C-NCM 111 MODULE 2.pdf

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Mo...

COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Module 2: Activities, Phases and Steps in Nursing Research Process Time Frame: (5 hours). Mapped Learning Outcomes and Course Content for C-NCM 111 NRes1, Module 2 Target Learning Outcomes Content and Activities Hours (At the close of the period Online Session Offline Session allotted, students should:) 5 1. Participate in preparing a 1. Quantitative and Identify ten internet sites which research proposal complying qualitative types of cater to nursing research journals. with ethical principles in research nursing research. 2. Phases of the nursing 2. Conduct a research study as research process in a member of a research team. quantitative studies 3. Steps of the nursing research process in quantitative studies; 4. Activities of the nursing research process in qualitative studies; 5. Steps of the nursing research process in qualitative studies Essay quiz as an evaluation 1. Content / Discussion / Learning Resources / Link MAJOR STEPS IN QUANTITATIVE STUDIES Five Phases of Nursing Research Process and their 18 Steps Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 1 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Phase 1: The Conceptual Phase Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 2 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 The early steps in a quantitative study typically involve activities with a strong conceptual or intellectual element. During this phase, researchers call on such skills as creativity, deductive reasoning, insight and a firm grounding in previous research on the topic of interest. Step 1: Formulating and Delimiting the Problem Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 3 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 The first step is to identify an interesting, significant research problem and to develop research questions. In developing research questions, nurse researchers need to consider the following: Substantive issues (Is the research question significant?) Step 2: Clinical issues (Could the findings be useful in practice?) Methodologic issues (How can this study be designed to yield high-quality evidence?) Practical issues (Are adequate resources available to do the study? Ethical issues (Can this question be rigorously addressed without committing ethical transgressions?) Reviewing the Related Research Literature Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 4 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Quantitative research is typically conducted within the context of previous knowledge. Quantitative researchers typically strive to understand what is already known about a topic by conducting a thorough literature review before any datum is collected. E.g. Wilson et al. (2017) made a study on a critical review of published research literature reviews on nursing and healthcare ageism. Step 3: Understanding Clinical Fieldwork Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 5 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Researchers embarking on a clinical nursing study often benefit from spending time in appropriate clinical settings, discussing the topic with clinicians and health care administrators and observing current practices. Such clinical fieldwork can provide perspectives on recent clinical trends, current diagnostic procedures and relevant health care delivery models. It can also help researchers better understand affected clients and the Step 4: settings in which care is provided. Defining the Borbasi, Jackson and Wilkes (2005) made a study on fieldwork in nursing research and its positionality, practicalities and predicaments. Framework and Developing Conceptual Definitions Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 6 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 When quantitative research is performed within the context of theoretical framework such as when previous theory is used as a basis for generating predictions that can be tested, the findings may have broader significance and utility. Even when the research question is not embedded in a theory, researchers must have a clear sense of the concepts under study. Thus, an important task in the initial phase of a project is the development of conceptual definitions. E.g. In the study of Lunney (2008), a linguistics theory served as the foundation for the theoretical framework. Step 5: Formulating Hypotheses Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 7 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Hypotheses state researchers’ expectations about relationships between study variables. The research question identifies the variables and asks how they might be related. A hypothesis is a predicted answer. For example, the research question might be: Is pre-eclamptic toxemia in pregnant women related to stress factors present during pregnancy? This might lead to the following hypothesis: Pregnant women who report high levels of stress during pregnancy will be more likely than women with lower levels of stress to experience pre-eclamptic toxemia. Most quantitative studies are designed to test hypothesis. Staggs (2019) made a study on pervasive errors in hypothesis testing. Phase 2: The Design and Planning Phase Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 8 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 In the second major phase of a quantitative study, researchers make decisions about the methods to use to address the research question and plan for the actual collection of data. As a consumer, you should be aware that the methodologic decisions that researchers make during this phase affect the integrity, interpretability and clinical utility of the results. Thus, you must be able to evaluate the decisions so that you can determine how much faith to put in the evidence. Step 6: Selecting a Research Design Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 9 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 The research design is the overall plan for obtaining answers to the research questions and for addressing the challenges. In quantitative studies, research designs tend to be highly- structured and to include controls to reduce the effects of contaminating influences. There is a wide variety of experimental and non-experimental designs. Step 7: Developing Protocols for the Intervention Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 10 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 In experimental research, researchers create the independent variable, which means that participants