BS Logic Reviewer 1st Semester PDF

BSLOGIC- 279 UNIT 1: PHILOSOPHY AND ITS NATURE 1.1 Philosophy: Etymology and Meaning ❖ This definition by St. Thomas Philosophy Aquinas is now accepte...

BSLOGIC- 279 UNIT 1: PHILOSOPHY AND ITS NATURE 1.1 Philosophy: Etymology and Meaning ❖ This definition by St. Thomas Philosophy Aquinas is now accepted as the real - as the “Love of Wisdom.” - definition of philosophy. etymological definition (root word) Pythagoras Nature of Philosophy - a Greek philosopher, derived the 1. Philosophy is a science. As a term from two Greek words: science, Philosophy is based on a a. philos means “love” systematic body of knowledge b. sophia means “wisdom.” derived through the process of - Coined the term “philosophy” rational demonstration. - One of the successor of Thales - With this description, philosophy is - Great mathematician and scientist thought of as a science since it is a known for “Pythagorean Theorem” systematized body of human Thales knowledge supported by facts - Considered to be the “first and verifiable principles. philosopher” 2. Philosophy deals with formal - Father of Philosophy reasons, causes, and principles - Proposed the principle of cosmos a. By “reasons,” it is that by which a “water” thing is - The first sea navigator- computed known and can be understood. the distance b. By “causes,” refers to those which - Believed that the world “floats on contribute in some positive manner water” toward the production of a thing. Thomas of Aquinas ➔ Responsible for the production of - highly respectful of the works of his an effect predecessors in the field of c. In addition, by “principles” it is that philosophical investigation from which something proceeds. - He thought of philosophy in a slightly ➔ It is the bedrock of the study different way. This is evidently ❖ In simple words, Philosophy shown when he redefined it through understands and explains the the so- called classical definition fundamental essences of things. of philosophy. (4) FOUR TYPES OF CAUSES: - Greatest philosopher of all time a. MATERIAL Aristotle b. FORMAL - Ultimate goals is to strive for c. EFFICIENT (eudaimonia) happiness d. FINAL This classical definition states that: Material Cause - philosophy “is the science of beings - It is the things used to produce which deals with formal reasons, another i.e plastic chair causes, and principles knowable Formal Cause through the aid of human reason - Is the one that determines the alone” (Bittle, 1950: 7). configuration or form of an object Preliminary Exam 1st Semester A.Y 2024-2025  BSLOGIC- 279 Efficient Cause and manifestations. To avoid confusion, - A type of cause that is known as Philosophy treats the different forms of the”doer or performer” of an action being under different headings. This leads Final Cause to the classical division of philosophy into a - The reason; number of departments. intention,motive,purpose behind the action A. Ontology or Metaphysics - This is the study of beings in Object of Philosophy themselves. - In any field of study, it is imperative - Oftentimes known as the most to first uncover its object and scope. pervasive form of philosophical Thus, the subject matter of the field inquiry due to its vast coverage of of study as well as the special study such as the nature, attributes, interests of the subject matter is and principles of beings in their dealt with in the Object of the Study. general states. In fact, it is here that a. Material Object of a science as the a student in philosophy can get a subject matter cover of the study. very basic overview of classical Since Philosophy covers all things, philosophy as a whole. all things are the material objects - Man,world,and divide reality (God) of philosophy. - Most important b. The Formal Object of a science is B. Cosmology (study of the world) what is primarily considered by the - This is an inquiry on the physical science as the special interest of the world and the ultimate principles of study in the subject matter and by bodily natures. the reason of which it deals with - In this division of the study of its subject matter. philosophy, the students will ➔ In the case of Philosophy, the formal certainly understand that certain object is the formal reasons and things exist because of certain formal principles of things (Piñon, objects, which may not even be 1995: 3). observable like time, space, energy, ➔ Hence, it can be noted now that and force. through the material object and - These things explain why there are formal object of philosophy we can movements, material objects determine the scope of the study existing in a definite state and and its limitations in dealing with condition, and the temporariness of the object of such investigation. things that depend on the existence Likewise, the real definition of the of force and energy. term philosophy is made clearer C. Theodicy (study of the divine reality) through them. - This is the study