Pharmaceutical Botany With Taxonomy - Module 1 PDF

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ⮚ 1771, he accidentally discovered that plant PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY releases oxygen ⮚ put a ca...

PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY Module 1: INTRODUCTION TO ⮚ 1771, he accidentally discovered that plant PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY releases oxygen ⮚ put a candle in a glass jar with a plant and in ten Lesson 1: Branches of Botany and Early Contributors days the candle was able to combust. PLANT ANATOMY PLANT TAXONOMY ⮚ study of the internal structure of plants (cells ⮚ the study that identifies, describes, names, and tissues). and classifies plants. PLANT MORPHOLOGY ⮚ study of the physical form and external structures of plants Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim ⬧ Father of botany and the real first botanist PLANT SYSTEMATICS ⬧ he studied plant morphology, classification and the natural history of plants ⮚ the science of developing methods for grouping organism Works of Theophrastus: CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707 – 1778) ⮚ De Historia Plantarum - (medical use) describes anatomy of plants and classifies them into structure ⬧ father of plant taxonomy (trees, shrubs, herbs) ⬧ swedish botanical taxonomist ⬧ the first person to formulate and adhere to a ⮚ De Causis Plantarum - (economical use) uniform system for defining and naming plants propagation and growth of plants that provided and animal` guide to farmers and gardeners. ⬧ In 1735 he published Systema Naturae Robert Hooke ⬧ In 1753 publication, The Genera of plants and Species Plantarum, marked the initial use of the ⬧ published micrographia in 1665, it was the nomenclature for all flowering plants and ferns – first important work on microscopy, the study of ⬧ In 1758, he applled this system of nomenclature minute objects through a microscope. to animals. ⬧ discovered cells in living plant tissue ⬧ used microscope observation to discover plant PLANT ECOLOGY tissues ⮚ study of the interaction of plants with one Marcello Malpighi another and with their environment ⬧ italian doctor, who gave his name to features, ERNST HAECKEL like the malpighian tubule system ⬧ german scientist, he coined the word ”ecology” ⬧ In 1671, Malpighi’s Anatomy of Plants was published in London by the Royal Society ETHNOBOTANY Nehemiah Grew ⮚ the study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and ⬧ Father of Plant Anatomy their medicinal, religious, and other uses Grew and Malpighi – founded plant anatomy John W. Harshberger PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ⬧ us botanist, he coined the term “ethnobotany” ⮚ study of plant functions Pedanius Dioscorides Jan Baptist Van Helmont ⬧ greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist and author of De Materia Medica — a 5- ⬧ a Flemish physician and chemist volume Greek encyclopedia about herbal ⬧ the first to demonstrate that plants do not medicine and related medicinal substances; have the same nutritional needs as animals. catalog about medical use of 600 plants ⬧ 3 headings of his book: Aromatic, culinary and medicinal. Shen Nong (500 yrs ago) ⬧ Father of Chinese culture Joseph Priestly ⬧ name means “the divine farmer” PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY ⬧ he taught his people how to cultivate grain as Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and food and avoding killing animals molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, & to ⬧ the most well known work attributed to shen maintain dynamic homeostasis. nong is the divine farmers herb-root classic Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and Huang Di (2679 – 2597 BCE) respon to information essential to life processes. ⬧ The yellow emperor, founder of Chinese Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these civilization system? their interactions possess complex properties. ⬧ his classic of internal medicine is important in Charles Darwin understanding the basic ideas of traditional chinese herbal science, acupuncture and ⬧ a british naturalist, proposed the theory of moxibustion Yin and yang, the Five Phases of biological evolution by natural selection Evolutive Change and meridian theory ⬧ suggested mechanism for evolution : natural