimode Optical Fiber In addition to the features, there are several ways to describe the distinctions between single mode and multimode optical fiber. The highlighted distinctions between single mode and multimode optical fibers are listed below. Impact of Optic Wave Propagation As was said in earlier sections, it is understood that the modal dispersion and refractive index of the code glass material affects how optical waves propagate in different ways. The input and output signals sent by fiber optics are impacted by this variation in the propagation path. Let’s talk about the effects of optical fiber cables that are single mode and multimode. Single Mode Optical Fiber Since modal and light dispersion are negligible in single-mode optical fiber, the light wave propagates linearly. As a result, there is less attenuation and the signal strength is constant. As a result, across a great transmission distance, the input signal and output signal are of equal strength in SMF. Additionally, all of the data packets arrive at the output end of the optical fiber since many optical waves with different frequencies may Communicate via SMF but they all take the same path. As a result, the security of data transfer from the source device to the receiver is maintained. Multimode Optical Fiber Let's understand about how both of the ways that multimode optical fiber cable transmits information affect the input and output signals. Zigzag Light Propagation: Due to increased refraction, light dispersion and attenuation are higher in the zigzag form of light propagation in the MMF. As a result, with this kind of MMF light propagation, signal loss occurs. Additionally, because optical waves have zigzag transmission due to refraction at various angles with variable frequencies, each optical wave follows a distinct transmission path. As a result, light signals are transmitted at varying speeds using MMF. As a result, there is a chance that certain optic data packets will arrive at the recipient later than expected. Data is lost as a result. 33  Optical Fiber Technician Semi-elliptical Semi-ellipticalLight Propagation: Light Propagation:Because Becausethethe light beam light beamdoesdoes not not hit the hit core wall during the core wall semi-elliptical propagation, there is less refraction and optical dispersion. The same causes during semi-elliptical propagation, there is less refraction and optical dispersion. just slight attenuation. Additionally, all light waves that propagate in this manner have a The same causes point-to-point just slight semi elliptical attenuation. shape. Additionally, As a result, each waveall light waves arrives that propagate at the same location and is then transferred in this to theareceiving manner have device semi point-to-point as a whole. Because elliptical shape.ofAsthis, there iseach a result, a very small wave loss of data packets. arrives at the same location and is then transferred to the receiving device as a Optical Resource Requirement whole. Because of this, there is a very small loss of data packets. BothOptical SMF and Resource Requirement MMF installation require specific resources like light sources, connectors, Both Single SMFFiber Mode and MMF installation require specific resources like light sources, connectors, Single If placed forMode Fiber long-distance use, the SMF needs optical amplifiers to lessen dispersion in addition If placed for long-distance use, the SMF needs optical amplifiers to lessen dispersion in to a laser diode as a light resource. To inject the laser beam into the optical fiber, these addition need components to a to laser be diode as aprecisely. calibrated light resource. To inject the laser beam into the optical fiber, these components need to be calibrated precisely. Multimode Optical Fiber Multimode Optical Fiber The MMF needs VCSELs or LED diodes as its light source. Additionally, if the MMF is installed for The MMF needs VCSELs or LED diodes as its light source. Additionally, if the MMF is longer distance transmission, then the integrated circuit may need signal amplifiers, installed for longer distance transmission, then the integrated circuit may need signal connections, and rectifier amplifiers, connections, and rectifier Cost of Deployment Cost Deployment Despite being less expensive than multimode, single mode optical fiber cable Despite being less expensive than multimode, single mode optical fiber cable nevertheless costs morenevertheless costs to install than more to fiber. multimode installThis thanis multimode fiber. This due to the higher is due capital to the higher expenditure capital required for optical sources and expenditure integrated required for devices optical in the SMF sources andnetwork than MMF. integrated devicesIn in general, the SMFthe network equipment for laser thandiodes MMF.isIn1.5–5 timesthe general, more expensive equipment forthan that laser for LED diodes diodes.times is 1.5–5 Additionally, SMF more expensive