Book Review 1 (1).pdf

 BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW 1. Which branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear X) innervates the cricothyroid muscle? m...

 BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW 1. Which branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear X) innervates the cricothyroid muscle? masses, which are the globus pallidus, caudate a. Superior laryngeal nerve nucleus, and putamen. b. Lateral laryngeal nerve c. Recurrent laryngeal nerve 5. The structure that regulates body posture, d. Pharyngeal branch equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor movements is the Answer: a a. angular gyrus. The external branch of the superior laryngeal b. corticospinal tract. nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle. c. circle of Willis. d. cerebellum. 2. The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called Answer: d a. afferent neurons. The structure that regulates body posture, b. efferent neurons. equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor c. primary neurons. movements is the cerebellum. d. peripheral neurons. 6. The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the Answer: b a. corpus callosum and basal ganglia. The type of neurons that transmit information b. corpus striatum. away from the brain are called efferent neurons. c. caudate nucleus and globus pallidus. d. lateral surface of the cortex. 3. An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls Answer: a emotions) and the thalamus (which relays The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the sensory impulses to various portions of the corpus callosum and the basal ganglia. cerebral cortex) is called the a. mesencephalon. 7. Respiration relies on the muscles of inspiration b. diencephalon. and expiration. The thick, dome-shaped muscle c. superior cerebellar peduncle. that separates the abdomen from the thorax is d. postcentral gyrus. called the a. sternocleidomastoid. Answer: b b. levator costarum longis. An important structure adjacent to the brainstem c. pectoralis major. that contains the hypothalamus (which controls d. diaphragm. emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the Answer: d cerebral cortex) is called the diencephalon. The thick, dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax is called the 4. The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear diaphragm. masses, which are the a. globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and 8. The primary muscle of the lips is the putamen. a. orbicularis oris. b. putamen, caudate nucleus, and basal b. buccinator. ganglia. c. risorius. c. supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, and d. levator labii superioris. putamen. d. substantia nigra, angular gyrus, and Answer: a globus pallidus. The primary muscle of the lips is the orbicularis oris. Answer: a 1 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW 9. The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add b. stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. The and levator veli palatini nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which c. levator veli palatini, genioglossus, and sounds? salpingopharyngeus. a. k, g, t, d d. palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and b. r, l, y levator veli palatini. c. f, sh, s d. m, n, ng Answer: d Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure Answer: d through tensing or elevating the velum are the The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. The palatini. nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to m, n, ng. 13. The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is 10. These are composed of a ring of connective called the tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the a. dorsum. arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate b. root. the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help c. blade. preserve the airway. d. lingual frenum. a. Ventricular folds b. True vocal folds Answer: d c. Lamina propria The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue d. Aryepiglottic folds that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the lingual frenum. Answer: d The aryepiglottic folds are a ring of connective 14. When a person is producing voiced and voiceless tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the arytenoid cartilages to the larynx. They separate a. palatopharyngeus. the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help b. sternocleidomastoid. preserve the airway. c. genioglossus. d. styloglossus. 11. The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator veli palatini, Answer: c palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles is The muscle that is most involved in producing the a. cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve. voiced and voiceless /th/ is the genioglossus. b. cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve. c. cranial nerve XI, the spinal accessory 15. Which muscles from the list below are the most nerve. involved in adducting the vocal folds? d. cranial nerve VII, the facial nerve. a. Lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoid Answer: a b. Digastrics The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and c. Cricothyroids also innervates the levator veli palatini, d. Posterior cricoarytenoids palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles is cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve. Answer: a The muscles most involved with adducting the 12. Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure vocal folds are the lateral cricoarytenoids and through tensing or elevating the velum are the transverse arytenoid. a. tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, and salpingopharyngeus. 16. What is the primary paired muscle of soft palatal movement and velopharyngeal closure? a. Palatoglossus 2 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW b. Levator veli palatini Both videofluoroscopic and nasal endoscopic c. Tensor veli palatini studies have demonstrated that the tongue base d. Superior pharyngeal constrictor and posterior pharyngeal wall articulate to e. Palatopharyngeus produce the pharyngeal fricative. Answer: b 20. Anterior displacement of a distinct portion of the Although the other muscles are velopharyngeal posterior pharyngeal wall during speech is known muscles, only the levator veli palatini has been as: proved to displace the soft palate posteriorly and a. Pharyngeal wall constriction superiorly to affect velopharyngeal closure in b. Passavant's ridge speech. c. Pharyngeal frication d. Palatopharyngeal closure 17. During speech, velar position is influenced e. Zona pellucida primarily by what three muscles? a. Tensor veli palatini, levator veli palatini, Answer: b and palatopharyngeus Anterior displacement of a distinct portion of the b. Tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, and posterior pharyngeal wall during speech is the palatopharyngeus definition of Passavant's ridge. c. Levator veli palatini, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus 21. The formation of Passavant's ridge is attributed to d. Levator veli palatini, palatoglossus, and what muscle? palatopharyngeus a. Palatoglossus e. Tensor veli palatine, palatopharyngeus, b. Palatopharyngeus and musculus uvulaeure c. Musculus uvulae d. Middle pharyngeal constrictor Answer: d e. Superior pharyngeal constrictor Several electromyographic studies have demonstrated that the levator veli palatini, Answer: e palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles Of the five choices, only the superior pharyngeal are coactivated during speech, which suggests constrictor is in the anatomical position to form that an agonist-antagonist relationship is present Passavant's ridge. to control the open and closed velar positions. 