Code of Ethics for Engineers PDF

Code of Ethics for Engineers Preamble they lack competence, nor to any plan or document not to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent Engineering is an important and learned profession. As...

Code of Ethics for Engineers Preamble they lack competence, nor to any plan or document not to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members prepared under their direction and control. pertinent facts concerning employers, employees, of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest c. Engineers may accept assignments and assume associates, joint venturers, or past accomplishments. standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and responsibility for coordination of an entire project and sign b. Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit, or receive, either vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the and seal the engineering documents for the entire project, directly or indirectly, any contribution to influence the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, provided that each technical segment is signed and sealed award of a contract by public authority, or which may be fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection only by the qualified engineers who prepared the segment. reasonably construed by the public as having the effect of the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must or intent of influencing the awarding of a contract. They 3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires shall not offer any gift or other valuable consideration in and truthful manner. adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct. order to secure work. They shall not pay a commission, a. Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional percentage, or brokerage fee in order to secure work, reports, statements, or testimony. They shall include I. Fundamental Canons except to a bona fide employee or bona fide established all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall: commercial or marketing agencies retained by them. statements, or testimony, which should bear the date 1. Hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. indicating when it was current. 2. Perform services only in areas of their competence. b. Engineers may express publicly technical opinions III. Professional Obligations 3. Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful 1. Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the that are founded upon knowledge of the facts and manner. highest standards of honesty and integrity. competence in the subject matter. 4. Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. a. Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and shall not c. Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or 5. Avoid deceptive acts. distort or alter the facts. arguments on technical matters that are inspired or paid 6. Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically, b. Engineers shall advise their clients or employers when for by interested parties, unless they have prefaced their and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation, and they believe a project will not be successful. comments by explicitly identifying the interested parties usefulness of the profession. c. Engineers shall not accept outside employment to on whose behalf they are speaking, and by revealing the the detriment of their regular work or interest. Before existence of any interest the engineers may have in the II. Rules of Practice accepting any outside engineering employment, they will matters. 1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and notify their employers. welfare of the public. 4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful d. Engineers shall not attempt to attract an engineer from a. If engineers’ judgment is overruled under agents or trustees. another employer by false or misleading pretenses. circumstances that endanger life or property, they shall a. Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts e. Engineers shall not promote their own interest at the notify their employer or client and such other authority of interest that could influence or appear to influence expense of the dignity and integrity of the profession. as may be appropriate. their judgment or the quality of their services. f. Engineers shall treat all persons with dignity, respect, b. Engineers shall approve only those engineering documents b. Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or fairness, and without discrimination. that are in conformity with applicable standards. otherwise, from more than one party for services on 2. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest. c. Engineers shall not reveal facts, data, or information the same project, or for services pertaining to the same a. Engineers are encouraged to participate in civic affairs; without the prior consent of the client or employer except project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed and career guidance for youths; and work for the advancement as authorized or required by law or this Code. agreed to by all interested parties. of the safety, health, and well-being of their community. d. Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or c. Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other b. Engineers shall not complete, sign, or seal plans and/or associate in business ventures with any person or firm valuable consideration, directly or indirectly, from outside specifications that are not in conformity with applicable that they believe is engaged in fraudulent or dishonest agents in connection with the work for which they are engineering standards. If the client or employer insists enterprise. responsible. on such unprofessional conduct, they shall notify the e. Engineers shall not aid or abet the unlawful practice of d. Engineers in public service as members, advisors, or proper authorities and withdraw from further service on engineering by a person or firm. employees of a governmental or quasi-governmental the project. f. Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of body or department shall not participate in decisions with c. Engineers are encouraged to extend public knowledge this Code shall report thereon to appropriate professional respect to services solicited or provided by them or their and appreciation of engineering and its achievements. bodies and, when relevant, also to public authorities, and organizations in private or public engineering practice. d. Engineers are encouraged to adhere to the principles cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such e. Engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a of sustainable development1 in order to protect the information or assistance as may be required. governmental body on which a principal or officer of their environment for future generations. organization serves as a member. 2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their e. Engineers shall continue their professional development competence. 5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts. throughout their careers and should keep current in their a. Engineers shall undertake assignments only when a. Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or specialty fields by engaging in professional practice, qualified by education or experience in the specific permit misrepresentation of their or their associates’ participating in continuing education courses, reading technical fields involved. qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate in the technical literature, and attending professional b. Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans their responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior meetings and seminar. or documents dealing with subject matter in which assignments. Brochures or other presentations incident 1420 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314-2794 888-285-NSPE (6773) [email protected] WWW.NSPE.ORG PUBLICATION DATE AS REVISED JULY 2019 PUBLICATION #1102 ©NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  3. Engineers shall avoid all conduct or practice that 7. Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or “By order of the United States District Court for the deceives the public. falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, District of Columbia, former Section 11(c) of the NSPE a. Engineers shall avoid the use of statements containing prospects, practice, or employment of other engineers. a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a Engineers who believe others are guilty of unethical or Code of Ethics prohibiting competitive bidding, and all material fact. illegal practice shall present such information to the policy statements, opinions, rulings or other guidelines b. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may advertise proper authority for action. interpreting its scope, have been rescinded as unlawfully for recruitment of personnel. a. Engineers in private practice shall not review the work interfering with the legal right of engineers, protected c. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may prepare of another engineer for the same client, except with the articles for the lay or technical press, but such articles knowledge of such engineer, or unless the connection of under the antitrust laws, to provide price information to shall not imply credit to the author for work performed such engineer with the work has been terminated. prospective clients; accordingly, nothing contained in the by others. b. Engineers in governmental, industrial, or educational NSPE Code of Ethics, policy statements, opinions, rulings employ are entitled to review and evaluate the work of other 4. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent, confidential or other guidelines prohibits the submission of price engineers when so required by their employment duties. information concerning the business affairs or technical c. Engineers in sales or industrial employ are entitled to quotations or competitive bids for engineering services processes of any present or former client or employer, or make engineering comparisons of represented products at any time or in any amount.” public body on which they serve. with products of other suppliers. a. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties, promote or arrange for new 8. Engineers shall accept personal responsibility for their Statement by NSPE Executive Committee employment or practice in connection with a specific professional activities, provided, however, that engineers In order to correct misunderstandings which have been project for which the engineer has gained particular may seek indemnification for services arising out of indicated in some instances since the issuance of the and specialized knowledge. their practice for other than gross negligence, where the Supreme Court decision and the entry of the Final Judgment, b. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all engineer’s interests cannot otherwise be protected. it is noted that in its decision of April 25, 1978, the Supreme interested parties, participate in or represent an a. Engineers shall conform with state registration laws in Court of the United States declared: “The Sherman Act does adversary interest in connection with a specific project the practice of engineering. not require competitive bidding.” or proceeding in which the engineer has gained b. Engineers shall not use association with a nonengineer, a particular specialized knowledge on behalf of a former corporation, or partnership as a “cloak” for unethical acts. It is further noted that as made clear in the Supreme Court client or employer. decision: 9. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those 1. Engineers and firms may individually refuse to bid for 5. Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional to whom credit is due, and will recognize the proprietary engineering services. duties by conflicting interests. interests of others. 2. Clients are not required to seek bids for engineering a. Engineers shall not accept financial or other a. Engineers shall, whenever possible, name the person or services. considerations, including free engineering designs, persons who may be individually responsible for designs, 3. Federal, state, and local laws governing procedures from material or equipment suppliers for specifying inventions, writings, or other accomplishments. to procure engineering services are not affected, and their product. b. Engineers using designs supplied by a client recognize remain in full force and effect. b. Engineers shall not accept commissions or allowances, that the designs remain the property of the client and 4. State societies and local chapters are free to actively directly or indirectly, from contractors or other parties may not be duplicated by the engineer for others without and aggressively seek legislation for professional dealing with clients or employers of the engineer express permission. selection and negotiation procedures by public in connection with work for which the engineer is c. Engineers, before undertaking work for others in agencies. responsible. connection with which the engineer may make 5. State registration board rules of professional conduct, improvements, plans, designs, inventions, or other 6. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or including rules prohibiting competitive bidding for records that may justify copyrights or patents, should advancement or professional engagements by untruthfully engineering services, are not affected and remain in enter into a positive agreement regarding ownership. criticizing other engineers, or by other improper or full force and effect. State registration boards with d. Engineers’ designs, data, records, and notes referring questionable methods. authority to adopt rules of professional conduct may exclusively to an employer’s work are the employer’s a. Engineers shall not request, propose, or accept a adopt rules governing procedures to obtain engineering property. The employer should indemnify the engineer commission on a contingent basis under circumstances services. for use of the information for any purpose other than the in which their judgment may be compromised. 6. As noted by the Supreme Court, “nothing in the original purpose. b. Engineers in salaried positions shall accept part-time judgment prevents NSPE and its members from engineering work only to the extent consistent with Footnote 1 “Sustainable development” is the challenge of meeting attempting to influence governmental action...” policies of the employer and in accordance with ethical human needs for natural resources, industrial products, energy, considerations. food, transportation, shelter, and effective waste management while Note: In regard to the question of application of the Code to c. Engineers shall not, without consent, use equipment, conserving and protecting environmental quality and the natural corporations vis-a-vis real persons, business form or type should resource base essential for future development. not negate nor influence conformance of individuals to the Code. supplies, laboratory, or office facilities of an employer The Code deals with professional services, which services must to carry on outside private practice. be performed by real persons. Real persons in turn establish and implement policies within business structures. The Code is clearly written to apply to the Engineer, and it is incumbent on members of NSPE to endeavor to live up to its provisions. This applies to all pertinent sections of the Code. 1420 KING STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314-2794 888-285-NSPE (6773) [email protected] WWW.NSPE.ORG PUBLICATION DATE AS REVISED JULY 2019 PUBLICATION #1102 ©NATIONAL SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.  PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT AND DEVICES  General Provisions Every employer as defined in 1002 (1) Shall at his own expense furnish his workers with protective equipment for the eyes, face, hands and feet, protective shields and barriers whenever necessary by reason of the hazardous nature of the process or environment, chemical or radiological or other mechanical irritants or hazards capable of causing injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact. (2) Deduction for the loss or damage of personal protective equipment shall be governed by Article 114, Book III, Labor Code of the Philippines, and Section 14, Rule VIII, Book III, Omnibus Rules Implementing the Labor Code.  All personal protective equipment shall be of the approved design and construction appropriate for the exposure and the work to be performed. The employer shall be responsible for the adequacy and proper maintenance of personal protective equipment used in his workplace. No person shall be subjected or exposed to a hazardous environmental condition without protection.  Eye and Face Protection Eyes and face protective equipment shall be required where there is reasonable probability of exposure to such hazards. In such cases, the employer shall furnish a type of protective equipment suitable for the work to be performed and the employees shall use such equipment be kept clean and in good condition, and be of the approved type. The primary corrective measure in the control of occupational diseases caused by harmful, dusts, fogs, Respiratory Protection fumes, mists, gases, smokes, sprays or vapors shall be to prevent atmospheric contamination. Regular cleaning and disinfecting of the respirators. Respirators issued for the exclusive use of one worker shall be cleaned after each day’s use or as often as necessary. Standard procedures shall be developed for the use of respirators. All personnel shall be familiar with these procedures and the available respirators to use. A program for the maintenance and care of respirators shall be adopted to the type of plant, working conditions, and hazards involved and shall include the following basic services: inspection for defects , cleaning and disinfecting, and repair and storage. Head Protection Hard hats for the protection of workers from impact penetration from falling and flying objects, blows, and from limited electric shock and burns shall be provided where there is reasonable probability of exposure to such hazards. Hard hats shall have a brim all around to provide protection for the head, face and back of the neck. For work in excessive moisture, hard hats shall be water- proof-material.  Hair Protection, Hand and Arm Protection All persons with long hair employed around machinery shall completely cover their hair When selecting gloves, consideration should be given to the with well fitting caps or other equivalent protection. hazards to which the wearer may be exposed to and the ease Caps shall be of materials not easily flammable and and free movement of the fingers. sufficiently durable to withstand regular Gloves, mittens and sleeves for workers handling hot metals laundering, disinfecting and cleaning. shall be made of suit-able heat resisting material. Gauntlets for workers handling corrosive substances, such as acids and caustics, shall be made of natural rubber, synthetic rubber or pliable plastic material resistant to corrosion. Safety Belts, Life Lines and Safety Nets In situations where safety belts and life lines in guarded platforms and scaffolds or temporary floors are not feasible, safety nets shall be provided and installed. On top of structures where there is no place to strap a safety belt, a messenger line shall be installed for strapping the safety belt or life line. Anchor fittings with single thread section which is merely screwed into reinforcing plates shall not be used. Safety nets shall be equipped with adequately padded thimbler sockets or equivalent means of attachments. Use of Safety Shoes Workers shall be provided with approved safety shoes and leg protection whenever necessary as determined by the nature of work. References: Rule 1080: Personal protective equipment & devices. (n.d.). Blog at WordPress.Com. https://laborlawphilippines.wordpress.com/category/occupational-safety-health-standard/rule-1080-personal- protective-equipment- devices/#:~:text=(1)Shall%20at%20his%20own,capable%20of%20causing%20injury%20or Goggles. (n.d.). OSH Answers Fact Sheets. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/ppe/glasses.html Face plate. (n.d.). Eye & Face Protection. https://www.ishn.com/articles/94033-eye---face-protection Respirators. (n.d.). EHS Today. https://www.ehstoday.com/ppe/respirators/article/21919311/respiratory- protection-selection-made-easy-or-at-least-less-confusing Heahprotection. (n.d.). 