Philippine Politics and Governance PDF

SEMESTER 1; CYCLE 1: PolGov Philippine Politics and Governance 1. The Concept of Politics POLIS means “City-state” in Greek Philosopher Plato and Aristotle, first ones to look into society Affairs of the State, exercis...

SEMESTER 1; CYCLE 1: PolGov Philippine Politics and Governance 1. The Concept of Politics POLIS means “City-state” in Greek Philosopher Plato and Aristotle, first ones to look into society Affairs of the State, exercise power and authority making political decisions, and allocating limited resources Legitimacy - Legal basis far a ruler to govern over his/her people Sovereignty - The right of a recognized state to govern over its territory ab=nd its people Authority - The leaders power to rule and expect obedience from his/her subjects Views on Politics a. Art of Government - Only Focuses on the Government and all things related to it 1. Private View (Business, Family, Clubs) 2. Public View (Apparatus of Government) b. Public Affairs 1. Private (Family and Domestic) 2. Public (Government Relations, Public Opinion, Policy) c. Compromise and Consensus - There are always conflict and that they are received through discussions and agreement d. As power of resources - Mainly Concerned with the Production, distribution, and use of limited resources Political Vs Political Science a. Political Science - Study of State and Social Affairs - Examines Human Behaviors and Relationship - History, Economy, Geography, Psychology - Study of Power 1. How it is gained 2. How is accumulated and controlled by the state 3. How individuals and groups struggle to forward their interests Similarities Human Interactions Cooperation and Conflict Resolution Government Differences Political Science Politics - Method of Inquiry - Phenomena  - The Mass knowledge deprived from - Actual Conduct of State Affairs studying from politics - Actual Political Activities of the People Where does it happen? Political Science Politics - Relationship of State and people - Daily Lives, Private/Public Spheres Who participates and How? Political Science Politics - Fewer People - Everyone - Complex, Adjective, Simplified Analysis - Fixed, Popular, Simplified Opinions PolSci Helps Politics - Learns Constitutional Rights - Recognize abuses and Violence - Raise Quality of Politics Participation 2. Political Ideologies of Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism Liberalism - Ideology refers to a set of ideas that “structure political understandings and so set goal and inspire activism” - LIBER in Latin which means “ A class of free man” - A response to the breakdown of feudalism a. Divine Right of Kings b. Absolute Monarchy - Principles of Liberalism (Democratic State, prevails over government) a. Individualism - Human beings as individuals. Capable of making their own choices b. Freedom - Pursuit of their own interests, wants, and needs c. Reason - Individuals is a thinking creative who is capable of discerning their aspirations and best interests d. Justice - Fairness and Equality e. Toleration - Allows for Difference without conflict (Develop moral beings) - Diversity is Accepted History English Civil War American Revolution French Revolution Industrial Revolution (17th Century) (1765-1783) (1789-1799) (18th-19th Century)  - Variation of Liberalism a. Classical - Natural Rights: Human Rights (Life, Liberty, Property) - Utilitarianism: Morally good based on the Quantity of pleasure that it will provide - Economic Liberalism: No Government Intervention - Social Darwinism: Individualistic tendencies; those who work the hardest will survive b. Modern - Individuality: Individuals can grow, develop, and learn through their liberties - Positive Freedom: “Freedom to…” “Freedom from…” - Social Liberalism: Welfare State - Economic Management: Doctrine in favor of Economic Intervention Conservatism (French Revolution) - Resistance to Change. (Organic than Subserve) - Adheres to the Importance of maintaining traditional values - Latin = Conservare “Protect to Serve” - DON’T NEED TO CHANGE, JUST PROTECT - Forms of Conservatism a. Liberal Conservatism - Established traditions and respect towards authority and religious indifferences b. National Conservatism - Interests of the Nation and its own citizens c. Social Conservatism - Believes that Government intervention is necessary promoting traditional values and behaviors d. Cultural Conservatism - Preserving a cultural identity e. Religious Conservatism - Religious Traditions and Belief Socialism - Collectively owns and control the means of production a. Machineries b. Lands c. Transportation - Equitably Distributed a. Health Services, Education, and Food - Principles of Socialism a. Social Equality - Unique to Socialism, Equal Circumstances, and Result in Cooperation b. Community - Bond to another Groups (social groups): Shapes that identify the Individual c. Cooperation - Develop concern for other people - Avoids Conflict: Leads towards the good of the community d. Social Class  - Grouped because