Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the recommended water level for small bridges with a water way less than 757.3 mm?
What is the recommended water level for small bridges with a water way less than 757.3 mm?
What is the recommended location for marking the danger level?
What is the recommended location for marking the danger level?
What should be done in case of a high flood level that has not caused any damage?
What should be done in case of a high flood level that has not caused any damage?
Who should approve the revision of the danger level?
Who should approve the revision of the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the revised danger level?
What should be done with the revised danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
How should the danger level be marked on the bridge?
How should the danger level be marked on the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
Where should the danger level be marked on the bridge?
Where should the danger level be marked on the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it necessary to revise the danger level?
Why is it necessary to revise the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary responsibility of watchmen at bridges?
What is the primary responsibility of watchmen at bridges?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the minimum qualification for a watchman at a bridge?
What is the minimum qualification for a watchman at a bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What equipment should a watchman at a bridge be provided with?
What equipment should a watchman at a bridge be provided with?
Signup and view all the answers
What should a watchman do if they notice any signs of failure at the bridge?
What should a watchman do if they notice any signs of failure at the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
How often should a watchman inspect the bridge?
How often should a watchman inspect the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What should a watchman do when the water level is rising and likely to approach the danger level?
What should a watchman do when the water level is rising and likely to approach the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should a watchman stand on the left-hand side of the train when the train is approaching?
Why should a watchman stand on the left-hand side of the train when the train is approaching?
Signup and view all the answers
What should a watchman do when they notice any jungle growth or other encroachments on the bridge?
What should a watchman do when they notice any jungle growth or other encroachments on the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first action to be taken by the Permanent Way Inspector at site?
What is the first action to be taken by the Permanent Way Inspector at site?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector's special inspection during monsoon?
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector's special inspection during monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if strong currents and heavy rain occur?
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if strong currents and heavy rain occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of taking soundings during special inspection?
What is the purpose of taking soundings during special inspection?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if defects are found during the special inspection?
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if defects are found during the special inspection?
Signup and view all the answers
Why may traffic be suspended during special inspection?
Why may traffic be suspended during special inspection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector advising the Assistant Engineer?
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector advising the Assistant Engineer?
Signup and view all the answers
How often should the Permanent Way Inspector inspect the bridge during monsoon?
How often should the Permanent Way Inspector inspect the bridge during monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the danger level at bridges?
What is the danger level at bridges?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done when the danger level is reached?
What should be done when the danger level is reached?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors should be considered when determining the danger level?
What factors should be considered when determining the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of fixing the danger level?
What is the purpose of fixing the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done when the danger level is higher than necessary?
What should be done when the danger level is higher than necessary?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the importance of considering the history of the bridge?
What is the importance of considering the history of the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done when there is no history of damage or serious threat to the bridge?
What should be done when there is no history of damage or serious threat to the bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the waterway clearance?
What is the purpose of the waterway clearance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of taking soundings during floods?
What is the purpose of taking soundings during floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done while taking soundings during floods?
What should be done while taking soundings during floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be ensured while taking soundings during floods?
What should be ensured while taking soundings during floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the flood records?
What should be done with the flood records?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of preparing a register of flood records?
What is the purpose of preparing a register of flood records?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be ensured while taking observations of the river bed and banks?
What should be ensured while taking observations of the river bed and banks?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be ensured while preparing the flood records?
What should be ensured while preparing the flood records?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the maximum flood level?
What should be done with the maximum flood level?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary responsibility of a divisional engineer during floods?
What is the primary responsibility of a divisional engineer during floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of maintaining a record of past floods?
What is the purpose of maintaining a record of past floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be the primary consideration while designing a bridge?
What should be the primary consideration while designing a bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of conducting a special inspection of bridges during monsoon?
What is the purpose of conducting a special inspection of bridges during monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of taking soundings during floods?
What is the primary purpose of taking soundings during floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the first action to be taken by the Permanent Way Inspector at site?
What is the first action to be taken by the Permanent Way Inspector at site?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be the primary consideration while determining the danger level of a bridge?
What should be the primary consideration while determining the danger level of a bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the flood records?
What should be done with the flood records?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector's special inspection during monsoon?
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector's special inspection during monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if strong currents and heavy rain occur?
