UM General Education-Science PDF

GENERAL EDUCATION-SCIENCE I. LIFE SCIENCES A. Biology - From two Greek words “bios” and “logos” - Literally means the “study of life” Branches of Biology 1. Anatomy- the study of body parts and their location 2. Physiology- the study of...

GENERAL EDUCATION-SCIENCE I. LIFE SCIENCES A. Biology - From two Greek words “bios” and “logos” - Literally means the “study of life” Branches of Biology 1. Anatomy- the study of body parts and their location 2. Physiology- the study of functions of the body parts 3. Biochemistry- the study of chemical processes and substances in living organisms 4. Ecology- study of ecosystem- (interaction between an organism and its environment) 5. Genetics- the study of genes and heredity 6. Microbiology- the study of microorganisms 7. Mycology- study of fungi 8. Phycology- study of algae 9. Parasitology- the study of parasites and their hosts 10. Taxonomy- the science of classification and naming of organisms 11. Botany- study of plants 12. Zoology- study of animals *Ethology- animal behavior *Ichthyology- fishes *Ornithology- birds *Entomology- insects 13. Cytology- the study of cells Hierarchical Organization of Life - Atom - Molecule - Organelle - Cell - Tissue - Organ - System - Organism B. The Cell -basic unit of life Two Types of Cells according to Presence of Nucleus: Prokaryotic Cells- do not contain a nucleus - have their DNA located in a region called nucleoid Eukaryotic Cells- contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles  Robert Hooke ® discovered cell from a cork made from bark of an oak tree ® coined the term cell (cellulae) meaning small room Robert Brown ® discovered the cell’s nucleus ü The cell consists entirely of chemical substances. ü 4 elements constitute about 98% of living matter *Carbon *Hydrogen *Oxygen- the most abundant element in the cell *Nitrogen C. Taxonomy - science of classification and naming of organisms 8 Levels of Taxonomic Classification (Dear King Philip Come Over For Good Spaghetti) ü Domain ü Kingdom ü Phylum ü Class ü Order ü Family ü Genus ü Species Carolus Linnaeus ® Father of Modern Taxonomy ® proposed the binomial nomenclature Virus - Not living, inert chemicals - Has capsid- protein shell that protects the virus’ DNA or RNA. KINGDOM ANIMALIA - Two major groups: invertebrates (no backbone) and vertebrates (with backbone) - Different Phyla: 1. Porifera- sponges 2. Cnidaria- jellyfish, corals 3. Arthropods- insects, crustaceans, arachnids ü Molting or Ecdysis- shedding off of old cuticle to grow in size  4. Nematoda- roundworms 5. Platyhelminthes- flatworms 6. Annelida- segmented worms 7. Chordata- only phylum which are vertebrates (with backbone) Different Classes: ü Fish (Pisces)- scales, gills, and fins examples: sharks, seahorse ü Amphibians (Amphibia)- double life - live both in land and water Examples: frogs, salamanders ü Reptiles (Reptilia)- eggs, scaly bodies Examples: crocodile, snake ü Birds (Aves)- 2 scaly legs, wings, feathers Examples: penguin, ostrich, duck ü Mammals (Mammalia)- mammary glands, milk, hairs/fur Examples: humans, platypus, primates KINGDOM PLANTAE - They are autotrophic or producer (it means they can make their own food). - Two big groups: those which do not have tissues to transport water and food (nonvascular) and those that have this transport system (vascular). D. Botany – study of plants. Seed Vascular Plants § Angiosperms (Flowering plants) - Most abundant and widely distributed plants. - Bears fruit to protect the seed. § Gymnosperms - Cone bearing plants. - Gymnosperms have “naked seeds”. - Seeds are not enclosed by fruit. - Example: conifers PLANT REPRODUCTION: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS Flower- reproductive organ of flowering plant ® Pollination- transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the flower.  o Cross pollination- from one plant to the other plant o Self-pollination -pollination from same flower or plant Parts of a flower - Sepals, collectively called the calyx, protect the flower bud before it opens. - Petals, collectively called the corolla attract a particular pollinator - Stamen, male part o Anther o Filament o Pollen grains - Carpel (Pistil), female part o Stigma o Ovary becomes the fruit o Style o Ovule becomes the seed Fruit is instrumental in the distribution of seeds. It also protects the seed. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: PLANTS § Asexual Reproduction- vegetative reproduction - Runners- Horizontal stems, new roots and shoots develop at the node. Also known as stolon. Example: strawberry, Bermuda grass, bamboo grass - Tubers- Underground stems that store food for the plant, the “eyes” are the stem’s nodes, and each eye contains a cluster of buds. Example: Potato - Rhizomes- They grow as horizontal underground stem from plant to plant. Example: Ginger - Bulbs- They are shortened, compressed underground stems. Example:Onion, Garlic - Corms- They are underground stems. Example: Taro (Colocasia) - Underground roots: Carrots, Sweet potatoes (camote), and cassava ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: OTHER ORGANISMS - Budding ü The parent organism produces offspring by growing a replica in the form of an outgrowth called bud. ü Example: Hydra, Sponges, Yeast  - Fragmentation ü Separated pieces of the parent organism develop into an individual. ü Example: Sea star, Flatworms, Earthworms - Binary Fission ü In bacteria E. ECOLOGY -the study of ecosystem Ecosystem § Relationship between living (biotic) things and non-living (abiotic) things. § Biotic Components of Ecosystem - Producers (autotrophs)- Can make their own food. o Example: Plants - Consumers (heterotrophs)- Obtain food from another organisms. o Herbivores- organisms that graze directly on producers. o Carnivores- feed on other animals. o Omnivores- animals that feed on both plants and animals. o Scavengers- feed on decaying and necrotic matter (example: vulture). o Decomposers/Saprophytes- break down dead organisms. Example: bacteria, fungi Ecological Relationship § Competition § Predation-predator (kills and eats) and prey (eaten) § Symbiosis - Mutualism (+, +)- both organisms benefit - Parasitism (+, -)- one benefits (parasite) while the other is harmed (host) - Commensalism (+)- one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited) II. VITAMINS FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin A: The Night Sight Vitamin - healthy vision in your eyes - deficiency: night blindness Vitamin D: The Sunshine Vitamin - development of bone and teeth; absorption of calcium - deficiency: rickets, osteomalacia  Vitamin E: The Fat Antioxidant - immunity; antioxidant - deficiency: hemolytic anemia, less fertility Vitamin K: The Green Leafy Vitamin - blood clotting, also keep the bones healthy - deficiency: osteoporosis WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamin B Name Deficiency B1 Thiamine Beriberi B2 Riboflavin Ariboflavinosis B3 Niacin Pellagra B5 Pantothenic acid Paresthesia B6 Pyridoxine Anemia, numbness in hands and feet, B7 BioDn skin rashes, hair thinning, loss of hair color B9 Folate Birth defects (like spina bifida), megaloblasDc anemia B12 Cobalamin Pernicious anemia Vitamin C: The Citrus Antioxidant - ascorbic acid - immunity booster - deficiency: scurvy