Botany and Taxonomy PDF

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION BOTANY AND - A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis. T...

HYPERTONIC SOLUTION BOTANY AND - A solution that causes a cell to shrink because of osmosis. TAXONOMY - Meaning water leaves the cell. LEC | MIDTERMS | Rovie HYPERTONIC ISOTONIC HYPERTONIC Higher solute Equal Solute Higher Solute Outside Inside PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Higher water Equal Water Higher Water Inside Outside - is a discipline of botany which is concerned with Water moves No net water moves in the functioning of plants. Out movement Transport in Plants Cell Shrinks normal Cells Swells - There is no circulatory system in plants, but water and minerals move from root to leaves, and nutrients move from leaves to roots. - Each level of structural organization participates in the physiology / functions of the plant. The different levels of structural organization are: Cell Tissue Organs Organs Systems Organism TYPES OF TRANSPORT IN CELLS PROCESSES OF TRANSPORT IN THE LIVING SYSTEM PASSIVE TRANSPORT - The movement of substances through a 2 TYPES OF PROCESS OF TRANSPORT membrane from a region of high to a region of low concentration. No energy needed (ATP) in the DIFFUSION passive transport. Diffusion and Osmosis is the - The tendency of molecules to move from an area example of passive transport. of higher concentration to an area of lower ACTIVE TRANSPORT concentration. - The movement of substances through a OSMOSIS membrane from a region of low concentration to a - The movement of water through a membrane from region of high concentration. The active transport a region of higher to lower concentration Requires cellular energy (ATP). > The goal of both diffusion and osmosis is to reach SOLUTE - substance being dissolved in a liquid Equilibrium within the cell. (e.g. salt). SOLVENT - substance doing the dissolving (e.g. water). TRANSPIRATION PERMEABILITY - the extent to which a - It is mainly the evaporation of water from plant membrane will allow particular sized molecules to leaves. pass. SEMI- PERMEABLE MEMBRANE - allows some - is the process by which water is carried through molecules to pass but not others. plants from root: small pores on the underside of leaves, where the water changes to vapor, and is PLANT - WATER RELATIONS released to the atmosphere. SOLUTION PHOTOSYNTHESIS - A liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent). - The green plants take carbon dioxide (CO2) from HYPOTONIC SOLUTION the air, and water (H2O) from the soil. The plants - A solution that causes a cell to swell because of combine the CO2 with the H2O to make the sugar osmosis meaning water rushes into the cell ISOTONIC SOLUTION (Glucose (C6H|206). - A solution that causes no change in cell size. - Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy to Meaning there is movement of water. chemical energy by chlorophyll in chloroplasts. - Overall net equation for photosynthesis is: 6 Water + 6 Carbon dioxide gives glucose + 6 oxygen  - Photosynthesis is the major path through which - pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl Coenzyme A. carbon re-enters the biosphere - Step 1 – it will produce 2 ATP - Photosynthesis is also the major source of oxygen - 2 NADH and 2 FADH = 3 ATP (O2) in the earth's atmosphere. - Step 2 – 2 NADH= 5 ATP - Step 3 – 2 ATP 2 PHASE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS - 15 ATP Photochemical Phase (Light Reaction) - 3 ATP - the water molecular breakdown into Hydrogen and - 1 glucose molecule can produce - 30 ATP Oxygen. > The released Hydrogen molecules helps in the conversion ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE (ENZYME) of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) into Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). 1. HEXOKINASE Biosynthetic Phase (Calvin Cycle) 2. PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE - The released Hydrogen molecules also help in the conversion of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide 3. PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE Phosphate (NADPH) into reduced Nicotinamide 4. ALDOLASE Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+ ) ATP 5. TRIOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+) used in Biosynthetic Phase called as Calvin Cycle in which CO2 molecules convert into ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE (ENZYME) Glucose. 6. Glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase 7. Phosphoglycerate kinase 8. Phosphoglycerate mutase 9. Enolase 10. Pyruvate Kinase RESPIRATION / CELLULAR RESPIRATION / CELLULAR OXIDATION RESPIRATION - is the process of the breakdown of food materials within the cell to release energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) - Overall Net equation for Respiration is: C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP (Energy). KREBS CYCLE - is also known as Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic 2 PHASE OF RESPIRATION Acid (TCA) cycle. 1. GLYCOLYSIS - Pyruvic acid comes from the process of glycolysis 2. KREBS CYCLE entering into Mitochondria in the form of Acetyl Coenzyme A, and then passed through a series of GLYCOLYSIS cyclic enzymatic reactions, and finally gives ATP. - occurs in cytoplasm. - The Glucose available in the cytoplasm passes 1. Citrate - (enzyme : Citrate Synthase) through a series of enzymatic reactions in which glucose is converted into pyruvic acid. 2. Isocitrate - (enzyme : Aconitase) - The process of the conversion of the Glucose into 3. Alpha - Ketoglutarate - (enzyme : Isocitrate Pyruvic acid occurs in the presence of oxygen. dehydrogenase) 4. Succinyl Co-A - ( enzyme : alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) 5. Succinate - (enzyme : Succinyl Co-A synthetase) 6. Fumarate - (enzyme : succinate dehydrogenase) 7. Malate - (enzyme : fumarase) 8. Oxaloacetate - ( enzyme : malate dehydrogenase)