implementation costs may be higher than MMF due to the potential need for amplifier upgrades than that for LED diodes. Additionally, SMF implementation costs may be higher than and system upkeep. MMF due to the potential need for amplifier upgrades and system upkeep. Application Compatibility Application Compatibility One of the distinctions between SMF and MMF is their compatibility with various One of the distinctions between SMF and MMF is their compatibility with various applications. applications. Long-distance optical fiber networks, where the signal intensity is anticipated to remain at its Long-distance optical fiber networks, where the signal intensity is anticipated to remain greatest, use SMFs. Campus fiber optic connections, submarine fiber optic connections, distant at its greatest, use SMFs. Campus fiber optic connections, submarine fiber optic office connections, etc. are examples of common applications for SMFs. connections, distant office connections, etc. are examples of common applications for Fiber optic cables are mostly utilised with MMFs. These are utilised for telecom connections, SMFs. LANs, video/audio/multimedia transmission, CCTV optic fiber connections, etc. Fiber optic cables are mostly utilised with MMFs. These are utilised for telecom connections, LANs, video/audio/multimedia transmission, CCTV optic fiber connections, etc. 34  Participant Handbook 2.2.6 How to Select between Single Mode vs Multimode Optical Fiber One must take into account a number of criteria while choosing between single mode and multimode fiber optics for a particular application. Considerable aspects include application requirements, fiber costs, installation system costs, equipment installation requirements, transmission distance and speed, among others. These selection parameters must be thoroughly compared before choosing either single mode or multimode optical fibers. Comparison chart for convenient selection S.No Selection Parameter Single mode optical fiber Multimode optical fiber 1 Price of Fiber Low High 2 Price of Equipment and High (1.5-5 times more) Moderate Installation 3 Attenuation/ Signal Low Moderate Dispersion 4 Bandwidth High Low 5 Transmission Low High 6 Transmission Distance High Low 7 Data Reliability High Moderate 35  Optical Fiber Technician Exercise Match column A with column B S.No Column A Column B 1 Single mode optical fiber, if used for long Mode distance need 2 First type of SMF described in ISO/IEC 11801 Optical Amplifiers is 3 OM1, OM2,OM3 and OM4 are OS1 4 the manner an optical wave is transmitted is Installations at outdoor and long distance often referred to as 5 OS2 is used for Categorization of Fiber 36  Participant Handbook UNIT 2.3: Fiber Optic Tools and Tool Kit Unit Objectives At the end of this unit, you will be able to: 1. Describe the importance of maintaining a proper and complete tool kit 2. Perform a basic check of the tool-kit 3. List the tools with their respective quantity and usage 2.3.1 Fiber Optics Tool Kit Fiber Optic Tool Kit Right tools in best condition will ensure the best result in splicing and connectorization. It is suggested to keep the complete set of fiber optic tools needed for splicing, connecting, troubleshooting and testing. Fiber optic installer requires full list of fiber optic tools (needed start from installation to troubleshooting). The tool kit primarily consists of: Testing equipment and testing supplies and consumables Cable handling tools. Termination/splicing tools and consumables Splicing splices (mechanical splices). 2.3.1 (a): Fiber optics tool kit Click/Scan the QR Code to know about Fiber Optic splicing 37  Optical Fibre Technician 2.3.1 Fiber Optics Tool Kit (Contd.) Basic Checks Ensure tools, equipment availability for testing, splicing, cable laying. Refer to the list of tools needed in the tools manual. In case of unavailability of any tool, get in touch with logistics team. In case of faulty tools and equipment, get in touch with logistics team. Keep your tool-kit absolutely clean. Remember that these tools vary from organization to organization depending on their need and budget as the case may be. 2.3.1: Fiber optic tool kit basic checks Notes 38 Participant Handbook 2.3.2Fiber Optics Quantity Tools For Installer’s Toolbox Overview A regular tubing cutter Tubing Cutter is perfect for cutting 1 – cuts through the cable jacket and armored cable armor. To cut cable jacket for Rotary Cable removal - to cut around 1 Slitting & cable or slit jacket Ringing Tool for removal Used for cutting Cable Jacket 1 2- 3 mm cable jacket Stripper for removal. Used to remove primary coating from fiber Fiber Optic without nicking the 1 optic fiber. Some are Stripper also capable of cutting 2-3 mm cable jacket. Buffer Tube Similar to some coax or Stripper – to cut UTP jacket cutters but 1 jacket/buffer must be precise to tubes in loose prevent fiber damage. tube cable Must have crimp die Crimp Tool - appropriate for the crimps FO crimp size required 1 connector by the connector on the cable being used for termination. 