Inspection and Maintenance of Tunnels and Deep Cuttings PDF

INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS AND DEEP CUTTINGS CHAPTER - X INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS AND DEEP CUTTINGS PART A - TUNNELS 1001. Inspection by Engineering Inspectors...

INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS AND DEEP CUTTINGS CHAPTER - X INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS AND DEEP CUTTINGS PART A - TUNNELS 1001. Inspection by Engineering Inspectors 7KH 3HUPDQHQW ZD\ ,QVSHFWRU VKDOO LQVSHFW HYHU\ WXQQHO RQ KLV VHFWLRQ RQFH D \HDU GXULQJ WKH SUHVFULEHG PRQWK DIWHU WKH PRQVRRQ VHDVRQEXWZKHUHVSHFLILHGE\WKH&KLHI(QJLQHHUWKHVWUXFWXUDOSDUW VKDOOEHLQVSHFWHGE\WKH:RUNV,QVSHFWRU 1002. Items to be covered in the Inspection 7KHLQVSHFWLRQVKDOOFRYHU D 7XQQHODSSURDFKHVDQGFXWWLQJV E 3RUWDOVDWHLWKHUHQG F 7XQQHOZDOOVOLQLQJDQGURRILQJ OLQHGDQGXQOLQHG G 'UDLQDJH H 5HIXJHV I 9HQWLODWLRQVKDIWV$GLWV J 7KHVHFWLRQLQUHODWLRQWRPRYLQJGLPHQVLRQV K 7KHWUDFNDQG L /LJKWLQJHTXLSPHQWDQGVSHFLDOWRROVZLWKWKHPDLQWHQDQFHJDQJ 1003. 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Inspection by Assistant Engineer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³,FHUWLI\WKDW,KDYHLQVSHFWHGDOOWKHWXQQHOVVKRZQLQUHJLVWHU GXULQJWKH\HDUHQGLQJDQGKDYHLVVXHGGHWDLOHGRUGHUVLQZULWLQJWR WKH,QVSHFWRUVFRQFHUQHGH[FHSWWKHIROORZLQJRQZKLFKWKH'LYLVLRQDO 6U'LYLVLRQDO(QJLQHHU¶VRUGHUVDUHVROLFLWHG³7KHVHUHJLVWHUVVKRXOG EHLQWKH'LYLVLRQDO6U'LYLVLRQDO(QJLQHHU¶VRIILFHE\VSHFLILHGGDWH INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 64 CHAPTER -  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS 1005. By Divisional / Sr. Divisional Engineers 1. The Divisional/Sr. Divisional Engineers shall carefully scrutinize the Assistant Engineer tunnel inspection register and inspect such tunnels as called for his inspection, He shall record his orders regarding the points which require a decision by him and initial against every entry of tunnel in the register in token of scrutiny. He should endorse an each register, below the Assistant Engineer certificate, as follows: "I have personally scrutinised this register and have issued orders regarding all essential points requiring a decision by me. The following points are submitted to the Chief Bridge Engineer at Headquarters for orders." $&6GWG 2. The Divisional / Sr. Divisional Engineer should extract the items of inspection register requiring attention and send it to the Assistant Engineer who should intimate the same to the Inspector concerned for expeditious compliance. 3. The register should be forwarded to the Chief Bridge Engineer at Headquarters who will examine each register: issue orders regarding matters referred to him, endorsing the registers to the effect and return them to the Divisional/Sr. Divisional Engineer. Subsequent action taken on the notes should be entered in the registers by the Assistant Engineer. $&6GWG 1006. Mobile Staging for Inspection Requisite stagings mounted on the mobile units, such as open wagon, dip-lorry or rail motor, shall be used to carry out thorough inspection of the sides and roof of the tunnels. These should be kept at suitable points for urgent use as required. 1007A. Details of tunnel inspection The details of inspection to be carried out are as follows 1. Tunnel Approaches and Cutting : Normally the tunnel approaches will be in deep cuttings. The inspection of these cuttings should be carried out as detailed in paras 1010 to 1012 later in this Chapter. 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 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS AND DEEP CUTTINGS 1008. Leakage in tunnels and methods of correction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³9´DQGFDXONLQJZLWKOHDG ZRRODQGE\JXQLWLQJ INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 72 CHAPTER -  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS 2.4 Where seepage in joints or cracks is too great to seal or a definite leak occurs, water should be carried in recessed drain to the side drain level. A series of holes should be drilled in the recessed drain channel through the tunnel lining to offer an easy path for escape of water. The face of the drain may be of brick or shotcrete. 2.5 Very often , leaks around the portals are due to poor drainage over the portal. This may be due to clogged portal drains and/ or weathered material forming a catch basin over the portal. Generally it is best to open portal drains and clear the drainage ditches above the portal. 