10 Things to Know About Head Protection. https://www.safeopedia.com/10-things-to- know-about-head-protection/2/7424 TRAINING OF PERSONNEL IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 16-01 Series of 2001  What is OSH? Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards. Its goal is to prevent accidents and harm to people from work-related activities. Importance of OSH Training Aims at improving the capability, capacity, and performance of staff, leading to safe and health-oriented behaviour, often linked directly to specific tasks.  Rule 1032: DEFINITIONS SAFETY OFFICER – refers to any employee/worker trained and tasked to implement occupational safety and health programs in the workplace in accordance with the provisions of the Standards and shall be synonymous to the term “Safety Man” as used in these Standards. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PERSONNEL – refers to Physician, Nurse, Dentist, Chemist, Engineers, Safety Officer, First-Aider and other persons engaged by the employer to provide occupational safety and health services as required by the Standards. PRACTITIONER IN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH – refers to any qualified person as assessed and duly-accredited by the Bureau to practice and render occupational safety and health services in a defined and specific scope or core competency. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CONSULTANT – refers to any practitioner in occupational safety and health or group of persons or organizations duly-accredited by the Bureau to practice, perform and/or render consultative and/or advisory services on occupational safety and health in at least two (2) fields of specialization as enumerated in Annex “A”.  Hazardous Establishment – refers to an establishment where work operations or practices performed by a worker in the establishment or workplace in conjunction with or as an incident to such operations or practices and which expose the employee or worker to hazards likely to cause disabling injury, illness, death or physical or psychological harm.  Highly Hazardous Establishment is one where potential hazards within the company may affect the safety and/or health of workers not only within but also persons outside the premises of the workplace. The following are workplaces commonly associated with potentially high hazardous activities: Petrochemical works and refineries; Chemical works and chemical production plants; LPG storage and materials; Stores and distribution centers for toxic/hazardous chemicals; Large fertilizer stores; Explosives factories; Works in which chlorine is used in bulk; Activities closely similar to the activities enumerated above; and Activities as determined by the Bureau in accordance with existing issuances related to the classification of establishments highly  Safety Officer 1 (SO1) Mandatory 8-hour OSH orientation course 2-hour trainers’ training Safety Officer 2 (SO2) Mandatory 40- hour of basic OSH training course applicable to the industry  Safety Officer 3 (SO3) Mandatory 40-hour basic OSH training course applicable to the industry Additional 48 hours of advanced/specialized OS training course relevant to the industry Other requirements as prescribed by the OSH standards EXPERIENCE: at least 2 years in OSH Safety Officer 4 (SO4) Mandatory 40-hour basic OSH training course applicable to the industry Additional 80 hours of advanced/specialized OS training course relevant to the industry An aggregate of 320 hours of OSH related training or experience (80 hours = 1 year , vice versa) Other requirements as prescribed by the OSH standards. EXPERIENCE: Actual experience as SO3 for at least 4 years  Training and Personnel Complement Minimum Number of Safety Officer Number of Workers Duties of the Safety Man – The duties Hazardous Highly Hazardous of the safetyman are specified under 1-50 1 part-time 1 full-time Rule 1040 of this Standards. 51-200 1 full-time 1 full-time & 1 part-time A part-time safetyman shall be allotted at least four (4) hours per week to 201-250 1 full-time & 1part- 2 full-time perform the duties as safetyman time 251-500 2 full-time 2 full-time & 1 part- time Every additional 500 1 additional full-time or fraction thereof Every additional 250 1 additional full-time or fraction thereof  Training and Personnel Complement Non- Hazardous Number of Workers Minimum Number of Safety Officers Part Time (PT) = 4h/d, 3d/w Full Time (FT) = 8h/d, 6d/w 1-250 1part-time 251-500 2 part-time 501-750 1 full-time 751-1000 2 full-time Every additional 500 1 additional full-time or fraction thereof The employment of a full-time safety man may not be required if the employer enters into a written contract with a qualified consultant or consulting organization whose duties and responsibilities shall include the following, among others: a. to assist, advise or guide the employer in complying with the provisions of this Standards, including the development of health and safety programs; b. to make at least a quarterly appraisal of programs and safety performance of the establishment, including the activities of the safety committee; c. to be present during scheduled safety inspections by authorized government agents, and during regular safety committee meetings; and d. in the performance of these activities, to be in the establishment