of the essence and existence of God. Division of Philosophy - In this division, philosophy deals with As can be observed, Philosophy under the the divine reality without recourse to aspect of its ultimate reasons, causes, and theological foundations, but simply principles treats the world in all its forms with the aid only of pure human Preliminary Exam 1st Semester A.Y 2024-2025  BSLOGIC- 279 reason in order to arrive at acting with knowledge and freedom conclusive statements that prove because of their absence in an act divine essence and existence. Here, or uncontrollable defects making him either there is a widespread use of the five less responsible or not responsible for the proofs of divine existence of consequences of his said acts. Thomas Aquinas. - Nevertheless, the overriding concern (5) Proofs of Divine existence of St. of the study is the rectitude of Thomas Aquinas: human acts if such acts are done ★ The First Way: Motion without conformity with existing ★ The Second Way: Efficient Cause norms of reason or morality. ★ The Third Way: Possibility and E. Political or Social Philosophy Necessity - This is the study of the ultimate ★ The Fourth Way: Gradation foundation of the state. ★ The Fifth Way: Design - This subject is very much useful in The First Way: Motion the study of political science due to - Progress from one condition to its consideration of the different another theories evolved by political The Second Way: Efficient Cause philosophers most particularly of the - Doer of an action modern period. The Third Way: Possibility and Necessity (4) FOUR IMPORTANT ELEMENT a. Possibility - 50% of occurence 1. Territory b. Necessity - it will always occur - Definit location The Fourth Way: Gradation 2. People - There is a gradation to be found in - 2 sex (female) (male) things: some are better (hotter, 3. Government colder, etc.) than others. - Ideals of state and assured The Fifth Way: Design 4. Autonomy - All things have an order or - Other state should recognize our arrangement that leads them to a economics particular goal. F. Epistemology or Theory of Knowledge - This is an inquiry on the validity of D. Ethics or Moral Philosophy. human knowledge. The certainty - This is an inquiry on the nature and extent of human knowledge is and morality of human conduct. investigated in this discipline. - Practical science on the morality of - Truth is not relative but absolute human conduct G. Aesthetics or Philosophy of - Through this study, philosophers Beauty argue that man is a responsible - This is an inquiry on the deeper agent of his actions, which even understanding of beauty in things. In makes him more human when he reality, this is the shortest work of Aristotle acts with definite deliberation and wherein he emphasized the dominance of freedom. subjectivity vs objectivity in judging things of - However, this study also proves that beauty. sometimes man is incapable of Preliminary Exam 1st Semester A.Y 2024-2025  BSLOGIC- 279 - Hence, it is said the “beauty lies in and the importance of the concept the eye of the beholder.” Still, of life. however, it should be noted that the - Explains life as an opportunity and mind considers - - beauty as partly death as a real-life situation and subjective and partly objective destiny humanity cannot avoid since in philosophy rational L. Logic. judgment should contain objectivity. - This is the study of correct inferential thinking and valid reasoning. The essential issue in H. Axiology or Philosophy of Values. this study is attainment of an - This philosophical discipline studies understandable and valid conclusion the concept of Values. Closely of the whole process of reasoning. attached to ethics, it offers Such is the concern of the information on how one can subsequent chapters to this one. determine action that is good, Sight: Vision acceptable, and desirable. Sound: Auditory (Hearing) - Actions, which are determined as Smell: Olfactory desirable, serve as a guide and Taste: Gustatory motivate man to perform a certain Touch: Tactile action. “OUR PERFECTION IS ONLY I. Philosophy of Man. RELATIVE;NOT ABSOLUTE THAT IS - This is the study of what man is and WHY WE KEEP ON DEVELOPING” how to be human. The approach in the study is a result of combining two well-known philosophical disciplines such as phenomenology and existentialism. Hence, this is practically phenomenological existentialism. J. Rational Psychology. - This philosophy explores the principle of man’s life. Here, the concern is the treatment of the incorporeal principle of man, which is the soul. - Since, it is given that there are three grades of life existing in the world; it is also acceptable to say that there are practically three different existing souls, which are the sources or principles of life in this world. K. Thanatology or Philosophy of Life - The philosophical discipline that explores the meaning of Death Preliminary Exam 1st Semester A.Y 2024-2025