branchesofbiology.pdf

Branches of Biology Basic Understanding of Science, Biology and it’s related branches  Definition of Science Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge ”) It is a systematic enterprise that builds and organi zes knowledge in the form of t...

Branches of Biology Basic Understanding of Science, Biology and it’s related branches  Definition of Science Science (from the Latin word scientia, meaning “knowledge ”) It is a systematic enterprise that builds and organi zes knowledge in the form of testable explanation s and predictions about the universe Or, science is an organized form of knowledge or systematic knowledge That is, knowledge through process  Biology The Word Biology is the combination of two Greek words (bios – life, logos – study) Biology is the branch of science which deals with the study of living objects and their life processes It covers all aspect of the study of living creatures like growth, structure, occurrence, classification, ecology, economics importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition among others Cont’d Being broad – based and multidisplinary, the term biolo gy is often replaced by the term “life science or biologi cal science. ” The term biology was coined by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck Aristotle is know as the “Father of Biology ”  Now questions arises like: what is Life? What is living? How can you differentiate between Living and non-living since we define biology as t he science which deals with the study of living objects  Life is a set of characteristics which differe ntiate organisms from non-living objects These set of characteristics include reproducti on, growth, homeostasis, movement, nutriti on, respiration among others For a thing to be called a living thing, there must be a set of these  Botany Botany is the branch of biology which deals wit h the scientific study of different aspects of pla nts and plant-like organisms which include alga e, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifer, and flow ering plants The ancient Greek Theophrastus (371–286 B.C.E.) is known as the “Father/Founder of Botany”  Microbiology Microbiology is the branch of biology that deals wit h the scientific study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible to the naked eye. These organisms include: bacteria, archaea, viruses, f ungi, prions, protozoa, and algae, collectively known as ‘Microbes’ Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek is known as the “Father of Microbiology” Pure Branches of Biology The pure branch of biology include the following: 1. Morphology 8. Ecology 2. Anatomy 9. Embryology 3. Histology 10. Genetics 4. Cytology 11. Paleontolog y 5. Cell biology 12. Taxonomy 6. Molecular biology 13. Evolution 7. Physiology 14. Pathology  Morphology It is the study of external form, size, shape, color, external structure and relative position of living organisms Anatomy It is the study of internal structure which can be observed with unaided eye after dissection Physiology It is the study of different types of body functions and process es or the functional activities of a living organism  Cytology It is the study of form and structure as well as the function of cells including the behavior of nucleus and other organelles Histology It is the study of tissue organization and structure as observed through light microscope Embryology It is the study of fertilization, growth, division and different iation of the zygote into embryo or early development of living beings before the attainment of structure and size of the offspring  Taxonomy It is the science of identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms Genetics It is the study of inheritance of characters or heredity and variations. Heredity is the study of expression and transmission of traits from parents to offspring. Ecology It is the study of living organisms is relation to other organism and their environment  Evolution It studies the origin of life as well as new types of organism from the previous ones by modifications involving genetic changes and adaptations. Paleontology It deals with the study of fossils or remains and impressions of past organisms present in the rocks of different ages.  