Bridge Manual 1998-146-159 PDF

RIVERS AND FLOODS CHAPTER -VII RIVERS AND FLOODS 701. Behaviour of rivers  7KH'LYLVLRQDO(QJLQHHUDQG$VVLVWDQW(QJLQHHUVKRXOGDFTXDLQW WKHPVHOYHVZLWKWKHSDVWKLVWRU\RIHYHU\LPSRUWDQWYXOQHUDEOHEU...

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Flood records during monsoon  6RXQGLQJ'XULQJ)ORRGV D 6RXQGLQJV DW VSHFLILHG EULGJHV VKRXOG EH WDNHQ LQ PLG VSDQ DQGDURXQGSLHUVDQGVWUXFWXUHVZKHQIORRGLVDWRUDERXWWKHGDQJHU OHYHO,QWKHFDVHRIODUJHDOOXYLDOULYHUVVRXQGLQJVPD\EHWDNHQZKHQ WKHIORRGLVRIWKHPD[LPXPIORRGULVHDERYHWKHQRUPDOORZZDWHU OHYHOZKLFKPD\EHPDUNHGRQWKHSLHUVDEXWPHQWV7KHSHULRGLFLW\RI WDNLQJ VRXQGLQJV VKRXOG EH VSHFLILHG WDNLQJ DOO IDFWRUV LQWR DFFRXQW ZLWKDWOHDVWRQHVRXQGLQJWREHWDNHQGDLO\ INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 35 CHAPTER -  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lood records after the monsoon  &URVV6HFWLRQ'LDJUDP$IWHU)ORRGV 6RRQDIWHUWKHPRQVRRQDVSUDFWLFDEOHVHFWLRQVDFURVVWKHEHG RI VXFK ULYHUV DV VSHFLILHG E\  WKH &KLHI %ULGJH (QJLQHHU VKRXOG EH WDNHQRQWKHXSDQGGRZQVWUHDPVLGHVFOHDURISLHUVDQGDEXWPHQWV E\ VRXQGLQJ LI QHFHVVDU\ DQG SDUWLFXODUV VXEPLWWHG WR WKH 'LYLVLRQDO (QJLQHHU 7KHVH VKRXOG EH WDNHQ RQ WKH VDPH DOLJQPHQW \HDU DIWHU \HDUIRUSURSHUFRPSDULVRQ)RUWKHVHEULGJHVFURVVVHFWLRQGLDJUDPV RIEHGRIWKHULYHURQWKHXSDQGGRZQVWUHDPVLGHVVKRXOGEHSUHSDUHG LQWKH'LYLVLRQDO(QJLQHHUµVRIILFHWRDIL[HGVFDOHDQGFRSLHVVHQWWRWKH INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 37 CHAPTER -  RIVERS AND FLOODS +HDGTXDUWHUVRIILFHE\WKHSUHVFULEHGGDWHHDFK\HDU (DFK GLDJUDP VKRXOG  VKRZ LQ DGGLWLRQ UHGXFHG OHYHOV RI WKH SDUWLFXODUVPHQWLRQHGLQSDUDDQGPD\LQGLFDWHWKHUHFRUGRYHU ILYH\HDUVLQGLIIHUHQWFRORXUV$IWHURQHVHWLVFRPSOHWHGDQRWKHUVHWRI UHFRUGVVKRXOGEHFRPPHQFHGZLWKWKHVDPHRUGHURIFRORXUV7KHFURVV VHFWLRQVKRXOGEHSUHSDUHGLQWKHVDPHPDQQHUDVVKRZQLQ$QQH[XUH  $QQXDOVXUYH\RIVFRXUKROHVDWEULGJHV ,WLVQHFHVVDU\WRVXUYH\VFRXUKROHVERWKRQWKHXSVWUHDPDQG GRZQVWUHDPDIWHUPRQVRRQWRILQGRXWWKHVL]HDQGGHSWKRIWKHVFRXU KROHVDQGWKHGLVWDQFHRIWKHVDPHIURPWKHIRXQGDWLRQVRWKDWUHPHGLDO PHDVXUHVFDQEHSODQQHGLQWLPHDQGWKHZRUNVH[HFXWHGEHIRUHWKH RQVHWRIWKHQH[WIORRGVHDVRQDVQHFHVVDU\ $OLVWRIDOOEULGJHVZKHUHVFRXUKROHVH[LVWVKRXOGEHSUHSDUHG DQGFRS\VHQWWR&KLHI(QJLQHHUHYHU\\HDUDORQJZLWKWKHIORRGUHSRUW  6XUYH\RIWKHFRXUVHRIWKHULYHU D $WHDFKVSHFLILHGEULGJHVXUYH\RIWKHFRXUVHRIWKHULYHUWRD IL[HGVFDOHVKRXOGEHPDGHVRRQDIWHUWKHPRQVRRQH[WHQGLQJWRDWOHDVW NPXSVWUHDPDQGNPGRZQVWUHDPRIWKHEULGJHWRDIIRUGJHQHUDO LGHDRIWKHHIILFLHQF\RIWUDLQLQJZRUNV7KHGLVWDQFHPD\EHVXLWDEO\ PRGLILHGNHHSLQJLQYLHZWKHSDVWKLVWRU\DWWKHGLVFUHWLRQRIWKH&KLHI %ULGJH(QJLQHHU$WUDFLQJRIWKHVXUYH\ZLOOEHSUHSDUHGLQWKH'LYLVLRQDO (QJLQHHU V2IILFHDQGFRSLHVVHQWWRWKH+HDGTXDUWHUVHDFK\HDU)RU FRPSDULVRQILYH\HDUVUHFRUGPD\EHSORWWHGRQHDFKVXUYH\SODQLQ GLIIHUHQW FRORXUV $IWHU D VHW LV FRPSOHWHG WKH QH[W VHW VKRXOG EH FRPPHQFHGZLWKWKHVDPHRUGHURUFRORXUV$W\SLFDOVXUYH\SODQRI WKHFRXUVHRIWKHULYHULVHQFORVHGDV$QQH[XUH E :KHUHDULYHUFRXUVHUXQVSDUDOOHOWRWKHWUDFNZLWKDWHQGHQF\ WRHQFURDFKWRZDUGVWKH5DLOZD\HPEDQNPHQWWKHFRXUVHRIWKHULYHU