at least six (6) hours a week. The employment of a consultant, however, will not excuse the employer from the required training of his supervisors or technical personnel. Qualifications of a Safety Consultant (1) A qualified safety consultant shall mean one who has been a safety and health practitioner for at least five (5) years and has taken the necessary training prescribed by the Bureau. (2) Safety practitioners with at least ten (10) years of experience in all fields of occupational safety and health may not be required to undergo the required training provided they secure from the Bureau a certification attesting to their competence to qualify as consultants. (3) All safety consultants or consulting organizations, shall be accredited by the Bureau, and registered with the Regional Office concerned. Personnel Training Requirement First-Aider Standard first aid training At least forty (40)-hour Basic OSH training OH Nurse course for OH Nurses At least forty (40)-hour Basic OSH training OH Dentist course At least fifty-six (56)-hour Basic OSH training OH Physician course for OH Physicians  Establishment category Inclusions of the program Less than ten (10) 1. Company commitment to comply with OSH requirements workers and low risk 2. General safety and health programs: establishments with ten 1. Safety and health hazard identification, risk assessment and control (HIRAC) (10) to fifty (50) workers 2. Medical surveillance 3. First aid and emergency medical services 3. Promotion of the following health domains: 1. Drug-free workplace (RA 9165) 2. Mental health services (RA 11036) 3. Healthy Lifestyle 4. Prevention and control of the following health domains: 1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (RA 8504) 2. Tuberculosis (EO 187-03) 3. Hepatitis B (DOLE DA 05-2010) 5. Complete company or project details 6. Composition and duties of the OSH committee 7. OSH personnel and facilities 8. Safety and health promotion, training and education: 1. Orientation of all workers on OSH 2. Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation, and control 9. Conduct of toolbox or safety meetings and job safety analysis 10. Accident/incident/illness investigation, recording, and reporting 11. Provision and use of PPE, safety signage, and workers’ welfare facilities 12. Emergency and disaster preparedness and mandated drills 13. Solid waste management system 14. Control and management of hazards  Establishment category Inclusions of the program Medium to high risk In addition to everything required above, establishments with 1.Safety and health promotion, training and education: ten (10) to fifty (50) 1. Orientation of all workers on OSH and low to high risk 2. Conduct of risk assessment, evaluation, and control establishments with 3. Continuous training on OSH of OSH personnel fifty-one (51) 4. Work Permit System workers and above 2.Dust control and management, and regulations on activities such as building of temporary structures and lifting and operating equipment 3.Emergency and disaster preparedness and response plan to include the organization and creation of disaster control groups, business continuity plan, and updating the hazard, risk, and vulnerability assessment 4.Prohibited acts and penalties for violations 5.Cost of implementing company OSH program OSHC-REU 11 Conducted a Free BOSH-SO1 Training for the MSME Sector on March 10-11, 2021 and March 24-25, 2021 Participants will experience group discussion, workshop, and analyze cases to strengthen their abilities to become effective Safety Officers. The program is aimed at equipping participants with OSH concepts, principles and practices applicable to most industries, (Trainers and Consultants, Inc.). References: Best Practices for Engaging Workers in Health and Safety Training -- Occupational Health & Safety. (2016). Occupational Health & Safety. https://ohsonline.com/articles/2016/05/01/best- practices-for-engaging-workers-in-health-and-safety-training.aspx Philippines, Occupational Safety and Health Standards – Enviliance ASIA. (n.d.). https://enviliance.com/regions/southeast-asia/ph/ph-osh OSHC-REU 11 Conducted a Free BOSH-SO1 Training for the MSME Sector on March 10-11, 2021 and March 24-25, 2021 | Occupational Safety and Health Center. (n.d.). Retrieved July 24, 2022, from https://oshc.dole.gov.ph/oshc-reu-11-conducted-a-free-bosh-so1-training-for-the-msme- sector-on-march-10-11-2021-and-march-24-25-2021/ 40 Hrs - Basic Occupational Safety and Health (BOSH) with TOT for SO2: Cebu | CdeO | Manila | Davao | Butuan. (n.d.). J3 Trainers and Consultant Inc. Retrieved July 24, 2022, from https://j3solutions.com.ph/training/training-schedules/basic-occupational-safety-and-health- davao  RULE 1940 FIRE PROTECTION AND CONTROL  1941: General Provisions All buildings for occupancy used shall be located in areas provided for by applicable zoning regulations of the locality. Specific standards in design and construction, occupancy and use of buildings and facilities shall be those prescribed by the Building Code of the Philippines. Fire tests of building materials and fire protection equipment used in any place of employment shall be those provided for the Fire Code of the Philippines. Standards for the design and installation of Indoor, outdoor general storage, sprinkler system and fire protection system shall be those provided for by Chapter 9 of the Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) Code.  1942: Definitions “Fire-Rating ” - the time duration that material shall withstand a standard fire exposure test. “Flash Point” - the minimum temperature in degrees at which material will give off flammable vapor.  