Cell Biology It is the study of morphological, organizational, biochemic al, physiological, genetic, developmental, pathological and evolutionary aspects of cell and its components. Molecular Biology It is the study of the nature, physicochemical organization, synthesis working and interaction of bio-molecules that br ing about and control various activities of the protoplasm Pathology Applied Branches of Biology The applied branch of biology is divided into two main streams: Applied Botany Applied Zoology  Applied Botany Some important branches of applied botany are; 1. Agriculture 1. Horticulture 1. Pharmacognosy 1. Forestry …  Applied Zoology Some important branches of applied zoology are; 1. Sericulture 2. Apiculture 3. Lac culture 4. Poultry 5. Pisciculture 6. Animal husbandry  Some different branches of science, biology specifically, has become very importance in this millennium With the above idea of the branches of biology, let us have some idea of the biological importance in other branches of science. A Acariology Study of ticks and mites Actinobiology The branch of science which deals with the study of radiation effects on organisms Aerobiology Study of flying organisms  Agroforestry This branch deals with forms of land used on which herbaceous crops and trees crops are cultivated Agronomy Science which deals with the crop plants Agrostology Study of grasses Anthology Study of flowers  Anthropology Study of apes and man Apiculture Study of Bee keeping Araneology Study of spiders Arthrology Study of joints B Bacteriology Study of bacteria Batrachology Study of frog Biochemistry Branch of science which deals with the study of chemical reactions in relations to life activities  Biometrics Statistical analysis of different results of biological experiments Biotechnology Us of biological organisms in commercial processes for producing fine chemicals such as drugs, vaccines and hormones etc.. On a large scale and at reasona ble cost  Bryology Study of Bryophytes Biophysics Study of physical aspects of living organisms c Carcinology Study of crab and crustaceans Cardiology Study of the heart Chondriology Study of cartilage Chromatology Study of pigments  Cnidology Study of Coelenterata Conchology Study of shells Craniology Study of skull Cytogenetics Study of cytological basis of inheritance D Dendrology Study of shrubs and trees Dermatology Study of skin E Ecobiology Study of problems of existence of life in outer space Ecology Study of relationship between organisms and their environment Embryology Study of embryo i.e developmental stages after fertilization or birth of young ones  Endocrinology Study of endocrine glands and their secretions Entomology Study of insects Enzymology Study of enzymes  Ethnology Study of mankind Ethology Study of conditions of animals or behavior of animals, in a natural contest Etiology Study of diseases  Eugenics Study of improvement of human race by applying laws of heredity. It applied before birth. Eugenics is related with future generation Euphenics Study of improvement of human race by drug treatment or gene engineering i.e medical engineering of genetic disorder Euthenics Study of improvement of human race by improving envir onment. It applied after birth and is related with present generation  Evolution The branch of science which deals with the study of or igin of new from old i.e origin, variation, inter-relations hip between organisms of past and present days Exobiology Space biology is also know as exobiology F Floriculture Study od flower yielding plants G Genetics Study of heredity and variations Gerontology Study of growing old Gynaecology Study of female reproductive organs H Haematology Study of blood Helminthology Study of helminthes Hepatology Study of liver  Herpetology Study of lizards and other reptiles Hypnology Study which deals with sleep Histochemistry Study of chemical nature of tissues Horticulture Study of flowering and fruit plants I Ichnology Study of fossil footprints Ichthyology Study of fish and it’s culture Immunology Study of resistance of organisms against infection K Kalology Study of sensory values, sometimes called judgement of sentiment and taste Karyology Study of nucleus Kinesiology Study of muscle movements L Lepidopterology Study of moths and butterflies Lichenology Study of lichens Limnology Study of fresh water lakes, ponds, and streams in relation with plants and animals M Malacology Study of mollusks Mammalogy Study of mammals Mastology Study of breasts  Melanology Study of pigments Molecular biology Study of life science on molecular level (i.e. RNA and DNA level) Mycology Study of fungi Myrmecology Study of ants N Neonatology Study of the new-born up to one month of age Nephrology Study of kidney Neurology Study of the nervous system  Nidology Study of nests of birds Nosology The branch of medical science dealing with the class ification of diseases. O Odontology Study of teeth and gums Olericulture Study of vegetable yielding plants Oncology Study of cancer  Oneirology Study of dreams Ontogeny Study of embryonic history Oology Study of egg of birds  Ophthalmology Study of eyes Organocology Study of development of organs under embryology Organology Study of organs  Ornithology Study of birds Osteology Study of bones Otorhinolaryngology Study of ear, nose, and throat P Paedology Study of larva stages Paleozoology Study of fossils of animals and their distribution