Botany Intro PDF

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Prepared by: Aimee Vrenelli V. Manoto  ZOOLOGY AS A SCIENCE NATURAL SCIENCES LIFE SCIENCES...

INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Prepared by: Aimee Vrenelli V. Manoto  ZOOLOGY AS A SCIENCE NATURAL SCIENCES LIFE SCIENCES PHYSICAL (BIOLOGY) SCIENCES ZOOLOGY BOTANY MICROBIOLOGY MYCOLOGY PHYCOLOGY PHYSICS CHEMISTRY EXAMPLES OF SPECIALIZATIONS Cytology - Study of cells Histology - Study of tissues Anatomy - Study of structures & parts Physiology -Study of functions of organisms & their parts Morphology - study of the different forms of organisms Genetics - Study of heredity Ecology - Study of the interaction of organisms with their environment Systematics - Study of the diversity of organisms (classification based on their evolutionary relationships-- Taxonomy) Other Specialized Fields Bryology – study of mosses Agronomy – study of field crops Horticulture –study of ornamental plants & fruits & vegetable crops Forestry – forest conservation & forest products Economic Botany – plants with commercial importance Genomics and Plant Breeding – plants that are resistant to pests, droughts, and pollution – Plants may be used in removing pollutants from water and soil – using plants to produce pharmaceutical chemicals through genetic engineering (biopharming) This will be from both traditional breeding programs where certain traits are selected and from genetic engineering. Future roles of Botany and botanical scientists New medical uses of plants may be developed from studying native peoples uses of wild plants. Plants will be an important component of space exploration for both oxygen generation and food supply.  THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature Two approaches are used to understand natural causes for natural phenomena ❖Discovery science —uses verifiable observations and measurements to describe science ❖Hypothesis-based science —uses the data from discovery science to explain science – This requires proposing and testing of hypotheses Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature There is a difference between a theory and a hypothesis ▪ A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations ▪ A theory is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses – An example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, “Why doesn’t the flashlight work?” – Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem is either the (1) bulb or (2) batteries. – The hypothesis must be testable – The hypothesis must be falsifiable Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burned-out bulb  Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burned-out bulb Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction  Observations Question Hypothesis #1: Hypothesis #2: Dead batteries Burned-out bulb Prediction: Prediction: Replacing batteries Replacing bulb will fix problem will fix problem Test prediction Test prediction Test does not falsify hypothesis Test falsifies hypothesis THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Observation Statement of problem Gather background information Formulation of hypothesis Experiment/Collection of data Analysis of data Conclusion Theory/Law/Principle  THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The unity of life: All forms of life have common features All living organisms are composed of cells DNA is the genetic (hereditary) material of all cells – A gene is a discrete unit of DNA – The chemical structure of DNA accounts for its function – The diversity of life results from differences in DNA structure from individual to individual Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The unity of life: All forms of life have common features – Order - the complex organization of living things (Cells as the basic unit of life) – Regulation—an ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life – Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by DNA – Energy processing/Metabolism—acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.  The unity of life: All forms of life have common features – Responsiveness/ Irritability —an ability to respond to environmental stimuli – Reproduction—the ability to perpetuate the species – Adaptability —acquisition of traits that best suit the organism to its environment (evolutionary adaptation) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. (1) Order (2) Regulation (3) Growth and development (4) Energy processing (5) Response to the environment (6) Reproduction (7) Evolutionary adaptation  Comparison Between Living & Non-living Things Living Non-Living – Definite form & size – Indefinite form & size – Definite life span – Indefinite life span – Undergo metabolism – Cannot undergo metabolism – Can reproduce by themselves of – Cannot reproduce by themselves of their own kind their own kind – Can adapt to changes – Cannot adapt to changes – Can respond to stimuli – Cannot respond to stimuli – Capable of growing – Incapable of growing – Made up of cells – Not composed of cells – Move on their own – Cannot move on their own  Comparison Between Plants & Animals ANIMALS PLANTS Form is constant Form is variable Have definite life span Have indefinite life span Have limited type of growth Have unlimited type of growth Heterotrophs (depend on other Autotrophs (can make their own organisms for food) food) Reproduce by sexual means Reproduce by asexual means Respond faster to stimuli Respond slowly to stimuli Motile (Can move on their own) Stationary (cannot move on their Cell wall & plastid are absent own) cellulosic cell wall & posses chloroplast GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANTS  Form is variable  Have indefinite life span  Have unlimited type of growth  Autotrophs (can make their own food)  Photosynthetic  Reproduce by asexual means ( usually by spores)  Respond slowly to stimuli  Stationary (cannot move on their own)  Have cellulosic cell wall  Posses chloroplast containing the green pigment chlorophyll capable of capturing light energy  They undergo alternation of generation ( alternation of the asexual & sexual stage in their life cycle)