are exposed to two or more different treatments or conditions. An intervention protocol must be developed, specifying exactly what the intervention will entail (e.g. What is it? Who will administer it? How frequently and over how long a period will it last? And what the alternative condition will be. The goal of well-articulated protocols is to have all subjects in each group treated the same way. Step 8: In non-experimental research, of course, this step would not be necessary. Identifying the Population to be Studied Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 11 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Quantitative researchers need to specify a population, indicate what attributes subjects should possess and clarify the group to which study results can be generalized. A population is all the individuals or objects with common, defining characteristics. For example, a researcher might specify that the study population consists of all licensed nurses residing in New York State. Step 9: Designing the Sampling Plan Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 12 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Researchers typically collect data from a sample, which is a subset of the population. Using samples is practical, but the risk is that the sample will not adequately reflect the population’s traits. In a quantitative study, a sample’s adequacy is assessed by the criterion of representativeness, the quality of the sample, is a function of how typical or representative the sample is of the population. The sampling plan specifies in advance how the sample will be selected and how many subjects there will be. Step 10: Specifying Methods to Measure Variables Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 13 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Quantitative researchers must develop or borrow methods to measure the study variables as accurately as possible. Based on the conceptual definitions, researchers select or design methods to operationalize the variables such as to collect the data. A variety of quantitative data collection approaches exist. The primary methods are self-reports such as interviews, observations and bio-physiologic measurements. Step 11: Developing Methods to Protect Human/Animal Rights Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 14 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Most nursing studies involve human subjects, although some involve animals. In either case, procedures need to be developed to ensure that the study adheres to ethical principles. Each aspect of the study plan needs to be reviewed to determine whether the rights of subjects have been adequately protected. Step 12: Finalizing and Reviewing the Research Plan Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 15 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Before collecting any datum, researchers often seek feedback from colleagues or advisers and perform a number of tests to endure that plans will work smoothly. For example, they may evaluate the readability of any written material to determine if participants with low reading skills can comprehend them or they might pretest their measuring instruments to assess their adequacy. If researchers have concerns about their study plans, they may undertake a pilot study, which is a small-scale version or trial run of the major study. Phase 3: The Empirical Phase Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 16 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 The empirical portion of a quantitative study involves collecting research data and preparing those data for analysis. The empirical phase is often the most time-consuming part of the investigation. Step 13: Collecting the Data Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 17 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Data collection in a quantitative study normally proceeds according to a pre-established plan. The data collection plan typically specifies procedures for actually collecting the data such as where, when and how the data will be gathered, for recruiting the sample and for training those who will collect the data. Step 14: Preparing Data for Analysis Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 18 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 The data collected in a quantitative study are rarely amenable to direct analysis. Preliminary steps are needed before the analysis can proceed. One such step is coding, which is the process of translating data into numeric form. For example, patients’ responses to a question about their gender might be coded (1) for females and (2) for males. Another preliminary step involves transferring data from Phase 4: Analytic or Analytical Phase Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 19 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 The quantitative data gathered in the empirical phase are not reported in raw form such as a mass of numbers. They are subjected to analysis and interpretation, which occurs in the fourth major phase of the project. Step 15: Analyzing the Data Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 20 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Research data must be processed and analyzed in an orderly fashion so that patterns and relationships can be discerned and validated and hypothesis can be tested. Quantitative data are analyzed through statistical analyses, which include some simple procedures as well as complex and sophisticated methods. Step 16: Interpreting the Results Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 21 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Interpretation is the process of making sense of the results and examining their implications within a broader context. In quantitative studies, researchers attempt to interpret study results in light of prior evidence and theory and in light of the adequacy of the methods used in the study. Interpretation also involves determining how the findings can be best be used in clinical practice or what further research is needed before utilization can be recommended. Phase 5: The Dissemination Phase Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 22 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 In the analytic or analytical phase, the researcher comes full circle: the questions posed at the outset are answered. The researcher’s job is not completed, however, until the study results are disseminated. Step 17: Communicating the Findings Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 23 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 A study cannot