selection Louis Lewin (1850 – 1929) Darwin’s concept of natural selection was based on ⬧ german toxicologist first to study psychoactive several key observations: plants systematically ⬧ book “phantastica” ⮚ traits are often heritable ⮚ more offspring are produced than can survive Lewin’s most enduring task was to create a system of ⮚ offspring vary in their heritable traits classifications of psychoactive drugs and plants based on their actions. His original categories were: ADAPTATIONS 1. Inebriantia (Inebriants such as alcohol) adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, 2. Exitantia (Stimulants such as Khat or and structure of an organism to become more Amphetamine) suited to an environment 3. Euphorica (Euphoriants and Narcotics such as Heroin) plants have different adaptations to help them 4. Hypnotica (Tranquilizers such as Kava) survive (live and grow) in different areas 5. Phantastica (Hallucinogens or Entheogens such as Peyote or Ayahuasca) LESSON 2: BIOMES AND PLANT PLANT GEOGRAPHY ADAPTATIONS ⮚ the study of the geographic distribution of BIOMES plant species and their influence on the earth’s surface Terrestrial biotic communities considered on a global or at least on a continental scale Alexander Von Humboldt Each biome has a characteristic mix of plants and animals adapted to that region’s environment. ⮚ father of phytogeography ⮚ he advocated a quantitative approach to PLANT ADAPTATIONS: Desert phytogeography that has characterized modern plant geography 1. Very dry and often hot 2. Rain often comes all at the same time. Genetics - study of heredity 3. The rest of the year is very dry. 4. Lots of direct sunlight shining on the plants. Genomics - study of genes and their functions, and 5. Soil is often sandy or rocky and unable to hold much related techniques water. 6. Winds are often strong and dry out plants. Gregor Johann Mendel 7. Plants are exposed to extreme temperatures and ⮚ founder of genetics drought conditions. 8. Plants must cope with extensive water loss. ⮚ showed that the inheritance of these traits follows laws later named after him DESERT PLANT ADAPTATIONS ♦ Some plants, called succulents ♦ Some plants have no leaves or small seasonal leaves that only grow after it rains. ♦ Long root systems spread out wide or go deep into the ground to absorb water EVOLUTION ♦ Some plants have a short life cycle, germinating in response to rain, growing, flowering, and dying Botany derives components from each of the four big within one year. ideas in biology: SOIL EROSION Big Idea 1: The process of evolution drives the diversity Leaching – wash out minerals and organic nutrients from the soil. PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY 3. Many bromeliads are epiphytes (plants that live on PLANT ADAPTATIONS: Temperate Grassland other plants) 4. Epiphytic orchids have aerial roots 1. called prairie, feature with hot summers and cold 5. Epiphyte roots are not parasitic and have no contact winters. with the ground. 2. Rainfall is uncertain and drought is common. 3. The soil is extremely rich in organic material TROPICAL RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS because the above-ground portions of grasses die off annually, enriching the soil. 4. The area is well-suited to agriculture, and few original prairies survive today. TEMPERATE GRASSLAND "PRAIRIE" ADAPTATIONS Drip-tips on Prop roots help Some plants ♦ During a fire leaves help shed support plants in collect rainwater - the root portions survive to sprout again excess water. the shallow soil. into a central - Some prairie trees have thick bark reservoir. - Prairie shrubs readily resprout after fire ♦ Roots of prairie grasses extend deep into the ground ♦ Extensive root systems - prevent animals from TEMPERATE RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS pulling them ♦ The temperate rain forest features minimal seasonal TEMPERATE GRASSLAND "PRAIRIE" fluctuation of temperature: the winters are mild and ADAPTATIONS the summers cool. ♦ Condensation from coastal fogs also add to the ♦ Prairie grasses have narrow leaves - loss less water dampness. ♦ Grasses grow from near their base, not from tip ♦ The soil is poor in nutrients. ♦ Grasses are wind pollinated ♦ A nurse log is a fallen tree which, as it decays, ♦ Soft stems – bend provides ecological facilitation to seedlings. TEMPERATE GRASSLAND "PRAIRIE" TEMPERATE RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS ADAPTATIONS 1. Epiphytes such as mosses and ferns grow atop other plants to reach light. 