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if strong currents and heavy rain occur?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it necessary to consider the history of the bridge while determining the danger level?
Why is it necessary to consider the history of the bridge while determining the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if defects are found during the special inspection?
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if defects are found during the special inspection?
Signup and view all the answers
Why may traffic be suspended during special inspection?
Why may traffic be suspended during special inspection?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector advising the Assistant Engineer?
What is the purpose of the Permanent Way Inspector advising the Assistant Engineer?
Signup and view all the answers
How often should the Permanent Way Inspector inspect the bridge during monsoon?
How often should the Permanent Way Inspector inspect the bridge during monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if a strong rush of water and heavy rain occur?
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do if a strong rush of water and heavy rain occur?
Signup and view all the answers
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do before the onset of monsoon at specified locations?
What should the Permanent Way Inspector do before the onset of monsoon at specified locations?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the annual return of pitching stones, boulders, and other monsoon reserves?
What should be done with the annual return of pitching stones, boulders, and other monsoon reserves?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done in case of a weather warning?
What should be done in case of a weather warning?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the flood records?
What should be done with the flood records?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done when the Permanent Way Inspector finds defects during the special inspection?
What should be done when the Permanent Way Inspector finds defects during the special inspection?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the monsoon reserves?
What should be done with the monsoon reserves?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done before the onset of monsoon?
What should be done before the onset of monsoon?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the certificate of monsoon reserves?
What should be done with the certificate of monsoon reserves?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary consideration when determining the danger level at a bridge?
What is the primary consideration when determining the danger level at a bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if the danger level is higher than necessary?
What should be done if the danger level is higher than necessary?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of fixing the danger level at a bridge?
What is the purpose of fixing the danger level at a bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be considered when determining the danger level at a bridge?
What should be considered when determining the danger level at a bridge?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done if the water level is rising and likely to approach the danger level?
What should be done if the water level is rising and likely to approach the danger level?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of the waterway clearance?
What is the purpose of the waterway clearance?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be ensured while taking soundings during floods?
What should be ensured while taking soundings during floods?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the flood records?
What should be done with the flood records?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of maintaining cross-section records?
What is the purpose of maintaining cross-section records?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be attached to the 'Rivers and floods' register for reference?
What should be attached to the 'Rivers and floods' register for reference?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done after the rainy season?
What should be done after the rainy season?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be included in the 'Rivers and floods' register?
What should be included in the 'Rivers and floods' register?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should the 'Rivers and floods' register be maintained?
Why should the 'Rivers and floods' register be maintained?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be done with the past 'Rivers and floods' register?
What should be done with the past 'Rivers and floods' register?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of preparing a cross-section record?
What is the purpose of preparing a cross-section record?
Signup and view all the answers
What should be included in the cross-section record?
What should be included in the cross-section record?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Determining Danger Level at Bridges
- Danger level is the level of water which, when reached, is likely to adversely affect the safety of the bridge
- All traffic shall remain suspended until an official inspects the bridge and declares it safe for passage of trains
- The danger level is fixed for each bridge by the Divisional Engineer, considering factors like:
- Nature of soil, depth of foundations, existence of drop and curtain walls, flooding depth, maximum permissible scour, highest recorded flood level, level of girder/arch bottom, velocity of water, and past bridge history
- Danger level should be the lower of:
- Level providing adequate vertical clearance
- Level providing minimum freeboard to approach banks and guide bunds
- Level likely to cause undue large afflux (more than 3m) that may cause large scour
- Level that if exceeded, may cause excessive scour endangering the bridge
- For bridges with no past damage history, guidelines for fixing danger level are provided based on span and site conditions
Danger Levels for Different Bridge Types
- Girder and Slab Bridges:
- Clearance below bottom of girders/slabs ranges from 1.5m to 4.5m depending on span and site conditions
- Arch Bridges:
- For spans less than 12m, danger level is normally at the springing level
- For larger spans and multiple-span arches, danger level is at 3rd rise below crown of arch
- Higher HFLs in past without damage may allow raising danger level suitably
- Box Culverts: Danger level at the bottom of slab
- Pipe Culverts: Danger level at the top of inside of pipe
- Balancing Culverts and Bridges: Danger level at 0.6m below top of pier/abutments
Marking Danger Level
- Danger level should be marked on the abutments or first and last piers, repeated suitably on intermediate piers
- Marking should be a bright red band 20cm wide, centered over a white band 15cm wide, for a length of 50cm
Watchmen at Bridges
- Based on bridge history and river behavior, watchmen are posted during monsoon
- Only intelligent, reliable and experienced men who can read numbers should be selected as watchmen
- Watchmen are provided with equipment like flags, hand signal lamps, detonators, whistle, tools, etc.