contribute evidence to nursing practice if the results are not communicated. Another and often final task of a research project, therefore, is the preparation of a research report that can be shared with others. Step 18: Utilizing Research Evidence in Practice Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 24 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 Many studies have little effect on nursing practice. Ideally, the concluding step of a high-quality study is to plan for its use in practice settings. Although nurse researchers may not always be able to implement a plan for utilizing research findings, they can contribute to the process by developing recommendations regarding how study findings could be incorporated into nursing practice and by vigorously pursuing opportunities to disseminate the findings to practicing nurses. MAJOR ACTIVITIES IN A QUALITATIVE STUDY Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 25 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2024-2025 In a qualitative study, the progression is closer to a circle than to a straight line. Qualitative researchers are continually examining and interpreting data and making decisions about how to proceed based on what has already been discovered. Cetinkaya et al. (2019) made a qualitative study on the perceptions of intern physicians about nursing profession. Phase 1: Conceptualizing and Planning a Qualitative Study Faculty: D r. E mmanuel M. Bagtas and Dr. Joseph Michael D. Manlutac Page 26 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Step 1: Identifying a Research Problem Qualitative researchers generally begin with a general topic area, often focusing on an aspect of a topic that is poorly understood and about which little is known. They therefore do not develop hypotheses or pose refined research questions at the outset. Qualitative researchers often proceed with a fairly broad research question that allows the focus to be sharpened and delineated more clearly once they are in the field. Step 2: Doing a Literature Review Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 27 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Qualitative researchers do not all agree about the value of doing an upfront literature review. Some believe that the literature should not be consulted before collecting new data. Their concern is that prior studies might unduly influence their conceptualization o the phenomenon under study. According to this view, the phenomenon should be elucidated based on participants’ viewpoints rather than or prior information. Others believe that researchers should conduct at least a cursatory literature review at the outset. In any event, qualitative researchers typically find a relatively small body of relevant literature because of the type of questions they ask. Step 3: Selecting and Gaining Entrée into Research Sites Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 28 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Before going into the field, qualitative researchers must identify a site that is consistent with the research topic. For example, if the topic is the health care beliefs of the urban poor, an inner-city neighborhood with a concentration of low- income residents must be identified. In many cases, researchers need to make preliminary contacts with key actors in the site to ensure cooperation and access to informants such as researchers need to gain entrée into the site. Gaining entrée typically involves negotiations with gatekeepers who have the authority to permit entry into their world. Step 4: Designing Qualitative Studies Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 29 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Qualitative researchers use an emergent design – a design that emerges during the course of data collection. Certain design features are guided by the study’s qualitative tradition, but qualitative studies do not have a rigid structure that prohibits changes in the field. Step 5: Addressing Ethical Issues Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 30 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Nursing research uses human beings as subjects, hence the researcher must exercise caution to protect the rights of the subjects against undue impositions. The complex nature of nursing research may place the researcher and the participants of the study in an uncompromising situation. Qualitative researchers must develop plans for addressing ethical issues. Indeed, there are special concerns in qualitative studies because of the more intimate nature of the relationship that typically develops between researchers and study participants. Yakov, Shilo and Shor (2010) made a study on nurses’ perceptions of ethical issues related to patients’ rights law. Phase 2: Conducting a Qualitative Study Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 31 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 In qualitative studies, the activities of sampling, data collection, data analysis and interpretation typically take place iteratively. Qualitative researchers begin by talking with or observing people who have first-hand experience with the phenomenon under study. The discussions and observations are loosely structured, allowing participants to express a full range of beliefs, feelings and behaviors. Analysis and interpretation are ongoing, concurrent activities used to guide questions about whom to sample next and what questions to ask or observations to make. The actual process of data analysis involves clustering together related types of narrative information into a coherent scheme. As analysis and interpretation progress, the researcher begins to identify themes and categories which are used to build descriptive theory of the phenomenon. Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 32 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 The kinds of data obtained become increasingly focused and purposeful as a theory emerges. Theory development and verification shape the sampling and data gathering process- as the theory develops, the researcher seeks participants who can confirm and enrich the theoretical understandings as well as participants who can potentially challenge them and lead to further theoretical development. Qualitative researchers’ sampling decisions are guided by the data themselves. Many qualitative researchers use the principle of saturation which occurs when themes and categories in the data become repetitive and redundant, such that no new information can be gleaned by further data collection. Qualitative researchers are the main data collection instrument and must take steps to ensure the trustworthiness of the data while in the field. The central feature of these efforts is to confirm that the findings accurately reflect the experiences and viewpoints of the participants, rather than the researchers’ perceptions. For example, one confirmatory activity involves going back to participants and sharing preliminary interpretations with them so that they can evaluate whether the researcher’s thematic analysis is consistent with their experiences. Phase 3: Disseminating Qualitative Findings Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 33 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Qualitative researchers strive to share their findings with other nurses and health care specialists. Qualitative research reports are increasingly being published in the nursing literature. Qualitative reports are generally filled with rich verbatim passages directly from study participants. The excerpts are used in as evidential fashion to support or illustrate researchers’ interpretations and thematic construction. Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 34 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Qualitative nurse researchers want to see their findings used by others. Qualitative findings often are the basis for formulating hypotheses that are tested by quantitative researchers and for developing measuring instruments used for both research and clinical purposes. Qualitative findings can also provide a foundation for designing effective nursing interventions. Qualitative studies help to shape nurses’ perceptions of a problem or situation, their conceptualization of potential solutions and their understanding of patients’ concerns and experiences. 2. Assessment of Learning This section will enable you to do self-check of your progress in the discussion. During the self-evaluation, you are expected to practice the virtue of honesty. A score equivalent to 75% will enable you to proceed to the assignment section. A separate sheet will be utilized to answer the questions in this section. You may repeat answering the questions until the required score equivalent is acquired. Self-Check True of False Direction: Write True if the statement is correct or False if the statement is incorrect on the blank provided before each number. 1. During the conceptual phase, researchers call on such skills as creativity, deductive reasoning, insight and a firm grounding in previous research on the topic of interest. 2. Qualitative research is typically conducted within the context of previous knowledge. 3. Researchers embarking on a clinical nursing study often benefit from spending time in appropriate clinical settings, discussing the topic with clinicians and health care administrators and observing current practices. 4. An assumption is a predicted answer. 5. In the second major phase of a quantitative study, researchers make decisions about the methods to use to address the research question and plan for the actual collection of data. 6. In non-experimental research, researchers create the independent variable, which means that participants are exposed to two or more different treatments or conditions. Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 35 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 7. Quantitative researchers need to specify a population, indicate what attributes subjects should possess and clarify the group to which study results can be generalized. 8. Most nursing studies involve animals, although some involve human subjects. 9. Data collection in a quantitative study normally proceeds according to a pre-established plan. 10. The quantitative data gathered in the empirical phase are not reported in raw form such as a mass of numbers. Identification Direction: Write the correct answer on the blank provided before each number. 1. It is the first phase in quantitative research process. 2. It is the second phase in quantitative research process. 3. It is the third phase in quantitative research process. 4. It is the fourth phase in quantitative research process. 5. It is the fifth phase in quantitative research process. 6. It typically involves negotiations with gatekeepers who have the authority to permit entry into their world. 7. It is a design that emerges during the course of data collection. 8. It is the process of making sense of the results and examining their implications within a broader context. 9. It states researchers’ expectations about relationships between study variables. 10. It is the process of translating data into numeric form. Evaluation Assignment Direction: Identify ten (10) internet sites which cater to nursing research journals. References Barrientos-Tan, C. (2005). A Research Guide in Nursing Education: A Text and Workbook, Second Edition, Gentess Publishing Co. Inc. Borbasi, S., Jackson, D. & Wilkes, L. (2005). Fieldwork in nursing research: Positionality, practicalities and predicaments, Journal of Advanced Nursing (Wiley-Blackwell) 51 (5), 493-501. Cetinkaya, A., Rahman, S., Elbi, H. & Altan, S. (2019). Perceptions of intern physicians about nursing profession: a qualitative research, Medical Journal 44 (1), 148-155. doi: 10.17826/cumj.566554. Lunney, M. (2008). The need for international nursing diagnosis research and a theoretical framework, International Journal of Nursing Terminologies & Classifications 19 (1), 28-34. Polit, D. & Beck, C. (2006). Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal and Utilization, Sixth Edition, Lipincott Williams and Wilkins. Polit, D. & Beck, C. (2004). Nursing Research Principles: Methods, Seventh Edition, Lipincott Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 36 of 37  COLLEGE OF NURSING AND PHARMACY C-NCM 111 – NURSING RESEARCH 1 LECTURE First Semester | AY 2021-2022 Williams and Wilkins. Staggs, V. (2019). Pervasive errors in hypothesis testing: Toward better statistical practice in nursing research, International Journal of Nursing Studies 98, 87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.06.012. Wilson, D., Nam, M., Murphy, J., Victorino, J., Gondim, E. & Low, G. (2017). A crucial review of published research literature reviews on nursing and healthcare ageism, Journal of Clinical Nursing (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 26 (23-24), 3881-3892. Yakov, G., Shilo, Y. & Shor, T. (2010). Nurses’ perceptions of ethical issues related to patients’ rights law, Nursing Ethics 17 (4), 501-510. doi: 10.1177/0969733010368199. Congratulations for having completed this C-NCM 111 Module 2! See you in the next module. Faculty: Emmanuel M. Bagtas, PhD, RN Page 37 of 37