Bowel and Bladder and Nutrition Revision PDF

**[Revision for nutrition/ bowel and bladder health\ 1. Know what puts a person at risk of constipation -- know that fibre and fluids are important in avoiding constipation.]** - Not eating enough fibre which is found in fruit and vegetables, - not drinking enough, - not moving round enough...

**[Revision for nutrition/ bowel and bladder health\ 1. Know what puts a person at risk of constipation -- know that fibre and fluids are important in avoiding constipation.]** - Not eating enough fibre which is found in fruit and vegetables, - not drinking enough, - not moving round enough and spending long period sitting or lying down - being less active and not exercising - Ignoring the urge to go the toilet - Changing diet of daily routine - A side effect of medicine - Stress, anxiety or depression - **Fibre and fluids are important for avoiding constipation** - **Fibre=** adds bulk to the stool which helps stimulate the intestines and help with bowel movement - **Fluids=** help soften the stool, so it doesn't go hard, meaning it's easy to pass **[2. Know the prevalence of constipation in the elderly.]** - In the Elderly, constipation is more common and affects **33.5% of people aged 60-1-1 years** **[\ ]** **[3. Know the order that waste products travel through the large bowel ie the names of the parts of the\ colon -- Ascending, transverse, and descending colon.]** **1. Cecum** (receives undigested waste from the small intestine) **2. Ascending Colon** (water absorption begins, waste moves upwards on the right side) **3. Transverse Colon** (moves waste across the abdomen from right to left) **4. Descending Colon** (waste becomes more solid as water is absorbed) **5. Sigmoid Colon** (stores the stool before elimination) **6. Rectum** (stores stool temporarily, ready for excretion) **7. Anus** (final exit for waste from the body) **[\ 4. Know the causes of incontinence.]** - Incontinence is the loss of control of bladder and/or bowels, resulting in leakage of urine and/or feces - **Causes: UTIS, Medications, Pelvic floor problems, overactive bladder, neurological disorders** **[\ 5.Know that Stress urinary incontinence is when the pelvic floor muscles around your bladder and anus\ become weak or stretched. Leakage from your bladder can happen when you sneeze, cough, laugh,\ run, or jump. Usually, a small amount of urine is passed.]** - Stress urinary incontinence is when the pelvic floor muscles around your bladder and anus\ become weak or stretched. Leakage from your bladder can happen when you sneeze, cough, laugh,\ run, or jump. Usually, a small amount of urine is passed. **[6. Know what the commonest cause of a UTI is.]** - Most common bacteria causing a UTI is **E. coli (Escherichia coli).** - This bacterium enters the urethra and moves up to the bladder causing a UTI. - A UTI can occur at any time but are most likely in women who are sexually active, pregnant or have been through the menopause. **[\ 7.Know who ITI's are common in -- ie pregnancy, after the menopause and those with a catheter.]** **UTI's are more Common in:** - Pregnant women - Individuals who have been through menopause - Those with a catheter **[8. Know what fats in the diet do -- look and learn the slide.]** - Fats are things like butter, olive oil etc - A small amount of fat is needed for a healthy, balanced diet - The body cannot make fat itself - Fat helps the body absorb vitamin A, vitamin D, and vitamin E, and these vitamins are fat soluble meaning they can only be absorbed with the help of fats - Too much fat can be harmful. Processed food contains a lot of fat. **[\ 9. Know what WHO organisation says about the amount of fruit and veg we should eat at each sitting -- how much of our plate and know how many glasses of fluid Eatwell says we should have each day.]** - At least **400g (five portions)** of fruit and vegetables per day, excluding potatoes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other starchy roots - they recommend that individuals drink **at least 2 litres (about 8 cups)** of fluids per day. This includes water but can also include other beverages such as herbal teas, milk, or even moisture from food like soups. **[\ 10. Know how long WHO recommends that babies be exclusively breast fed]** Infants should be breastfed exclusively during the first 6\ months of life.\ Infants should be breastfed continuously until 2 years of age\ and beyond.\ From 6 months of age, breast milk should be complemented\ with a variety of adequate, safe and nutrient-dense foods. Salt\ and sugars should not be added to complementary foods. **[\ 11. Know what MUST is. Know that it is a screening tool for healthcare professionals when assessing\ undernutrition.]