1009. Works connected with the maintenance of tunnels All works in tunnels should be carried out under the protection of engineering signals. The Inspector concerned shall be responsible for the safety of trains and of the men and equipment. Mobile testing units shall be used under block protection. PART B - CUTTINGS 1010. General A register for inspection of cuttings should be maintained in the proforma given in Annexure 1012. Separate page will be maintained for each cutting. This register should be sent to CBE for his perusal every year. 1011. Schedule of Inspection of Cuttings 1 Immediately after the monsoon, the SSEIJE Pway should inspect each cutting and record his observation in the register which should be sent to the AEN for his examination well before the next monsoon to enable planning of remed.ial measures that he may like fo take in the intervening period. 2 Each cutting should be inspected before the onset of rains by the AEN concerned and he should record his remarks in the register which should then be sent to the SSEIJE Pway for taking appropriate action. Action taken by the SSEIJE Pway should be recorded in the register and the same returned to the AEN for his perusal before the onset of the monsoon. Date by which these registers should be returned to the AEN for his perusal to ascertain that adequate action has been taken should be specified by the Sr. DENICo-ordination depending upon the time when the monsoon starts in a particular section. INDIANRAILWAYSBRIDGEMANUAL 173 CHAPTERͲ10  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS 3 Divisional EngineerlSr. Divisional Engineer should inspect the cuttings referred to him by AEN and by CBE if referred by Divisional EngineerISr. Divisional Engineer. 4 During spell of heavy rains, the AEN &SSE/JE Pway should inspect by trolley, foot-plate of the engine or other means the cuttings and allied works as frequently as possible. 1012. Vulnerable Cuttings- Identification and special Precautions 1. Divisional Engineer/Sr. Divisional Engineer should review and identify the vulnerable cuttings in his jurisdiction at least once in every three years. If required, an experienced geologist from reputed institute/organization may be associated for joint inspection. 2. Vulnerability of cuttings is to be established after careful evaluation of risk potential that the cuttings pose to traffic and workmen from critical study of relevant factors. (Refer: RDSO Guidelines for Cuttings in Railway Formations; Guideline No. GE: G- 2, August 2005: Chapter Vlll, Part B, Para 5.0) 3. Stationary watchmen should be posted round the clock at nominated vulnerable cuttings during the monsoon period in accordance with para 1014 of Indian Railway Permanent Way Manual 2004. 4. During monsoon, frequent inspection of vulnerable cuttings. may be carried out as required keeping in view the past history and the vulnerability of the cuttings. 1013. Points to be noted during inspection of cuttings 1. Method of inspection, procedure for identification of loose mass and its removal for different heights of cuttings shall be as given below- i) Cuttings which are of height less than 5m These cuttings should be inspected thoroughly by walking over them. The loose soil, susceptible boulders shall be identified and marked with paint. Removal of loose boulders shall be planned and executed well before monsoon in a systematic manner, observing adequate safety precautions.. ii) Cuttings with height 5 to 10m These Cuttings should be inspected using binoculars and INDIANRAILWAYSBRIDGEMANUAL 174 CHAPTERͲ10  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS integrity of cuttings judiciously examined. Particular attention should be given to locations having mixed type of strata (like boulders and soil) and to cracks, fractures and joints in rock cuttings. If there seems any chance of separation of boulders/rock mass during monsoon, it should be immediately attended before onset of monsoon. iii) Cuttings more than 10m height The specially trained persons normally designated as hill gang shall be recruited for climbing by using harnesses, rope and other accessories as required for rock climbing. The doubtful locations shall be judiciously identified by inspecting persons and necessary action for felling of loose boulders etc. shall be taken using "Boulder Special". 2. The inspecting official should carefully examine: ii) Signs of upheaval in the regular slope surface of cuttings. ii) Whether catch water drains have been provided to intercept water from running down the hill side and getting into the cuttings. He should see that the catch water drains are clear of all obstructions and ensure that there are no depressions in the longitudinal level of these drains which could collect storm water and may cause slips. He should check that the catch,water drains have a good longitudinal slope towards the outfall. iii) The condition of side drains and see that they are not choked up. iv) Any loose boulders and perched trees on top of cuttings and side slopes which are likely to fall and are in precarious position. v) The condition of pitching on the slopes, if any. vi) The condition of retaining walls, weep holes and other protection1 strengthening measures. Instructions as given in para 1014 and 1015 shall be followed for inspection of Boulder nets and Rock Bolts respectively. vii) Availability and condition of warning systems1boards and trolley refuges. 