2.3.2 (a): Fiber optics tool list 39  Optical Fiber Technician 2.3.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.) Quantity Tools For Installer’s Toolbox Overview Never use these scissors Kevlar Scissors – to cut anything else – 1 super-sharp to cut they are expensive and Kevlar fibers in FO will dull easily if used to cable cut other materials. Scribe – used to Sapphire or carbide are 1 cleave fiber when best. terminating Needle Nose Pliers – Do not use it for other 1 use when accessing things so as to damage its and pulling cords or edges. ripcords. Do not use it for other 1 Tweezers things so as to damage its edges. Polishing Plate – 1 Need smooth surface for place under polishing polishing. pad 2.3.2 (b): Fiber optics tool list 40 Participant Handbook 2.3.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.) Quantity Tools For Installer’s Toolbox Overview Provides soft 1 Polishing Pad –place polishing surface under polishing film for PC connectors Need one for 2.5mm Polishing Puck– ferrule insert connector into 1 connectors this polishing tool, (ST/SC/FC) and one lay on polishing for 1.25mm ferrule paper connectors (LC). 1 Always wear safety Safety Glasses glasses. Epoxy/polish connectors Connector Curing are still the cheapest & Optional Oven – to cure most reliable and a epoxy/polish portable curing oven connectors allows fast installation. Lineman Scissors– Use these for general heavy duty to cut cutting - NOT your 1 through cables or Kevlar scissors which other heavy are expensive & dull easily. materials 2.3.2 (c): Fiber optics tool list 41  Optical Fiber Technician 2.3.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.) Quantity Test Equipment Overview Flashlight Continuity Tester (MM only) or Visual Fault Locator Continuity tester as a (VFL – red laser – SM minimum, VFL 1 or MM) – bright, recommended – the higher visible light source power makes it more for checking versatile. continuity or tracing fibers, VFL can find faults also. 1 850/1300nm LED for MM, Light source 1310 and/or 1550 for SM. One adapter can fit 2.5mm As Powermeter ferrules (ST/SC/FC) on some needed adapters meters or may require dedicated adapters. Need 2 each (launch & receive that match the fiber type (62.5/125,50/125 or SM) & connector types. If Reference Test Cables meter has universal 2.5mm 2 per - tested and known adapter, you may be able to test kit to be low loss test all 3 types (ST/SC/FC) using one type with hybrid mating adapters, these wear out & need frequent replacement. Test and replace as needed. 2.3.2 (d): Fiber optics tool list 42 Participant Handbook 2.3.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.) Quantity Test Equipment Overview Connector Mating ST/ST, SC/SC, etc. or Adapters – with hybrid ST/SC, etc. 2 per metal or Note that just like test kit ceramic alignment reference cables, these sleeves (NOT wear out and need PLASTIC) frequent replacement. 100-400X microscope with adapters for fiber optic connectors. Should Connector have oblique lighting for 1 inspection best viewing of connector microscope ferrule surface and IR filter to protecteyes from fiber optic source light in fibers. This is a connector ST Bare fiber with a clamp on the Optional adapter back that allows to test bare fibers cleaving the fiber and using for tests. Used for OSP cables to Optical Time verify splices and Domain troubleshoot problems. Optional Reflecto-meter Special OTDRs can also (OTDR) be used in premises if cables are sufficiently long. Alcohol-saturated Must be pure alcohol pads - to clean fiber since rubbing types Many and connectors have high water during splice, content that will cause termination, test. problems with adhesives and fibers. 2.3.2 (e): Fiber optics tool list 43  Optical Fiber Technician 2.3.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.) Quantity Test Equipment Overview Use to clean up, dry off Many Lab wipes connectors after cleaning with alcohol pads. Trash bin - small 1 per disposable container 1 pint deli container with job with top to hold fiber lid works well. scraps 1 per Helps see the fiber scraps student Black work mat to clean up black place mats or vinyl cut to size. These have openings to push connector in, operate 1 once to clean connector. Dry connector cleaner Neater than wet cleaning, just as effctive. 2.3.2 (f): Fiber optics tool list 44 Participant Handbook 2.3.2 Fiber Optics Tools (Contd.) Quantity Termination Consumable Kit Overview Epoxy/polish connector Connector curing are still the cheapest and Optional oven - to -cure epoxy/polish most reliable and a connectors portable curing oven allows fast installation. “BiPax” package hasepoxy and hardener in plastic Several Heat Cure, 2-Part package that is mixed in Epoxy, 2.5 Gram the package. Can be used with many connectors at one time. You will get epoxy on Cheap scissors to these when you cut the Several cut corner off epoxy packa