of common social and economic status - Prolétariat/Bourgeoisie: Eliminate or Narrow the gap between social classes e. Common Ownership - Property that produces wealth - Property that can be used in production: Common ownership resolves competitions 3. Political Ideologies of Communism, Populism, and Feminism Communism - Complete abolition of private property and the establishment of a classes society - Rejection of Private Property - Marxist Tradition of Capitalism a. Ownership of Private property is control to capitalism b. Capitalist human labor leads to Alienation 1. Product (Alienation) - Workers cannot enjoy the fruits of their own labor 2. Process (Alienation) - Labor is unfulfilling; produce commodities 3. Alienation from fellow workers - People develop selfish and individualistic tendencies towards fellow man 4. Alienation from themselves - Working is no longer an expression of the persons creative skills and interests Populism - “Thin Centered” ideology. Separated by the “pure people” versus the “elite people”. Which argues politics should be an expression of the volonte generale (general will) of the people. - Core Concepts of Populism a. The People - Ambiguous but central concept - Cannot be realized without the appeal of people 1. Sovereign 2. The Common People 3. The Nation b. The Elite - Favor interests that are contrary to the peoples genuine wants and needs - Pursue their self serving interests to the detriment of the people 1. Political Elite 2. Economic Elite c. General Will - Capacity of People to join together into a community and legislation to enforce their common interests - Populism holds that this capacity is being sabotage by elite interests - Populism claimed to be “one” with the people by appealing to the general will d. Populism and Democracy - Linked to spread of Democracy - Invokes the Principles of Popular Sovereignty - There should be no constraints on the will of the people e. The Populist Leader - Defining feature of populism is its reliance on strong leaders  - Populist leaders represent themselves as the voice of the people - Always Characterized as Charismatic Strongman (charisma) a. Masculine and Potentially Violent Figure but uses Simple and Vulgar words “Common Man” b. Man of Action, not words c. Voice of the People Feminism - Advocates for women’s political, economical, personal, cultural, and social rights - Divisions of Feminism a. Liberal Feminism - Men and Women are equal worth, so both of them should receive equal rights b. Socialist Feminism - Root of Inequality between the sexes goes beyond politics and laws (oppression) c. Radical Feminism - The oppression of women does not exclusively occur in the political and economical sphere. It exists in every aspects of social experience - Characteristic of Feminism a. The Public and Private divisions 1. Public: Politics, Business, Economics, Education 2. Private: Domestic Duties, Child Care b. Patriarchy - Dominance of the male figure in the family and symbolizes male dominance in society 1. Liberal: Excludes Woman from public spheres 2. Socialists: Patriarchy and capitalism work together in enabling gender and class inequality 3. Radical: Patriarchy is the primary source of women's oppressions c. Sex and Gender - Differentiates Sex and Gender while Patriarchy does not. Latter assumes that social roles are rooted in biological differences - Sex: Biological, Inheritance, Male, Female - Gender: Cultural, External, Man, Woman d. Equality and Differences - Two end goals of feminism 1. Liberal: Equality in the Public Spheres 2. Socialist: Political and Economical Equality 3. Radical: Even in Family and Personal Life - Equality Feminism a. Struggles to provide women the same opportunity and privileges that man enjoy - Difference Feminism a. Not advocate for Equality. They hold the champion the goal of being a fulfilled woman 4. Preamble and the Constitution of the Philippines Constitutio = “Establishment” (Latin)  Set of Legal Orders Fundamental orders that defines the rights of the citizens, serves as the supreme legal authority Evolution: a. 1899 Cons (Malolos) - Separation of Church & State - 3 branches - First republic of Asia b. Ph Autonomy Act of 1916 (Jones Law) - Suffrage, bill of rights c. 1935 Cons (commonwealth) - Sovereignty, Citizenship, US alliance d. 1943 Cons (Puppet Gov) - Conservation of Resources - Tagalog e. 1973 Cons (Martial Law) - Control of President (Parliamentary) - Absolute Power, Suspension of Habeas Corpus f. 1986 Cons (Freedom Cons) - The Current Constitution The structure of the Philippines a. Preamble - Fundamental Purposes and guiding principles of the Cons b. Articles (18) - Bill of Rights, Legislative, Executive, Judicial PREAMBLE: ➔ Art I - National Territory (Lands, Water) We, the Sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of ➔ Art II - Declaration of Principles and State Policy Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane (Sovereignty) society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ➔ Art III - Bill