Watchmen's Duties
- Regularly inspect every portion of the bridge, look for signs of danger like:
- Flood reaching/exceeding danger level
- Disturbance to bridge alignment/level due to shifting/settlement of piers/abutments
- Water level difference causing seepage/piping through embankments
- Cracks on approaches showing settlement
- Large obstruction to bridge waterway
- Take action to protect track and stop traffic if danger is apprehended
Permanent Way Inspector's Role
- Immediately reach the site on receiving message of apprehended danger
- Examine and ensure bridge, approaches and protection works are safe
- May allow trains at suitable speed based on site conditions
- Advise Assistant Engineer with details like flood level, difference in upstream-downstream levels, and any special action required
Flood Records
- Maintain records for bridges across large alluvial rivers and other identified rivers, including:
- Soundings around piers and abutments during/after high floods
- Gauge readings of flood levels during monsoon
- Observations of afflux and velocity during monsoon
- Cross-sections of river during and after floods
- Survey of river course after monsoon
- Cross-section of guide banks, protection works and their aprons
- Annual survey of scour holes
Here are the study notes for the text:
- Rivers and Floods*
Behaviour of Rivers
- The Divisional/Assistant Engineer should be familiar with the past history of bridges and training/protection works.
- Knowledge of rivers' behaviour, including the flood history of the last 13-18 years, is essential.
Past History of Bridges
- The Divisional/Assistant Engineer should have details of bridges and training/protection works.
- Information should be maintained in a register, including:
- Brief history of the bridge and protection works.
- Condition of foundation and protection works.
- Particulars of flood damage and remedial measures adopted.
Danger Level at Bridges
- The danger level is the level that, when reached, safety of the bridge is likely to be affected.
- The danger level should be fixed for each bridge by the Divisional Engineer.
- Factors to be considered when fixing the danger level include:
- Nature of the soil.
- Depth of foundations.
- Existence of scour or erosion.
- High flood level.
- The highest recorded flood level.
- The level of the bed of the river.
Special Inspection during Monsoon
- The Assistant Engineer should inspect bridges and their training works during the monsoon season.
- The inspection should be done to identify any defects or damages.
- The Assistant Engineer should look for signs of danger, including:
- High water level.
- Strong currents.
- Erosion or scour.
- Uplift or settlement of the bridge.
Action to be taken in the case of Weather Warning
- On receipt of a weather warning, the Assistant Engineer should take action to ensure the safety of the bridge.
- The Assistant Engineer should inspect the bridge and its training works.
- Any defects or damages should be repaired immediately.
Pitching Stone, Boulder, and other Monsoon Reserves
- The location and quantity of pitching stone, boulder, and other monsoon reserves should be fixed by the Chief Engineer.
- The pitching stone, boulder, and other monsoon reserves should be stockpiled before the monsoon season.
- The stockpile should be inspected and certified by the Assistant Engineer.
Cross Sections
- Cross sections of the river should be prepared in the Divisional Engineer's office.
- Copies of the cross sections should be sent to the Headquarters office.
- The cross sections should indicate the position of the slopes and apron.
- The cross sections should be plotted in different colours to show the progress of the apron pitching.
Damages
- The Divisional/Assistant Engineer should inspect bridges and their training works after the rainy season.
- Any defects or damages should be repaired before the next rainy season.
- Proposals for new works should be framed and sent to the Chief Engineer for approval.
Rivers and Floods Register
- A "Rivers and Floods" register should be maintained by the Assistant Engineer.
- The register should contain:
- Brief history of the bridge and protection works.
- Condition of foundation and protection works.
- Particulars of flood damage and remedial measures adopted.
- Blueprints of the cross-section diagrams of the bed of the river.
- Survey plans of the course of the river and cross sections of bunds.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz is about the actions taken by a Permanent Way Inspector at a site to ensure railway safety. It covers the inspection process and safety measures.
