Brief Historical Development of Agriculture and Philippine Agriculture PDF

INTRO TO AGRICULTURE BRIEF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE and Philippine Agriculture HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE: A TIMELINE Agriculture, also known as farming, is...

INTRO TO AGRICULTURE BRIEF HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE and Philippine Agriculture HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE: A TIMELINE Agriculture, also known as farming, is the production of food, fiber, animal feed and other goods by harvesting plants and animals. Agriculture is now practiced throughout the world and is an essential part of human civilization and its history dates back thousands of years. INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE (10,000 BCE) Agriculture was invented during the Neolithic era, also known as the New Stone Age. The birthplace of agriculture is believed to be the Fertile Crescent, a region stretching from the eastern Mediterranean coast to the Persian Gulf. The eight Neolithic crops were emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, hulled barley, chickpeas, and flax.  IRRIGATION AND CANAL NETWORKS (4000-3000 BCE) Shaduf Irrigation systems were developed in Egypt and Mesopotamia to help regulate the flow of rivers and ensure the availability of water for crops. One of the most impressive irrigation systems developed during this time was the qanat, an underground canal used to tap into underground streams. Shadoof, also spelled Shaduf, is a hand-operated device for lifting water. The shadoof was a long tool on a seesaw type of bottom, with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other. IMPROVEMENTS IN FARMING IMPLEMENTS (3000-1000 BCE) During the Bronze Age, advanced metalworking techniques led to the development of stronger farming implements. This allowed for more efficient tilling of the soil and increased agricultural productivity. The moldboard plow and crop rotation were also introduced during this time. BRITISH AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION (1700S-1800S) The British Agricultural Revolution was a period of significant agricultural productivity in Britain. New methods of crop rotation and cultivation of previously unused land were introduced, and new crops such as the turnip were grown. EVOLUTION OF EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY (1800S-1900S) The introduction of agricultural equipment and machinery such as tractors and mechanical harvesters helped to increase efficiency and productivity on the farm. More recently, GPS-guided tractors, drones, and sensors have been developed to monitor soil and crop health. Hybrid seeds have also been created through genetic engineering. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (1900S-PRESENT) Sustainable agriculture is a method of farming that promotes environmentally- friendly and socially-responsible practices. Techniques include crop rotation, cover cropping, and integrated pest management, as well as efforts to reduce the use of pesticides. AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (1900S-PRESENT) Agricultural biotechnology involves the use of genetic engineering to improve crop yields and enhance plant traits. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been developed, but there is ongoing debate about their potential health and environmental risks.  AGRICULTURAL POLICY (1900S-PRESENT) Government subsidies and regulations have been used to support agricultural development and protect labor, the environment, and animal welfare. Refrigerated transport companies are also essential for the transport of perishable goods. THE FUTURE OF AGRICULTURE (PRESENT-FUTURE) The future of agriculture will likely involve the continued development and use of emerging technologies and innovations, such as robotics and artificial intelligence. Precision agriculture, which uses data and analytics to optimize crop yields and minimize inputs, will also become more important. Vertical farming, which involves growing crops in stacked layers, and agroforestry, which integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes, may also become more prevalent.  PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable agricultural systems to monsoons and other extreme weather events, which are expected to create more uncertainty as climate change affects the Philippines. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization has described the local policy measures as some of the most proactive in risk reduction. STATUS OF AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES Agriculture in the Philippines is a major sector of the economy, ranking third among the sectors in 2022 behind only Services and Industry. Its outputs include staples like rice and corn, but also export crops such as coffee, cavendish banana, pineapple and pineapple products, coconut, sugar, and mango.  PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD Item 5 Item 2 25% 25% INDIGENOUS FILIPINOS PRACTICED SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE, GROWING RICE, ROOT CROPS (SUCH AS TARO AND YAM), AND FRUITS. IRRIGATED RICE PADDIES, CALLED BANAUE RICE TERRACES, WERE HIGHLY DEVELOPED, ESPECIALLY AMONG THE IFUGAO IN NORTHERN LUZON. Item 4 Item 3 25% 25% SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1565–1898) The Spanish introduced new crops like tobacco, corn, cacao, coffee, and sugarcane, transforming Philippine agriculture into a cash crop-based economy. Large-scale plantations (haciendas) were established. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898–1946) The Americans introduced modern agricultural techniques and established agricultural schools, including the founding of the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), which became a hub for agricultural research. Programs like the land distribution system aimed to modernize agriculture and reduce social inequality, though they had mixed results. The Philippines also became a key exporter of products like sugar, abaca, and coconut.. POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD (1946–PRESENT) After independence, the Philippine government emphasized self-sufficiency in rice production. However, land reform was a central issue due to the concentration of agricultural land among a few elite families. The Green Revolution reached the Philippines in the 1960s and 1970s, improving rice yields through high-yield varieties (HYVs), fertilizers, and irrigation projects. The country also focused on cash crops like coconut, bananas, and pineapples for export.  PRESENTATION CONCLUSION The history of agriculture, both globally and in the Philippines, highlights its crucial role in human development. Globally, it transformed societies from hunters and gatherers into settled civilizations. In the Philippines, agriculture has been essential since pre-colonial times, evolving through colonization and modernization. Today, it remains vital to the economy and culture, facing challenges like climate change and the need for sustainable practices, while continuing to be a key sector for national development  Presentation by: Jayson T. Bagan & Thea B. Dizon THANK YOU Introduction to Agriculture BS in Agricultural Extension www.ivywahingofficial