Type of Occupancy Hazards Construction Low Moderate High Wood – Frame 3 stories 2 stories 1 stories Slow – Burning 7 stories 6 stories 4 stories Fire – Resistant No limit No limit 5 stories 1943.01: Types of Building Construction The height of buildings used as places of employment shall be as provided in Table 45a. Existing buildings not in conformity with Table 45a shall be given five years to comply with the Standards. The number of stories provided in Table 45a may be increased by two if approved automatic sprinkler protection is provided. This provision may be applicable to existing buildings if the discrepancy is only in the number of stories. 1943.01: Types of Building Construction Wood- Frame Construction - a construction in which wooden frame-work forms the structural support for enclosure walls, floors, and doors 1943.01: Types of Building Construction Slow – Burning Construction - construction consisting of substantial masonry walls and heavy timber interior 1943.01: Types of Building Construction Fire – Resistant Construction - construction in which all walls, partitions, floors, stairs, roofs, window frames and sashes, doors and other interior finish, consist of fire resistant materials designed to withstand, without collapse during burning of the contents of the building for a specified time. Selection of Extinguishers Extinguishers shall be selected for the specific class or classes or hazards to be protected against in accordance with the following: 1948: Alarm Systems and Fire Drill 1948.01: Sounding Devices (1) All buildings having two or more stories in height shall be equipped with fire alarm system and signals of distinctive quality and pitch clearly audible to all persons inside the building. (2) Hand-operated sending stations of fire alarm boxes shall be provided on every floor and located that the travel to reach a station is not more than thirty (30) meters for industrial and commercial establishments with moderate or low hazard occupancy. (3) Fire-alarm stations shall be conspicuous, readily accessible, and in the natural path of escape from fire. (4) Hand operated sending stations of fire alarm boxes shall be provided on every floor and located such that the travel to reach a station is not more than sixty-one (61) meters for business establishments with moderate or low hazard occupancy.  1948.02: Fire-fighting Drills Every place of employment depending on the magnitude of potential fires and the availability of assistance from the public fire department shall organize a fire brigade to deal with fires and other related emergencies. (2) The members of the fire brigade shall be physically qualified for the job and properly trained on firefighting use of hose, line, ventilation of buildings, salvage operations, rescue operations, first aid, and other related activities.  1948.03: Fire Exit Drills Fire-exit drills shall be conducted at least twice a year to maintain an orderly evacuation of buildings, unless the local fire department requires a higher frequency of fire drills. Fire exit drills shall only include evacuation of persons and shall not include salvage operation. In buildings where the population is of a changing character, the fire-exit training of the regular employees shall include the proper procedure to direct other occupants to safety. Occupants of each department, floor or portion of the building shall be designated a particular place to assemble outside of the building and in places that will not hamper fire- fighting. When two or more establishments occupy a building, fire exit drills shall be planned as if there is only one (1) establishment. The organization and the composition of a fire-exit drill committee shall be as provided by the requirements of the local fire department. Fire brigade as required by the local department or the Fire Code shall be organized. 1948.03: Fire Exit Drills References: Government of Canada, C. C. for O. H. and S. (2016, February 1). Fire Extinguishers - Portable : OSH Answers. Www.ccohs.ca. https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/fire_extinguishers.html Fire Escape Plan: Why You Need One and How to Make It. (2016, August 17). Security Alarm. https://www.securityalarm.com/blog/does-my-business-need-a-fire-escape- plan/ Fire Resistant Board -Top Quality FR Boards At Best Price. 12mm & 15mm. (2020, December 24). https://jayswal.in/web/fire-resistant-board-fr-board-12mm-15mm/ References: Timber choices for Wood Frame Construction of Homes. (n.d.). Www.ecohome.net. https://www.ecohome.net/guides/2283/best-material-choices-for-wood-frame- construction/ Load Bearing Masonry Construction | Load Bearing Walls | How to build find. (2019). Understand Building Construction. http://www.understandconstruction.com/load- bearing-masonry-construction.html