22. On expiration, the diaphragm: 18. Contraction of this muscle adds bulk to the nasal a. Flattens surface of the soft palate, resulting in the "velar b. Rises eminence" or "velar knee": c. Extends a. Tensor veli palatini d. Flattens or extends b. Superior pharyngeal constrictor e. Rises and extends c. Musculus uvulae d. Stylopharyngeus Answer: b e. Palatopharyngeus During exhalation, the rib cage and chest wall start to sag and revert to the original position. At Answer: c the same time, there is relaxation and elevation Only the location of the musculus uvulae can of the diaphragm. This motion forces the air within explain the bulk that appears on the nasal surface the lungs to push out of the body. of the soft palate during speech. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519558/ 19. What articulators are involved in producing a pharyngeal fricative? 23. The rate at which air is expelled per second a. Posterior pharyngeal wall and tongue tip through the glottis during sustained phonation is b. Posterior pharyngeal wall and soft palate which of the following? c. Posterior pharyngeal wall and larynx a. Vital capacity d. Posterior pharyngeal wall and tongue b. Phonation quotient base c. Maximum phonation time e. The vocal folds d. Tidal volume e. None of the above Answer: d 3 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW Answer: b An increase in intrathoracic pressure is required Phonation quotient is the rate at which air is for coughing and sneezing. This increase in expelled through the glottis per second during pressure is enabled by the ventricular folds, not sustained phonation. Vital capacity (option a) is the vocal folds (option b). The arytenoid cartilages the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled (option c) aid in more complete closure of the after a maximum inhalation. Maximum phonation vocal folds during phonation. The cricoid and time (option c) is the amount of a time that thyroid cartilages (option d) do not aid in pressure phonation can be sustained on a single breath. increase during coughing and sneezing. Tidal volume (option d) is the amount of air exchanged during inspirations and expirations of 27. The _____ is shaped like a signet ring. normal quiet breathing. a. Thyroid cartilage b. Hyoid 24. In relation to the vertebral column, the larynx is c. Arytenoid cartilage located from approximately the level of the: d. Cricoid cartilage a. C1 to C3 vertebrae e. None of the above b. C3 to C6 vertebrae c. T3 to T6 vertebrae Answer: d d. T1 to T3 vertebrae The cricoid cartilage is shaped like a signet ring. e. LI to L4 vertebrae The hyoid (option b) is the bone from which the larynx is suspended. The thyroid (option a) and Answer: b arytenoid cartilages (option c) are not shaped like The larynx is located at approximately the level of a signet ring. The thyroid cartilage (option a) the third cervical vertebrae to the sixth cervical protects the larynx anteriorly. The arytenoid vertebrae. The larynx is not close to the upper cartilages (option c) aid in more complete closure cervical (option a), thoracic (options b and c), or of the vocal folds during phonation. lumbar vertebrae (option d). 28. Elevation and lowering of the larynx for 25. The superior opening of the larynx is formed by respiration and phonation is carried out by the: the: a. Intrinsic laryngeal muscles a. Epiglottis b. Extrinsic laryngeal muscles b. Hyoid c. External intercostal muscles c. Aryepiglottic fold d. Internal intercostal muscles d. Thyroid cartilage e. Diaphragm e. Cricoid cartilage Answer: b Answer: c The elevation and lowering of the larynx is carried The aryepiglottic fold forms the superior opening out by the extrinsic laryngeal muscles. The of the larynx. The epiglottis (option a) folds back intrinsic laryngeal muscles (option a) aid in the over the superior opening of the larynx to protect tensing and lengthening of the vocal folds. The the airway during a normal swallow. The hyoid external intercostal muscles (option c) are (option b) is the bone from which the larynx is muscles of inspiration. The internal intercostal suspended. The thyroid cartilage (option d) is muscles (option d) are muscles of expiration. The shaped like a shield and protects the larynx diaphragm (option e) is a muscular and tendinous anteriorly. The cricoid cartilage (option e) is respiratory structure that separates the abdomen shaped like a signet ring and articulates with the and thorax. three cartilages (thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilages) that support the vocal folds. 29. The three major cartilages of the larynx related to phonation are: 26. Increase in intrathoracic pressure for coughing a. The cricoid, thyroid, and epiglottis and sneezing is enabled by the approximation of: b. The thyroid, arytenoid, and cuneiform a. The ventricular folds c. The thyroid, arytenoid, and cricoid b. The vocal folds d. The corniculate, cuneiform, and epiglottis c. The arytenoid cartilages e. None of the above d. The cricoid and thyroid e. All the above Answer: c The three major cartilages of the larynx are the Answer: a thyroid, arytenoid, and cricoid cartilages. The 4 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW cuneiform and corniculate cartilages (options b expiration. The rectus abdominis muscles (option and d) are not considered major cartilages of the c) and the transverse and oblique abdominal larynx. The epiglottis (options a and d) is an muscles (option d) aid in extended expiration important structure that aids in airway protection during speech or singing. The during swallowing; the epiglottis is not a cartilage. sternocleidomastoid muscles (option e) are paired muscles coursing in a diagonal direction 30. The most anterior prominence of the arytenoid across the neck; they are not a muscles of cartilage, where the vocal folds attach, is which of respiration. the following? a. The vocal process 33. The muscles responsible for elevation of the b. The muscular process larynx in the neck are: c. The thyroid prominence a. The suprahyoid muscle d. The interarytenoid space b. The infrahyoid muscle e. None of the above c. The intrinsic laryngeal muscles d. The abductor muscles Answer: a e. None of the above The vocal process is the most anterior prominence of the arytenoid cartilages, where the Answer: a vocal folds attach. The muscular process (option The suprahyoid muscles are responsible for b) provides insertion for the posterior elevation of the larynx in the neck. The infrahyoid cricoarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles. muscles (option b) are responsible for depression The thyroid prominence (option c) is a protruding of the larynx in the neck. The intrinsic laryngeal area of the thyroid cartilage. The interarytenoid muscles (option c) work to tense and elongate the space (option d) is the space between the vocal folds. The abductor muscles (option d) work arytenoid cartilages. to abduct the vocal folds. 