VKRXOGEHVXUYH\HGWRJHWDJHQHUDOLGHDRIWKHUDWHRIHURVLRQ$GDQJHU OLQHVKRXOGEHGUDZQLQWKHVXUYH\SODQWRLQGLFDWHDVWRZKHQUHPHGLDO DFWLRQ VXFK DV KROGLQJ WKH ULYHU HGJH DZD\ IURP WKH GDQJHU OLQH RU UHWLULQJWKH5DLOZD\OLQHKDVWREHWDNHQ  &URVVVHFWLRQRIJXLGHVXEVLGLDU\DQGUHWLUHGEXQG $W WKH HQG RI WKH PRQVRRQ FURVV VHFWLRQV VKRXOG EH WDNHQ DW INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 38 CHAPTER -  RIVERS AND FLOODS every 30 metres along each stone protected bund or groyne and at every 15 metres apart round each stone armoured mole head by probing, if necessary and particulars submitted to the Divisional Engineer. Cross sections should be prepared in the Divisional Engineer‘s office to a fixed scale and copies sent to the Headquarters office. These cross sections will indicate the position in the slopes and apron, the progress of the apron pitching towards its ultimate launching position and will bring to light any defects that may require attention in the dry season. For comparison, five year‘s records may be plotted in different colours on the same drawing. After one set is completed, the next set should be commenced with the same order of colours. A typical cross section record maintained is enclosed as Annexure 7/4.  $WWHQWLRQWRGDPDJHV The Divisional / Assistant Engineer should carry out inspection of Bridges and their training works after the rainy season and take action to undertake repairs and make good the damages before next rainy season. Proposals for new works should be framed and sent to Chief Engineer for approval and these works completed before the onset of floods.  5LYHUVDQGIORRGUHJLVWHU 1. Continuous records of the behaviour of large alluvial and other specified rivers and the condition of training and protection works of the bridges across them, if any, should be maintained by the Assistant Engineer in a “Rivers and floods” register. This register may be in a manuscript form with sufficient number of pages allotted for each bridge to cover ten to fifteen years and should contain: a) Brief history of the bridge and protection works at and away from the bridge site with plans and sections. b) Condition of foundation and protection works with particulars of action taken on repairs required. c) Particulars of flood damage and remedial measure adopted with reference to Bridge Inspection register. Blue prints of the cross section diagrams of the bed of the river, survey plans of the course of the river and cross sections of bunds vide para 711 and 712 should be attached to the register for reference. Past register should be carefully preserved. INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 139 CHAPTER - 07  RIVERS AND FLOODS 2. The Assistant Engineer shall submit the register to the Divisional Engineer by a prescribed date, indicating the point on which the orders of the Divisional Engineer are required. The Divisional Engineer shall carefully scrutinise the register, examine