** **MUST=** Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool - This tool is used for when assessing undernutrition and it has five steps which are: **measure height and weight to get a BMI score, note percentage unplanned weight loss and score down using tables provided, establish acute disease effect and score, add scores from step 1,2, and 3 together to obtain overall risk of malnutrition, and lastly use management guidelines and policies to develop a care plan.** **[12. Know the causes of dehydration. What can make us more vulnerable -- alcohol, flu diabetes.]** - Older adults - Infants and children - Patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and kidney disease - Patients taking diuretics and other medications that cause increased urine output - Individuals who exercise or work outdoors in hot weather **[\ 13. Know also that those aged 70 and over are more at risk of dehydration.]** - People aged 70 and over are at more of a risk of dehydration because as we age our body's ability to conserve water, and the sensation of thirst may start to decline. However, there are other reasons older adults may be at more of a risk such as: - Decreased kidney function - Changes in body composition - Chronic illnesses and medications - Mobility and cognitive impairments **[14. Know the BMI scores, know what is overweight.]** BMI is calculated by dividing an adult's weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared - **Less than 18.5= underweight** - **Between 18.5-24.9= a healthy weight** - **25-29.9= overweight** - **Obese= 30 and over** - **Severely obese= 40 and over** **[\ 15. Know the red flags signs for bowel cancer.]** - Blood in faeces - A persistent and unexplained change in bowel habit - Unexplained weight loss - Extreme tiredness for no obvious reason - A pain or lump in the abdomen **[\ 16. Know what the urinary system consists of - Kidney's ureters bladder and urethra]** - The urinary system consists of four main parts and is the system in the body that helps remove waste and any extra fluid through urine - **1) Kidneys: (The kidneys filter your blood to remove waste, extra water and salts. They create urine, which is stored and later passed out the body)** - **2) Ureters: (They carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder)** - **3) Bladder: (Stores the urine until ready to use toilet, because when bladder gets full t sends a signal to the brain to say it's time to urinate)** - **4): Urethra: (The tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body and there are muscles that contract top help urination)** **[Simple Summary:]** - **Kidneys filter blood and make urine.** - **Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder.** - **Bladder stores urine.** - **Urethra lets urine out of the body.** **[\ 17. Know the causes of diarrhoea.]** - Food intolerances - Medications - Stress and anxiety - Digestive disorders- IBS, Haemorrhoids, Crohn's disease, diverticulitis **[\ 18. Know what is considered a normal stool.]** - **Normal stool will be seen as a smooth, soft sausage or snake shape or a sausage/snake with cracks in the surface is also considered normal** **[\ 19. Know that fruit that has been juiced can raise blood sugar quickly.]** - **Fruit that has been juiced can raise blood sugar for many reasons:** - Juice doesn't have the fiber that whole fruit does - Can cause a rapid rise in blood sugar because it has more sugar in one serving - Fruit juices contain a high glycemic index, which means they raise blood sugar quickly **[\ 20. Know that dairy products contain a lot of the vit b12 and this is an important source of this for vegetarians.]** - Dairy products are a good source of **Vitamin B12, which is important for vegetarians** who may not consume enough animal-based foods. It supports red blood cell function, nerve health and overall metabolism. **[\ 21. Know what a deficient fluid volume is]** - Deficient fluid volume is when there is not enough fluid in the body to maintain normal functions - This could be due to **not drinking enough fluid, excessive loss through diarrhoea, sweating, bleeding** or **health conditions** such as **fever, diabetes, or kidney disease.** **[22. Know what the term nocturia means.]** - Nocturia means needing to wake up frequently in the middle of the night to pass urine, this can cause sleep loss - Most common reason for this is prostate problems, but other causes include alcohol, sleep disorders, medications, UTI's and uncontrolled diabetes **[\ 23. Know symptoms of dehydration]** - Feeling very thirsty - Dry mouth - Headache - Dry skin - Dark, concentrated urine - Feeling tired - elevated heart rate - dizziness due to decreased blood pressure - changes in mental status - urinating and sweating less than usual **[24. Know what a micronutrient is]** - A micronutrient is vitamins and minerals that the body needs in small amounts to function properly and hey are essential for body processes such as metabolism, immune function, bone health, and blood health. **[\ 25. Know foods that are high in protein.]** - Meat - Fish - Eggs - Milk - Pulses - Nuts and seeds