31. The prominence of the arytenoid cartilage that 34. Which muscles aid in more complete adduction of forms the attachment for the posterior and the the posterior aspect of the vocal folds? lateral cricoarytenoid muscles is known as: a. Transverse and oblique interarytenoid a. The vocal process muscles b. The muscular process b. Thyroarytenoid muscle c. The thyroid prominence c. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle d. The interarytenoid space d. Cricothyroid muscle e. None of the above e. All the above Answer: b Answer: a The muscular process forms the attachment for The transverse and oblique interarytenoid the posterior and the lateral cricoarytenoid muscles aid in more complete adduction of the muscles. The vocal process (option a) is the most vocal folds. The thyroarytenoid muscle (option b) anterior prominence of the arytenoid cartilages, is an intrinsic laryngeal muscle that makes up the where the vocal folds attach. The thyroid body of the vocal fold. The posterior prominence (option c) is a protruding area of the cricoarytenoid muscle (option c) is the only thyroid cartilage. The interarytenoid space (option muscle of vocal fold abduction. The cricothyroid d) is the space between the arytenoid cartilages. muscle (option d) works to lengthen and tense the vocal folds. 32. The primary muscles of inhalation are: a. External intercostal muscles 35. The recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus b. Internal intercostal muscles nerve innervates all of the intrinsic laryngeal c. Rectus abdominis muscles muscle except the: d. Transverse and oblique abdominal a. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle muscles b. Thyroarytenoid muscle e. Sternocleidomastoid muscle c. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle d. Cricothyroid muscle Answer: a e. Arytenoid muscle The external intercostal muscles are the primary muscles of inhalation. The internal intercostal Answer: d muscles (option b) are muscles of controlled 5 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the carotid arteries to the _____, which supply blood superior laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve. The to the brain hemispheres. lateral cricoarytenoid (option a), the a. Vertebral arteries thyroarytenoid (option b), the posterior b. Anterior communicating arteries cricoarytenoid (option c) and arytenoid muscles c. Cerebral arteries are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal branch d. Common carotid arteries of the vagus nerve. e. All of the above 36. This layer of the vocal fold helps to maintain the Answer: c integrity of the vocal fold shape: The vertebral arteries merge to form the basilar a. Epithelium artery, which, with the internal carotid arteries, b. Superficial layer connects at the circle of Willis to the cerebral c. Intermediate layer arteries. Three pairs of cerebral arteries—right d. Deep layer and left anterior, a middle, and a posterior— e. None of the above branch off the circle of Willis. The left middle cerebral artery, which supplies blood to the Answer: a "language zone," is also known as the "artery of The epithelial layer of the vocal folds helps aphasia." maintain the vocal fold shape. The superficial layer (option b) does not help maintain the shape 40. The circle of Willis may help to mitigate the effects of the vocal folds. The superficial layer is of occlusion of one of the feeder arteries _____ composed primarily of loosely organized elastin the circle of Willis. fibers surrounded by interstitial fibers. On post of a. Above the mucosa, it is thought to furnish a cushion for b. Below actions of the vocal ligament. The intermediate c. Within (option c) and deep layers (option d) help form the d. All of the above vocal ligament. e. None of the above 37. The two layers of the vocal fold that form the vocal Answer: b ligament are: Because the circle of Willis is supplied by two a. Epithelium and superficial layer vertebral arteries (which merge to form the basilar b. Superficial and intermediate lavers artery) and two internal carotid arteries, an c. Intermediate and deep layers occlusion below the circle in one of the feeder d. Superficial and deep layers arteries does not result in a decrease in blood to e. Epithelium and intermediate layer the cerebral arteries. Answer: c 41. Occlusions of the main branch of a cerebral artery The intermediate and deep layers of the vocal fold are more serious than occlusions in _____. help form the vocal ligament. The epithelium a. Watershed regions (options a and e) helps maintain the vocal fold b. Peripheral branches shape. The superficial layer (options b and d) c. Internal carotid arteries does not help form the vocal ligament. d. Vertebral arteries e. None of the above 38. How long is a normal adult male's vocal fold? a. 5 to 10 mm Answer: b b. 30 to 40 mm The distributions of the cerebral arteries overlap c. 17 to 21 mm slightly at their boundaries; therefore, occlusions d. 50 to 53 mm at the periphery of an artery's distribution may not e. 55 to 60 mm lead to as much serious brain damage because of the collateral blood supply. Answer: c On average, a vocal fold of a normal adult male 42. The arcuate fasciculus connects regions in the measures approximately 17 to 21 mm in length. temporal lobes with regions in the frontal lobes and is one type of _____ fiber tract. 39. The circle of Willis is a ring-shaped set of arteries a. Commissural that connects the basilar artery and the internal b. Association c. Projection 6 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW d. Descending Answer: d e. None of the above The sylvian fissure divides the frontal and temporal lobes anteriorly and the temporal and Answer: b parietal lobes posteriorly. This fissure is The arcuate fasciculus is one type of association sometimes referred to as the fiber tract connecting regions within a brain frontotemporoparietal fissure after the parts of the hemisphere. Commissural fiber tracts, such as brain that surround it. the corpus callosum, cross between the brain hemispheres. Projection fibers carry information 46. Which laryngeal muscle is tested for motor from motor neurons in the brain to neurons in the function because its function (or lack thereof) will brain stem or spinal cord (descending pathways) provide an understanding of swallowing sensory or from sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous integrity? system to the brain (ascending pathways). a. Thyrocricoid b. Cricothyroid 43. Brodmann area 44, or the _____ area, is an c. Arytenoids important area in spoken language. d. Cricoarytenoid a. Wernicke e. None of the above b. Association c. Broca Answer: b d. Prefrontal cortical The cricothyroid muscle is the only laryngeal e. None of the above muscle innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. The external branch of Answer: c this nerve also transmits sensory information from Brodmann area 44, located in the posterior the supraglottic and glottic areas to the central inferior frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, just nervous system. Thus, testing the motor function anterior to the premotor cortex, is also known as of the cricothyroid muscle by asking the patient to the Broca area and is important in the raise the vocal pitch and evaluating the pitch organization of movement sequences for the range) yields an indication of the sensory integrity muscles of speech. of the glottic and supraglottic areas. The term thyrocricoid (option a) is usually associated with 44. The Wernicke area is also known as: the thyrocricoid membrane, and