2. Cool temperatures lead to slow decomposition, but seedlings grow on "nurse logs" to take advantage of the nutrients from the decomposing fallen logs. 3. Trees can grow very tall due to amount of precipitation. Soft stems enable prairie Many grasses are wind TEMPERATE RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS grasses to bend in the wind. pollinated and are well-suited Narrow leaves minimize to the exposed, windy water loss. conditions of the grassland. TROPICAL RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS ♦ is hot and it rains a lot. ♦ Abundance of water problems: Epiphytes live on Trees can grow very - Harm to plants due to growth of bacteria and other plants to reach tall in this very moist fungi. the sunlight. environment. - Risk of flooding. Soil erosion and rapid lost of nutrients from the soil. ♦ the tropical rainforest is very thick, and not much sunlight is able to penetrate to the forest floor. THE TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST TROPICAL RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS ♦ temperature varies from hot in the summer to below freezing in the winter. 1. Drip tips and waxy surfaces - water run off ♦ Rain is plentiful, 2. Buttresses and prop and stilt roots ♦ Made up of layers of plants 3. Some plants climb on other plants ♦ The tallest trees make up the forest canopy 4. Flowers on the forest floor are designed to lure ♦ Beneath the canopy, the understory animal pollinators due to no wind ♦ Below the understory is a shrub layer. TROPICAL RAINFOREST ADAPTATIONS ♦ Carpeting the forest floor is the herb layer made up of wildflowers mosses, and ferns. 1. Smooth bark and smooth or waxy flowers speed the run off of water 2. Plants have shallow roots - capture nutrients TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST ADAPTATIONS PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY WITH TAXONOMY 1. Wildflowers grow on forest floor early in the spring before tree leaf-out and shade the forest floor 2. Many trees are deciduous 3. Most deciduous trees have thin, broad, lightweight leaves 4. When the weather gets cooler, the broad leaves cause too much water loss and can be weighed down In floating plants, chlorophyll is Aquatic plants must by too much snow restricted to the upper surface. be flexible to 5. Trees have thick bark to protect against cold winters Note: the green color on the top of withstand the THE TAIGA PLANT the leaves and the reddish pressures of moving underside of the of the overturned water. ♦ Also known as boreal forests, leaf. ♦ the taiga is dominated by conifers and, most of which are evergreen ♦ The taiga has cold winters and warm summers. TAIGA OR BOREAL FORESTS ADAPTATIONS 1. Many trees are evergreen 2. Many trees have needle-like leaves which shape loses less water and sheds snow more easily than broad leaves 3. Waxy coating on needles prevent evaporation 4. Needles are dark in color allowing more solar heat to be absorbed 5. Many trees have branches that droop downward to help shed excess snow to keep the branches from breaking THE TUNDRA ♦ cold year-round --it has short cool summers and long, severe winters. ♦ has a permanently frozen sublayer of soil called permafrost. ♦ drainage is poor due to the permafrost and because of the cold, evaporation is slow. ♦ The tundra receives little precipitation, and is usually in the form of snow or ice TUNDRA ADAPTATIONS ⬧ Tundra plants are small (usually less than 12 inches tall) and low-growing due to lack of nutrients ⬧ Plants are dark in color ⬧ Some plants are covered with hair which helps keep them warm. ⬧ Some plants grow in clumps ⬧ Some plants have dish-like flowers that follow the sun PLANT ADAPTATIONS IN WATER ⬧ Underwater leaves and stems are flexible ⬧ Some plants have air spaces in their stems ⬧ Submerged plants absorb water, nutrients, and dissolved gases through the leaves directly from the water. ⬧ Roots and root hairs reduced or absent ⬧ Some plants have leaves that float atop the water ⬧ In floating plants chlorophyll is restricted to upper surface of leaves (part that the sunlight will hit) ⬧ Some plants produce seeds that can float PLANT ADAPTATIONS IN WATER