in time Paleobotany Study of the distribution and characteristics of fossils  Parasitology Study of parasites Pathology Study of various diseases in human beings Parazoology Study of porifera/sponges  Pedology Study of soils Pharmacognosy Branch of science dealing with medicinal plants Pharmacology Study of synthesis and effect of medicines on organi sms  Phenology Study of organisms as affected by seasonal climates e.g. of bird migration, opening of flowers etc. Phrenology Study of mental faculties of brain including feelings Phycology (algology) Study of algae  Phylogeny Study of evolutionary history Physiology Study of functions of various parts within the organisms Pisciculture Study of rearing of fishes  Platyhelminthology Study of flat worms Pomology Study of fruits Poultry Study which deals with keepings of foul  Proctology Study of hind gut including rectum and anus Protistology Study of protests. Its field of study overlaps with more traditional disciplines of algology, mycology and protozoology Psychobiolog Study of the behavioral aspects of animals Pteridology Study of Pteridophyte R Rainology Study of nose and olfactory organs S Saurology Study of lizards Sarcology Study of muscles Sericulture Silk industry concerned with culture of silk moth and pupa  Serology Study of serum; interaction of antigens and antibodies in the blood Sepentology Study of snakes Silvibulture Study of the development of forest  Sitology Study of dietetics Speciology Study of species Spermology Study of seeds  Splanchnology Study of visceral organs Stomatology Study of forget including buccal cavity and stomach Syndesmology Study of bony joints and ligaments T Taxonomy The branch of science which deals with the study of classification of organism Teratology Study of fetal malformations Toxicology Study of narcotics and the influence of narcotics on various organisms  Traumatology Study of wounds and turnover Trichology Study of hair Trophology Study of nutrition U Urobiology Study which deals with preservation of deals deals bodies in liquids by chemicals Urology Study od wine including diseases and the abnormalities of urinary and urino-genital tract V Virology Study of virus Z Zoogeography The branch of science which deals with the study of the distribution of animals on earth Zoophytology Study of drifting microorganism such as diatoms Branches of Biology on The Basis of Medical Sciences  Gynecology Gynecology normally means treating women who aren’t pregnant, while obstetrics deals with pregnant women and their unborn children, but there is lots of crossover between the two Orthopedics Branch of medical science which is devoted to the diagn osis, treatment, prevention, and rehabilitation of injuries, disorders and diseases of the body’s musculoskeletal syst em. This system includes bones, joints, ligaments, muscle s, nerves and tendons  Ophthalmology Branch of medicine that deals with the anatomy, physiology, and diseases of the eyeball and orbit Dentistry Branch of medicine that consists of the study, diagn osis, prevention and treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral cavity  Oncology Branch of medicine that researchers, identifies and treats cancer Cardiology Branch of medicine that is concern with the diseases and disorders of the heart, which may range from congenital defects through to acquired heart diseas es such as coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure  Urology Surgical specialty that deals with the treatment of conditions involving the male and female urinary tract and the ale reproductive organs Nephrology Branch of medical science that deals with diseases of the kidneys Pediatrics Branch of medicine dealing with the health and medical care of infants, children, and adolescents from birth up to the age of 18  Dermatology Branch of medicine dealing with diagnosing and treating skin diseases affecting the skin, hair and nails Physiotherapy Branch of medicine which uses a treatment method that focuses on the science of movements and help people to restore, maintain and maximize their physical strength, function, motion and overall well-being by addressing the underlying physical issues  Reference 1. http://www.iasplanner.com/civilservices/ias-pre/general-scie nce/ main-branches-of-biology-and-fields-of-biology 2. https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/Handy-Answer-Book /H andy%20Answer%20book/Who-is-called-the-father-ofbotany/ 001 137006/content/SC/51360d13172536090c7a5730_plantlifehtm l.ht ml 3. https://www.quora.com/Who-is-the-father-of-zoology 4. https://targetstudy.com/qna/who-is-known-as-the-father-of -micr obiology.html 5. http://readbiology.com/main-divisions-branches-biology/ 6. https://biology.homeomagnet.com/branches-of-biology/ 7. https://hemantmore.org.in/science/biology/branches-biology/1 06 09/