the arytenoids a. The auditory association cortex (option c) are small, paired cartilages that b. The primary auditory cortex constitute the posterior attachment of the vocal c. Brodmann area 27 folds. The cricoarytenoid muscles (option d) are d. The insular cortex pairs of muscles that connect the cricoid and the e. All of the above arytenoid cartilages and receive their innervation from the recurrent laryngeal nerve of cranial Answer: a nerve X (vagus nerve). Testing the motor function The Wernicke area, located in the midtemporal of the cricoarytenoid muscles is difficult, requires lobe of the left hemisphere, is important for use of instrumental techniques, and can provide auditory comprehension and is also known as an only sensory information regarding the subglottic auditory association cortex. laryngeal area. 45. The sylvian fissure (lateral fissure) divides the 47. A Zenker diverticulum is found in: _____ and _____ lobes _____ and extends a. The nasopharynx partially between the _____ and _____ lobes b. The stomach _____. c. The thoracic esophagus a. Frontal, occipital, posteriorly, temporal, d. Proximity to the upper esophageal parietal, anteriorly sphincter b. Frontal, parietal, anteriorly, parietal, e. The oropharynx occipital, posteriorly c. Frontal, limbic, anteriorly, parietal, Answer: d temporal, posteriorly A Zenker diverticulum, also known as d. Frontal, temporal, anteriorly, temporal, pharyngoesophageal diverticulum, is an parietal, posteriorly outpouching of the mucosa of the pharynx, found e. None of the above just above the upper esophageal sphincter. It was 7 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW named after the German physician Friedrich Cranial nerves V, VII, X, and XII all participate Albert von Zenker. during speech production. Cranial nerve V is sensory to the facial skin, cranial nerve VII 48. Which of the following is not a phase of provides motor innervation to the muscle of the swallowing? facial mask, cranial nerve X provides both a. Oral sensory and motor innervation to the laryngeal b. Pharyngeal area, and cranial nerve XII innervates the intrinsic c. Esophageal muscles of the tongue. d. Laryngeal e. Oral preparatory phase 51. Nuclei are groups of cell bodies (somas) that reside: Answer: d a. Inside the central nervous system (CNS) Although protection of the airway is a critical b. Outside the ENS aspect of safe swallowing, clinicians and clinical c. Inside the peripheral nervous system researchers do not identify any phase of the (PNS) swallow as laryngeal. For clinical and research d. Outside the PNS purposes, the continuous swallow is divided into e. Within the layers of the cerebral cortex four consecutive phases: the preparatory phase, in which the bolus is masticated and formed into Answer: a a bolus; (option e) the oral phase (option a), in The cell body is the metabolic center of a neuron. which the bolus is moved into the pharynx Cell bodies cluster in groups within the GNS and through intrinsic lingual muscle contractions; the are referred to as nuclei. Its counterpart in the pharyngeal phase (option b), in which peristaltic PNS is called a ganglion. contractions propel the bolus through the upper esophageal sphincter, and the esophageal phase 52. The corticobulbar tract projects to most of the (option c), which is characterized by sequential brainstem's motor nuclei in which manner? contractions of the esophagus and relaxation of a. Ipsilaterally the lower esophageal sphincter as the bolus is b. Contralaterally moved into the stomach. c. Rostrally d. Caudally 49. At what anatomical level can the pharyngeal e. Bilaterally swallow be triggered and still be considered timely for a healthy person? Answer: e a. Anterior faucial pillar The corticobulbar tract is a principle descending b. Valleculae motor path originating from the primary motor c. Pyriform sinuses cortex and innervating the majority of cranial d. a and b motor nuclei within the brainstem in a bilateral e. All of the above manner. In other words, one side of the brain innervates both the left and right brainstem nuclei Answer: e in parallel. Although the typical trigger for a pharyngeal swallow occurs as the bolus passes the anterior 53. The ____ is the basic unit of the nervous system. faucial pillar (option a), there are normal a. Axon variations (options b and c) that are based on b. Dendrite bolus size and consistency, as well as on age. c. Soma (cell body) d. Motor unit e. Neuron 50. Which subset of the 12 cranial nerves is critically important during speech production? Answer: e a. III, VI, X, and XI The neuron is the basic cell type of the nervous b. V, VII, X, and XII system. All the other structures listed are c. IV, V, VII, and XII components of a neuron. d. I, V, X and XI e. IV, V, VI, and XI 54. Executive functions such as reasoning, planning, and problem solving are associated with the Answer: b operation of the ____ lobe. a. Frontal 8 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW b. Parietal d. Olfactory sensation and taste c. Temporal e. Only painful sensations d. Insula e. Occipital Answer: a The trigeminal lemniscal system mediates Answer: a somatosensory inputs from the face, including The frontal lobe regulates cognitive skills and the pain, temperature, touch, and proprioception. The planning of motor performance. This lobe trigeminal lemniscal system is considered the receives substantial input from other lobes of the rostral extent of the dorsal column medial brain and is thought to organize these various lemniscal system. Visual (option b), auditory inputs to accomplish behaviors such as planning (option c), and olfactory and taste events (option future activity and solving complex problems. d) are mediated by other brainstem cranial nerve systems. 55. A lesion to the lower motor neuron will result in which of the following symptoms? 58. Motor neurons innervating the muscles of a. Spasticity mastication reside within which brainstem b. Hyperactive reflexes nucleus? c. Tremor a. The motor nucleus of the trigeminal d. Observed muscle effects on the system contralateral side from the injury b. The facial motor nucleus e. Flaccid paralysis or paresis c. The nucleus ambiguus d. The mandibular nucleus Answer: e e. The nucleus retrotrigeminalis Because the lower motor neuron is the final common pathway to the musculature, an injury to Answer: a this neuron deprives the ipsilateral muscle of The trigeminal system comprises multiple cranial neural input, which results in flaccid paralysis or nerves. The sensory component of this system paresis. Spasticity (option a) and hyperactive will transmit pain, temperature, touch, and reflexes (option b) are caused instead by a lesion proprioceptive inputs to the central nervous to the contralateral upper motor neuron. Tremor system. In addition, the trigeminal system is involuntary movement generally due to a lesion possesses a discrete motor nucleus that is of the basal ganglia (option c). Option d is involved in the voluntary control of mandibular indicative of damage in the CNS. skeletal muscles. 