1014. Inspection of Boulder nets provided in cuttings: 1. Boulder nets, joints, fixtures and other accessories should be inspected for signs of corrosion. INDIANRAILWAYSBRIDGEMANUAL 175 CHAPTERͲ10  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS 2. PVC coating on the boulder nets should be inspected to detect any loss that might have taken place. 3.Top, bottom and intermediate anchoring of boulder nets should be inspected for theiradequacy and effectiveness. 4.Interlacing of boulder nets should be inspected and corrected if required. 5.Boulder nets shall be inspected for loose/trapped boulder/rock mass and necessary action for their removal shall be taken as per requirement. 6. The boulder nets shall be inspected for any damages/bulging. 7.If boulder nets show any signs of distress, suitable remedial/strengthening measures shouldbe taken to ensure effectiveness of boulder nets. In case of suspected loss of strength of boulder nets, a sample piece should be sent to a reputed laboratory for confirmatory tests as per applicable specifications and necessary remedial/strengthening action shall accordingly be taken. Comments /observations on above items shall be recorded in Cutting inspection Register. 1015. Inspection of Rockbolts provided in Cuttings/Tunnels. 1. The inspection of rockbolts provided in cuttings/tunnels shall be carried out alongwith respective cuttings/tunnel inspection and it should be entered specifically in the respective registers. 2. The schedule of Inspection of rockbolts will be same as that of the inspection schedule of cuttings/tunnel. 3. Rockbolts shall be numbered serially in the order of increasing KM. 4.Rockbolts (including accessories) shall be inspected for signs of corrosion and looseness. The surroundings of bolts should be closely inspected for any sign of distress. 5. Any dampness observed around the rockbolt should be recorded. 6. If rockbolt shows any signs of distress, sounding of the location should be done for 10m oneither side and pull out tests (as per IS: 11309-1985) should be conducted (if required) on sample rock bolts (as decided by AEN) in distressed stretch. Based on the INDIANRAILWAYSBRIDGEMANUAL 176 CHAPTERͲ10  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS results of sounding and pull out tests (if conducted), suitable remedial/strengthening measures should be taken. 1016. Action to be taken in the case of boulder fall 1. In case of boulder fall, the boulder may be removed by jacking. If the boulder cannot be moved by jacks or levers, blasting will be necessary. 2. SSE/JE who will handle blasting equipment should be conversant with the methods of blasting and should be familiar with all safety precautions to be observed for the custody and use of explosives. 3. The following equipments should be kept at the Headquarters of each SSEIJE in whose section such vulnerable cuttings exist: i) Adequate capacity Jacks in good working condition, ii) Jumping steel bars 1"dia and 5' long, iii) Charging rods and iv) Suitable stock of explosives, fuses and detonators at specified places. 4. In case of report of boulder fall at any location, immediate action should be taken to loose-scale the cutting covering a length of about 50 meter on either side of the location. Till such time the loose scaling is completed, the location should be treated as "VULNERABLE". 1017. Action to be taken for maintenance of cuttings 1. Cleaning, repairing and improving drainage. 2. Weeding, trimming and felling of plants, trees and shrubs and managing vegetation to reduce any deleterious effects. 3. Provision of protection and strengthening measures as necessary. 4. Repairing local slips and settlement or erosion channels. 5. Scaling. 6. Maintenance and repair of protection and strengthening measures. 7. Maintenance/repair of inspection steps/pathways/Trolley Refuges. INDIANRAILWAYSBRIDGEMANUAL 177 CHAPTERͲ10  INSPECTIONANDMAINTENANCEOFTUNNELSANDDEEPCUTTINGS 8. Following safety equipments/gears shall be used by the officials/workmen during inspection and maintenance of cuttings; for which adequate stock shall be maintained by SSE/Pway in-charge. i) Helmets ii) Safety Belts iii) Sun Glasses, to protect from bright light and small debris iv) Good quality trekking and climbing shoes v) Chalk required to keep hands dry and for marking loose boulders vi) Gloves vii) in oculars viii) Goodquality harness and holds Note: a) The inspecting persons should be well trained in rock climbing, preferably from any Mountaineering Institute. b) The health and fitness of inspecting person should be sound. $&6GWG with good agility and judgment. INDIANRAILWAYSBRIDGEMANUAL 178 CHAPTERͲ10