of Rights (Rights) ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, ➔ Art IV - Citizenship (How to be a Citizen) conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ➔ Art V - Suffrage (Right to Vote) ourselves and our prosperity, the blessings of ➔ Art VI - Legislative Department independence and democracy under the rule of law and a ➔ Art VII - Executive Department regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and ➔ Art VIII - Judicial Department peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution. ➔ Art IX - Constitutional Commissions ➔ Art X - Local Government ➔ Art XI - Accountability of Public Officers Constitution of the Government ➔ Art XII - National Economy and Patrimony - Art. VI, VII, VIII, IX, X ➔ Art XIII - Social Justice and Human Rights Constitution of Liberty ➔ Art XIV - Education, Science and Technology, - Art. III, IV, V, XII, XIV, XV Art, Culture, and Sports Constitution of Sovereignty ➔ Art XV - The Family - Art II Sec 1, XVII ➔ Art XVI - General Provisions ➔ Art XVII - Amendments or Revisions ➔ Art XVIII - Transitory Provisions 5. Three Branches of the Philippine Government Check and Balances - Legislative (Congress) can make laws, about the Presidential can veto them - Executive (President) can veto laws but the Congress can override the veto - Judicial (Court) can declare laws or actions unconstitutional, but judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by Congress Executive Branch - Role of President a. Head of State: Represents the Country b. Chief Executive: Manage the Executive Branch c. Head of Government: Overseas the administration d. Chief Diplomat: Manages foreign relations e. Commander in Chief: Commands the Armed Forces - Powers and Functions a. Power of Appointment: Appoints key officials b. Ordinance Power: Can Issue Executive Orders c. Power of General Supervision over Local Government d. Power over Aliens: Regulate and Control Country e. Power of Eminent Domain and Escheat: Acquire Property to Public Use f. Power over Ill- Gotten Wealth: Initiate actions to recover wealth - Constitutional Qualifications a. Natural Born Filipino Citizen, Registered Voter, Read and Write, At least 40 years old b. 6 years term, banned for reelection c. Line of Succession: President - VP - Senate President - Speaker of the House - President’s Cabinet a. President’s Alter Ego, Run Departments, advise the presidents, and help carry out government policies and programs b. Appointed by the President c. Task Forces Legislative Branch - The Philippine Congress a. Upholds the Separation of Powers b. Takes part in a system of checks and balances - Structure of the Philippine Congress a. Bicameral (two chambers), Lower and Upper House  b. Unicameral (Single Chamber) - Powers and Functions a. Lawmaking (First Reading) - Committee hearings to study of the bill - Inviting Resource speakers from agencies, NGO’s, political movements b. Tribunal and Impeachment - Initiates and conducts Impeachments c. Oversight and Legitimation - Monitors the implementation of laws and government performance d. Constituent Power - Proposes and Approves amendments - Philippine House or Representative a. Indictment of Officials - Impeachment complaints may only be filed through the lower chamber Judicial Branch (Focus on the Meaning) - Top Tier: Supreme Court a. Reviews, Revises, Reverses, modifies, or affirms - Supreme Court is the Highest Tribunal in a State - Shari’s Courts (Special Court for Muslims) 6. Decentralization of the Philippine Government Decentralization - “The transfer of planning, decision-making, or administrative authority a. Devolution - Transfer of power and authority from the national government to local government units (LGU’s) b. Deconcentration - Transfer of power, authority or responsibility or the discretion to plan, decide and manage from central to local level c. Debucratizatio - Transfer to some public functions and responsibilities, which government may perform to private entities or NGO’s Region - Sub-national administrative unit comprising of several provinces having more or less homogeneous characteristics Province (Governor) - The largest unit in the political structure of the Philippines. It consists, in varying numbers, of  municipalities and, in some cases, of component cities City (Mayor) - Three classes of Cities: Highly Urbanized, Independent component, and Component Cities Municipality - A political corporate body which is endowed with the facilities of a municipal corporation, exercised by and through the municipal government in conformity with law Barangay (Sangguniang Barangay, Sanguniang Kabataan) - The Smallest political unit which cities and municipalities are divided Local Government - A territorial and political subdivision a. Presence of Higher Authority (Subordination) b. Fixed Territory (Geographical Boundaries) - Autonomous Regions (Article 10, Section 15 of the 1987 Constitution) - BARMM (Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Sulu, Tawi Tawi) Dp’s Reviewer, Goodluck!