56. Ataxic dysarthria is related to a lesion of which of 59. Complete damage to the right and left the following? hypoglossal nerves (cranial nerve XII) would a. Basal ganglia result in: b. Broca area a. Inability to voluntarily move the lips c. Cerebellum b. Inability to voluntarily move the tongue d. Facial motor nucleus c. Inability to taste e. Brainstem d. Inability to trigger a swallowing reflex e. Inability to propel a bolus down the Answer: c esophagus The cerebellum serves a comparator function during motor control and helps coordinate all Answer: b movements underlying an action. Focal lesions to The hypoglossal nerve provides the motor the cerebellar cortex result in articulatory innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the tongue overshoot or undershoot, dyscoordination, and body. Injury to these nerves therefore disrupts the degraded intelligibility of speech. This group of integrity of signal transmission to these muscles, symptoms is referred to as ataxic dysarthria. resulting in lingual paralysis or paresis. 57. The trigeminal lemniscal system transmits which 60. The ____ nerve innervates the muscles of of the following sensations from the face to the expression and mediates taste in the anterior primary sensory cortex in the brain? segment of the tongue. a. Proprioception and touch a. Facial b. Touch and vision b. Vagus c. Auditory input c. Glossopharyngeal 9 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW d. Accessory e. Oculomotor Answer: c The trigeminal cranial nerve system is sensory to Answer: a the skin of the face. A disruption of the trigeminal The muscles comprising the facial mask (muscles nerve produces facial skin anesthesia. of expression) are innervated by the motor branch of the facial cranial nerve system. The facial 64. The notation "dB HL," or "HTL" (hearing threshold nerve system also possesses a sensory level), refers to: component that is responsible for the mediation a. The average thresholds at different of gustatory function from the anterior two thirds frequencies of a group of young persons of the tongue dorsum. with normal hearing b. The lowest sound pressure level 61. The Broca area and the Wernicke area are detectable by a person at different interconnected through the: frequencies a. Uncinate fasciculus c. The amount of decibels above a person's b. Cingulum threshold c. Arcuate fasciculus d. The highest sound level at which a person d. Internal capsule can discriminate different frequencies e. Internal arcuate fibers e. The decibel range between threshold and when sounds are uncomfortably loud Answer: c The association fibers of the arcuate fasciculus Answer: a are a white matter tract that interconnects the The notation "dB HL" represents the decibel posterior part of the temporoparietal junction of notation used for calibration of audiometers. The the cerebrum with the frontal cortex of the brain. lowest sound pressure level detectable at The arcuate fasciculus is sometimes considered different frequencies (option b) is an individual a component of the larger superior longitudinal value, and the decibel notation for the amount of fasciculus. decibels above a person's threshold (option c) is "SL" (sensation level). No decibel value 62. Which efferent tract innervates all the motor corresponds to the highest sound level at which nuclei of the cranial nerve systems in the different frequencies can be discriminated (option brainstem? d), and the level between threshold and when a. Corticobulbar tract sounds are uncomfortably loud (option e) is the b. Tectospinal tract "dynamic range" of hearing. Because speech- c. Corticospinal tract language pathologists (SLPs) review audiograms d. Rubrospinal tract and the results of other audiometric tests, it is e. Vestibulobulbar tract important for them to be familiar with "dB" notation. Answer: a The corticobulbar tract consists of projection 65. Dynamic range is: fibers originating from pyramidal neurons residing a. The range of frequencies humans can with the primary motor cortex. These fibers have hear synapses with lower motor neurons within cranial b. The decibel range between threshold and nerve systems of the brainstem. The inputs the level at which sounds become carried by the corticobulbar tract are responsible "felt"/uncomfortably loud for providing the central motor commands for c. The decibel range between threshold and behavior of neuromuscular systems of the head. the level at which sounds become painful to hear 63. In the absence of the trigeminal nerve, what d. The decibel range beyond which humans abnormalities would be observed? can hear a. Loss of sensation to the larynx e. The decibel range below which sounds b. Loss of taste to the anterior portion of the are inaudible tongue c. Loss of sensation to the skin of the face Answer: b d. Loss of motor control to the muscles of the The dynamic range is the range between face threshold and when sounds are uncomfortably e. Loss of salivary gland function loud. This is an important concept in the fitting 10 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW and adjusting of hearing aids, design of classroom acoustics, and setting of cochlear Answer: c implants, all of which may come under the Sounds less than 40 to 45 are too soft to initiate purview or be assisted by SLPs. The term cross-over. Hearing in the opposite ear through dynamic range has nothing to do with frequency bone conduction (option a defines crossover. perception (option a), and the range between Crossover occurs when the sounds delivered to threshold and pain (option c) is the range below one ear are louder than 40 to 45 dB HL (option b) the dynamic range. The range beyond which and also when sound is delivered to the ear humans can hear (option d) is infinite. Inaudible directly through a bone vibrator (option d). If sounds (option e) are at levels that not high sounds from a loudspeaker (option e) are loud enough to be heard. enough, crossover can occur. To interpret an audiogram correctly, the examiner must 66. The range of frequencies that humans with understand the conditions under which crossover normal hearing can detect is: does or does not occur. a. 20 to 20,000 Hz b. 125 to 8000 Hz 69. The primary type of energy transferred through c. 500 to 5000 Hz the outer ear is: d. 100 to 10,000 Hz a. Acoustical e. 250 to 4000 Hz b. Mechanical c. Hydraulic Answer: a d. Electrical The human ear is ideally designed to be most e. Electroacoustical sensitive to speech sounds (option c), but it can hear at frequencies of 20 to 20,000 Hz. The range Answer: a of 125 to 8000 Hz (option b) is the audiometric The ear transduces sound (i.e., acoustical) test frequency range. The other ranges listed energy into a bioelectrical impulse. This (options d and e) are just general ranges of transduction begins at the tympanic membrane, frequencies to which humans are sensitive. where acoustical energy in the ear canal is transduced into mechanical vibrations (option b), 67. The frequency range in which most speech which is the mode of energy processed by the sounds occur is: middle ear. Hydraulic energy (option c) is initiated a. 20 to 20,000 Hz at the oval window and gives rise to the b. 125 to 8000 Hz mechanical displacement of inner ear structures, c. 500 to 5000 Hz which eventually leads to the electrical excitation d. 100 to 10,000 Hz of cochlear hair cells (option d). Electroacoustical e. 250 to 4000 Hz transduction (option e) occurs when an electrical signal (e.g., from a microphone) is delivered to a Answer: c speaker phone or earphone. Speech sounds usually occur at frequencies of 500 to 5000 Hz. The range 125 to 8000 (option b) 70. Which of the following tissue types is not found in is the audiometric test frequency range. The other the tympanic membrane? ranges listed (options a, d, and e) are just general a. Epithelium ranges of