such works as called for his inspection, record his orders regarding the points referred to him and initial against every bridge or kilometerage in token of his scrutiny. Point4 on which the Chief Bridge Engineer's decision is required shall be clearly indicated. The register should then be sent to the Assistant Engineer for noting the Divisional Engineer's Orders with instructions to return it within 15 days. The Assistant Engineer should extract the orders issued by Divisional Engineer and arrange expeditious compliance. The register should then be forwarded by a prescribed date to Chief Bridge Engineer who will scrutinlse the entries, issue orders regarding matter referred to him endorsing the register to that effect, and return it to the Divisional Engineer. Subsequent action taken on Chief Bridge Engineer's notes should be entered in the register by the Assistant Engineer. $&6GWG  )ORRGUHSRUWV During the flood season, written reports of damages must be sent promptly by the Divisional Engineer to the Chief Engineer within three days of the occurrence. These should be submitted in the proforma shown in Annexure 7/5 In addition to the information given in the proforma, consolidated descriptive report of the flood damages should be sent to the Chief Engineer indicating action taken or proposed to be taken to repair damage.  5DLQIDOO'DWD 1. A list of rain gauge stations must be maintained in the Divisional Engineer’s Office showing the designation of person who is responsible for recording the rainfall every day at 08.00 AM. On any day when the rainfall recorded is 75 mm or more the fact should be intimated to the Assistant Engineer/Divisional Engineer and Chief Bridge Engineer by the person responsible for taking the gauge reading. When there is very heavy rainfall, hourly readings should be taken to assess the INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 140 CHAPTER - 07  RIVERS AND FLOODS LQWHQVLW\RIUDLQIDOO6HOIUHFRUGLQJUDLQJDXJHVPD\EHDGYDQWDJHRXVO\ XVHGWRJHWDFFXUDWHDQGUHOLDEOHGDWD $ORQJZLWKWKHIORRGUHSRUWV SDUD DVWDWHPHQWRIPRQWKO\ UDLQIDOOVKRXOGEHVXEPLWWHGIRUDOOWKHUDLQJDXJHVWDWLRQVRQWKH'LYLVLRQ LQWKHSURIRUPDVKRZQLQ$QQH[XUH 717. Provision of anemometer on bridges 2QVHOHFWHGEULGJHVZKHUHKLJKZLQGVDUHH[SHULHQFHGDQGWKHUH LVDGDQJHURIYHKLFOHFDSVL]LQJDQHPRPHWHUVVKRXOGEHLQVWDOOHGDW RQHRIWKHUDLOZD\VWDWLRQFORVHWRWKHEULGJHDQGVXLWDEOHZRUNLQJUXOHV VKRXOGEHIUDPHGSUHVFULELQJIRUHDFKORFDWLRQWKHPD[LPXPSHUPLVVLEOH ZLQGYHORFLW\7KHOLPLWLQJZLQGYHORFLW\VKRXOGEHVSHFLILHGE\WKH&KLHI (QJLQHHUZKLFKVKRXOGQRWH[FHHG.PSK,WVKRXOGEHHQMRLQHGWKDW WKH 6WDWLRQ 0DVWHU VKRXOG FRQWUROVWRS WKH WUDIILF RQ WKH VHFWLRQ FRQFHUQHGZKHQWKHZLQGYHORFLW\H[FHHGVWKHOLPLWV+HVKRXOGDOVR LQIRUPWKH6WDWLRQ0DVWHURQWKHRWKHUVLGHDQGWKHVHFWLRQFRQWUROOHURI WKH QHHG WR FRQWURO WKH WUDIILF ,Q VHOHFWLQJ EULGJHV WKH SUHYLRXV H[SHULHQFHDQGWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHDFFLGHQWVVKRXOGEHWKHJXLGLQJ IDFWRU  INDIAN RAILWAYS BRIDGE MANUAL 41 CHAPTER -