frequencies to which humans are b. Muscle sensitive. c. Cartilage d. Mucous membrane 68. In general, crossover does not occur when: e. All the above a. The sound entering one ear is loud enough to be heard in the other ear Answer: c through bone conduction The tympanic membrane comprises of epithelium b. Sounds delivered to the ear through air (option a), muscle (option b), and mucous conduction are louder than 40 to 45 dB HL membrane (option d), but no cartilage or bone. c. Sounds delivered to the ear through air SLPs often perform otoscopic examinations, conduction are softer than 40 to 45 dB HL especially in children, to check for middle ear d. Sound is delivered to the ear through a infection. It is important to have good knowledge bone vibrator of the anatomy of this structure to know how a e. A loudspeaker is used to deliver the normal or abnormal tympanic membrane should stimulus look. 11 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW Answer: d 71. The middle ear functions to match the impedance The shortness and relatively horizontal flat plane of _____ and _____ in transmitting mechanical of the eustachian tube makes it easy for upper vibrations to the cochlea. respiratory and other oropharyngeal and a. The ear canal; middle ear space nasopharyngeal infections to spread to the b. The tympanic membrane; auditory middle ear. This is the major reason why small ossicles children are more susceptible to middle ear c. The auditory ossicles; middle ear muscles infection. As children grow, the eustachian tube d. Air; cochlear fluid becomes longer and more elevated (option b). e. The tympanic membrane; middle ear This explains why they tend to "outgrow" this muscles condition. Answer: d 74. Contraction of the middle ear muscles in The middle ear functions to match the impedance response to sound: of air and cochlear fluid. This is an important a. Protects the inner ear from loud sounds concept that relates to the nature and b. Amplifies the mechanical vibrations of the understanding of conductive hearing loss. This tympanic membrane type of loss is caused when the impedance match c. Occurs only when the sound is very soft between air (the medium of both the outer and d. Is measured via tympanometry middle ears) and cochlear fluid is altered by, for e. Does not occur with other stimuli example, middle ear infection. In such conditions, energy is reflected back at the tympanic Answer: a membrane instead of being transmitted to the One of the functions of the middle ear muscles is inner ear. to protect the inner ear from loud sounds. The muscles do not amplify the vibrations of the 72. At rest under normal conditions, the tympanic membrane (option b), and they nasopharyngeal ostium of the eustachian tube is: generally contract when sound levels exceed 80 a. Open dB, not when sounds are soft (option c). Several b. Closed types of stimuli, including swallowing, blinking, c. Surrounded by bone and blowing on the ear, can cause contraction of d. Occluded by the adenoids the muscles (option e). Tympanometry (option d) e. Partially opened and partially closed measures the compliance of the tympanic membrane, not the contraction of the middle ear Answer: b muscles. Knowledge of specific tests of middle The nasopharyngeal ostium of the eustachian ear function is important for SLPs, especially tube is normally closed. Eustachian tube those working with children with hearing loss. dysfunction is a primary cause of middle ear infection in children, which can lead to hearing 75. Of the following structures, which is not a part of loss and speech and language delay. A the organ of Corti? chronically open (option a) or partially open a. Modiolus eustachian tube (option e) is a pathological b. Inner hair cells condition. The nasopharyngeal ostium is c. Outer pillar cells surrounded by muscle, not bone (option c), which d. Tectorial membrane allows it to open and close in response to atmospheric pressure changes. Adenoid- Answer: a occluded eustachian tubes (option d) represent The modiolus (option a) is the only structure listed another pathological condition that can lead to that is not considered to be part of the organ of middle ear infection. Corti. A general knowledge of the anatomy of the organ of Corti is important for SLPs because it is 73. The eustachian tube of a child is _____ and the primary "organ" of hearing. _____ than that of an adult. a. Longer; wider 76. 13. Of the following features of the basilar b. Longer; more elevated membrane, which is not essential to the c. Shorter; more elevated maintenance of the traveling wave? d. Shorter; more horizontal a. Its mass e. Shorter; more open b. Its elasticity c. Its width 12 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW d. Its fluid environment transduction of acoustic to hydromechanical e. None of the above energy (option e). Answer: c 79. Of the following statements, which is false? The traveling wave, which gives rise to the a. The ear only receives and transmits excitation of cochlear hair cells leading to hearing, sounds to the brain is dependent on the mass (option a) and elasticity b. The ear receives, transmits, and produces (option b) of the basilar membrane and on the sounds fluid forces that surround it (option d). The width c. The inner ear sends and receives of the basilar membrane really does not information to and from the brain contribute to the traveling wave. d. The brain transmits neural messages to both the middle and inner ears 77. High tones are coded in the _____ turns of the e. All of the above cochlea. a. a. Basal Answer: a b. b. Middle The ear not only receives and transmits sounds c. c. Middle and apical to the brain but also produces them, in the form d. d. Apical of otoacoustic emissions (option b). e. e. All of the above Measurement of otoacoustic emissions has become an important clinical test for the Answer: a identification of, for example, hearing loss in Pitch perception is dependent on the site of newborns. The function of inner hair cells is to stimulation on the basilar membrane and the send impulses to the brain, but the outer hair cells organ of Corti. High-pitched tones are coded in act more like a motor system that receives the basal regions of the cochlea, whereas middle- messages from the brain (option c). The brain pitched tones are coded in the middle regions sends neural messages to both the outer and (option b) and low-pitched tones in the apex inner hair cells and also to the middle ear muscles (option d). Knowledge of the tonotopicity of the (option d). basilar membrane is important for such tasks as interpretation of the audiogram and identification 80. Of the following nerves, which does not course of possible sites of lesion, fitting hearing aids, and through the internal auditory meatus? programming cochlear implants. a. Facial b. Auditory 78. At the level of the organ of Corti: c. Trigeminal a. Acoustical energy is transduced into d. Vestibular mechanical energy e. Nervus intermedius of the facial nerve b. Mechanical energy is transduced into hydromechanical energy Answer: c c. Hydromechanical energy is transduced Cranial nerve V, the trigeminal nerve, is the only into bioelectrical energy nerve listed that does not course through the d. Mechanical energy is transduced into internal auditory meatus. neural energy e. Acoustical energy is transduced into 81. The central auditory pathways consist of a hydromechanical energy complex, sequential series of _____ and _____ that extend from the brainstem to the cerebral Answer: c cortex and back down again. The essential transduction from hydromechanical a. Ganglia; nerves to bioelectrical energy is accomplished at the b. Ganglia; nuclei level of the organ of Corti. Transductions of c. Nuclei; nerves acoustical energy into mechanical energy (option d. Nuclei; fiber tracts a) and of mechanical energy into e. Sulci; gyri hydromechanical energy (option b) take place at the tympanic membrane and oval window, Answer: d respectively. The transduction of mechanical Ganglia and nerves (options a, b, and c) are energy alone into a neural impulse (option d) terms used almost exclusively to refer to the does not take place in the ear, nor does a direct peripheral nervous system. Sulci and gyri (option e) are the grooves and folds of tissue, 13 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW respectively, on the cerebral cortex. The auditory pathways consist of nuclei (collections of Answer: a neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous Of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, only the system) and fiber tracks (dendrites and axons in lateral cricoarytenoid muscle originates from the the central nervous system. superolateral cricoid rim and inserts into the arytenoid muscular process. The orientation of 82. Of the following structures, which is not a part of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle generates a the vestibular apparatus? lateralization of the arytenoid muscular process, a. Saccule thereby swinging the vocal processes toward b. Utricle midline and assisting to approximate the vocal c. Semicircular canals fold margins. d. Ductus reuniens e. Crista ampullaris 85. Glottal abductors include the: a. Cricothyroid muscle with assistance from Answer: d the thyroarytenoid muscle The ductus reuniens connects the cochlear duct b. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle to the vestibular apparatus, but it is not c. Transverse interarytenoid and lateral considered to be exclusive to the apparatus, as cricoarytenoid muscles the saccule (option a), utricle (option b), d. Interarytenoid and lateral cricoarytenoid semicircular canals (option c), and crista muscles ampullaris (option e) are. A general knowledge of e. Hyothyroid and sternothyroid muscles the structure and function of the vestibular apparatus, because it is part of the inner ear, is Answer: b important for SLPs. In addition, speech and The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is positioned language disorders resulting from stroke, for posterior between the cricoid and the arytenoid example, are often accompanied by balance cartilages. The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle disorders, for which the site of the lesion may or operates to pull the muscular processes of the may not be in the vestibular system. arytenoid muscles in a medial trajectory, which in turn abducts the vocal folds away from the 83. Of the following senses, which does not midline. The thyro-arytenoid, interarytenoid, and contribute to maintenance of balance? lateral cricoarytenoid muscles are all adductor in a. Proprioception function, whereas the cricothyroid muscle's role b. Vision during laryngeal behavior is to adjust the tension c. Hearing level of the vocal fold in a more gross manner. d. Vestibular function e. All of these senses contribute to balance 86. The ____ is the largest of the laryngeal cartilages. a. Thyroid Answer: c b. Cricoid The only sense listed that is not essential for the c. Arytenoid maintenance of balance is, interestingly enough, d. Hyoid hearing. Balance is maintained by a complex e. Corniculates system of neurological interactions that involve vision (option b), proprioception (option a) and Answer: a vestibular function (option d). The thyroid cartilage forms the anterior extent of the laryngeal cartilaginous framework. The 84. Which muscle, originating from the lateral and thyroid is typically described as looking like a superior cricoid rim, is involved primarily in "shield," with the dorsal aspect open-ended. "medial compression" during vocalization and, when active, rotates the muscular process of the 87. The ____ is a free-floating and U-shaped bone arytenoid laterally? that forms the upper extent of the laryngeal a. Lateral cricoarytenoid system. b. Oblique interarytenoids and lateral a. Thyroid cricoarytenoid b. Cricoid c. Cricothyroid c. Arytenoid d. Transverse interarytenoid and lateral d. Hyoid cricoarytenoid e. Tragus e. Superior cricoarytenoid 14 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW Answer: d d. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with The hyoid bone is a U-shaped structure that lacks the palatoglossus muscle a ligamentous attachment to other bones of the e. Makes its insertion into the ramus of the skull and neck. The hyoid bone forms the mandible uppermost extent of the laryngeal framework and is suspended above the larynx through its Answer: b attachments with extra-laryngeal musculature. The buccinator muscle (often referred to as the "bugler's" muscle functions to compress the 88. The thyrovocalis muscle: cheeks against the teeth to stabilize the lateral a. Abducts the vocal folds wall of the oral cavity during oral pressure b. Slides the arytenoid cartilages toward the development for tasks such as speech, chewing, midline and production of wind instrument sound. The c. Decreases the distance between the buccinator muscle inserts into the muscles that cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages constitute the oral angle. This insertion also d. Contributes minimally to pitch adjustment enables the buccinator muscle to contribute to the during speech direct lateral retraction of the oral angles. e. Forms the medial segment of the musculature of the vocal folds 91. The zygomaticus major and minor muscles operate together to: Answer: e a. Retract the oral angle directly posterior The thyrovocalis muscle is positioned between b. Draw the lower lip directly upward and the deep surface of the thyroid cartilage at its compress it against the upper teeth during angle and the vocal process of the arytenoid speech cartilage. It is the medial segment of the c. Elevate the upper lip and draw the oral thyroarytenoid muscle and is believed to angle superiorly and posteriorly constitute one of the primary regulators of vocal d. Compress the cheek tissue against the fold stiffness. teeth e. Draw the oral angles downward, as in a 89. The mentalis muscle originates from the anterior frown surface of the mandible and: a. Inserts into the upper lip to assist in upper Answer: c lip elevation Both the zygomaticus major and minor muscles b. Inserts into the lower lip to assist in lower originate from the zygomatic arch and follow a lip elevation downward oblique path toward their insertion c. Inserts into the oral angle to help draw the points into the muscle and skin of the upper lip. corners of the mouth posteriorly Synergistic activity of these muscle leads to d. Inserts into the deep skin of the nostrils to smiling. assist in a flaring action e. Can function to depress inferiorly the skin 92. Originating from the temporal fossa, the of the chin and bottom lip temporalis muscle is capable of: a. Rapidly depressing the mandible Answer: b b. Shearing and tearing actions The mentalis muscle is a powerful muscle c. Preventing lateral motion of the jaw to one situated between the incisor fossa of the side if contracted unilaterally mandible and the skin of the chin. Contraction of d. Acting as an antagonist to the masseter the mentalis muscle leads to an elevation and muscle eversion of the lower lip. e. Opening the oral cavity by lowering the mandible 90. The buccinator muscle is a deep facial muscle that originates partially from the maxilla and: Answer: b a. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with The temporalis muscle is a broad fan-shaped the nasalis muscle muscle positioned between the lateral surface of b. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with the cranium and the ramus of the mandible. Upon the muscles that constitute the oral angle contraction, this muscle rapidly elevates the c. Makes its insertion by interdigitating with mandible, thus providing the required power to the corrugator muscle shear, tear, and snap items placed between the teeth. 15 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW 96. The muscles of the velopharyngeal system 93. The medial pterygoid muscle plays an active role include the: in closing the jaws during speech. Which muscle a. Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, is considered the direct antagonist of the medial and superior pharyngeal constrictor pterygoid muscle during speech? b. Levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, a. Lateral pterygoid muscle and cricopharyngeus b. Anterior belly of digastricus muscle c. Tensor veli palatini, cricopharyngeus, and c. Masseter muscle lateral cricoarytenoid d. Mylohyoid muscle d. Cricopharyngeus, lateral cricoarytenoid, e. Stylohyoid muscle and posterior cricoarytenoid e. Tensor veli palatini, cricopharyngeus, and Answer: b superior pharyngeal constrictor The anterior belly of the digastricus muscle spans the space between the deep mandibular Answer: a symphysis and the anterolateral hyoid. The The levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, and functional potential of this muscle is to open the superior pharyngeal constrictor together mandible, a maneuver that is antagonistic to the constitute the major components of the jaw-closing function of the medial pterygoid velopharyngeal port. These muscles operate in muscle. concert to reduce the cross-sectional diameter of the velopharyngeal port. 94. The ____ muscle is responsible for the opening of the eustachian tube. 97. The levator veli palatini muscle is commonly a. Levator veli palatini referred to as the velar sling. The primary role of b. Palatopharyngeus this muscle during velopharyngeal port closure is: c. Palatoglossus a. To tense and stiffen the anterior velum at d. Musculus uvulus the border of the palatine bone e. Tensor veli palatini b. To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the midline Answer: e c. To lower the velum The medial segment of the tensor veli palatini d. To stiffen the nasal surface of the velar muscle originates from the nasopharyngeal tissue opening of the eustachian tube. If the velar e. To elevate and retract the velum insertion of this muscle is held stable, the action posteriorly of the muscle is to pull open the eustachian tube and normalize middle ear air pressure. Answer: e The levator veli palatini muscle, upon contraction, 95. High vowels have a higher oral impedance, which draws the velum in a superoposterior manner. is correlated with a: The anteroinferior oblique angle of this muscle a. Smaller velopharyngeal opening contributes to this action. b. Larger velopharyngeal opening c. Velopharyngeal opening size that 98. The primary function of the musculus uvulae decreases with production of low vowels during velopharyngeal port closure is: d. Velopharyngeal opening size that varies a. To tense and stiffen the anterior velum at between small and large the border of the palatine bone e. Larger nostril opening b. To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the midline Answer: a c. To lower the velum High vowels have a smaller velopharyngeal d. Minimal and redundant with the action of opening because of the close proximity of the the levator veli palatine tongue dorsum and the oral surface of the velum. e. To elevate and retract the velum The smaller opening is a compensatory strategy posteriorly to prevent failure of the velopharyngeal port during high vowel production, a time when Answer: b impedance forces around the velopharyngeal The musculus uvulae accounts for the port are great. longitudinal convexity of the upper surface of the velum. It functions to shorten and lift the velum 16 Copyright. Ó The Catalyst. Unauthorized reproduction, use or dissemination, uploading or downloading is strictly prohibited and shall be prosecuted to the full extent of the law, including administrative complaints with the Professional Regulatory Board, Philippine Regulation Commission.  BOOK REVIEW 1 PLP SLP BOARD REVIEW while thickening the nasal surface of the velum a. Elasticity of the basement membrane of along the midline. the skin b. Tendinous attachment of muscle to the 99. The tongue body is able to adjust its shape and facial skin perform complex three-dimensional changes c. Direct insertion of muscle fascicles into because of the lack of an internal bony skeleton. the facial skin Such a system is referred to as: d. Compression of static tissues volumes a. An isovolume system during oral movement b. A muscular hydrostat e. Edema c. A hydroelastic system d. A hygrometer Answer: c e. A skeletal muscle The muscles of the lower face insert directly into the overlying skin. Therefore, facial muscle Answer: b contraction applies strain on the skin, which Hydrostats represent systems of muscular results in complex conformational changes that organs whose intrinsic organization functions as are important for speech sound production and its internal framework. They are isovolumetric facial gesturing. systems that reorganize their volume by shifting and altering the shape of the organ in three- 103. The maxilla and the palatine bone contribute to dimensional space. Typical examples of constitute what structure? muscular hydrostats include the truck of an a. The soft palate elephant, tongues, and squid tentacles. b. The hard palate c. The pre-maxilla 100. The cranial plates of the skull are connected with d. The tertiary palate the following type of joint: e. The temporomandibular joint a. Synarthrodial b. Diarthrodial Answer: b c. Gliding The hard palate is a composite structure created d. Pivot by the fusion of the palatal processes of the e. Saddle maxilla and the palatine bone. The palatal processes of the maxilla make up the anterior two Answer: a thirds of the hard palate, and the palatine bone Synarthrodial joints are classified as fibrous joints constitutes the posterior third. and immovable. Diarthrodial (option b), gliding (option c), pivot (option d), and saddle joints 104. What is the fundamental importance of pleural (option e) provide for some degree of movement linkage in the respiratory system? between each articulator of the joint complex. a. It allows for the translation of rib movement, through activation of the 101. Lateral deviation of the tongue body requires fine respiratory muscles, into lung volumes motor regulation of the: changes a. Transversus and verticalis muscles b. It prevents the collapse of the lung b. Genioglossus and thyrohyoid muscles c. It facilitates rib rotation through the c. Superior and inferior longitudinal muscles bucket-handle and pump-handle d. Verticalis and styloglossus muscles