Class 6 Geography Chapter 3 PDF

Summary

This chapter discusses the Earth's movements, including rotation and revolution, and how these movements affect seasons. It also introduces basic concepts of the Earth's orbit around the sun. The chapter includes diagrams, illustrations, and questions to aid understanding.

Full Transcript

3 i`Foh dh xfr;k¡ TkSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] i`Foh dh xfr nks izdkj dh gSµ ?kw.kZu ,oa vkvks oqQN djosQ lh[kas ifjØe.kA i`Foh dk vius v{k ij ?kweuk ?kw.kZu dgykrk gSA lw;Z osQ...

3 i`Foh dh xfr;k¡ TkSlk fd vki tkurs gSa] i`Foh dh xfr nks izdkj dh gSµ ?kw.kZu ,oa vkvks oqQN djosQ lh[kas ifjØe.kA i`Foh dk vius v{k ij ?kweuk ?kw.kZu dgykrk gSA lw;Z osQ i`Foh dks n'kkZus osQ fy, pkjksa vksj ,d fLFkj d{k esa i`Foh dh xfr dks ifjØe.k dgrs gSaA ,d xsan ysa rFkk lw;Z i`Foh dk v{k ,d dkYifud js[kk gS] tks blosQ d{kh; lrg ls dks n'kkZus osQ fy, ,d 66½° dk dks.k cukrh gSA og lery tks d{k osQ }kjk cuk;k tkrk tyrh gqbZ eksecrhA xsna ij 'kgj X gS] mls d{kh; lery dgrs gSAa i`Foh lw;Z ls izdk'k izkIr djrh gSA dks fn[kkus osQ fy, fu'kku yxkb,A i`Foh dk vkdkj xksys osQ leku gS] blfy, ,d le; esa fliZQ blosQ vc xsna dks bl izdkj j[ksa fd 'kgj vk/s Hkkx ij gh lw;Z dh jks'kuh izkIr gksrh gS (fp=k 3-2)A lw;Z dh vksj X esa va/sjk gksA xsan dks vc ck,¡ okys Hkkx esa fnu gksrk gS] tcfd nwljk Hkkx tks lw;Z ls nwj gksrk gS ogk¡ ls nk,¡ ?kqekb,A tSls gh vki xsna dks jkr gksrh gSA Xyksc ij og o`Ùk tks fnu rFkk jkr dks foHkkftr djrk FkksM+k ?kqekrs gSa rks 'kgj esa lw;ksZn; gS mls iznhfIr o`Ùk dgrs gSAa ;g o`Ùk v{k osQ lkFk ugha feyrk gS tSlk gksxkA vxj xsna dks vki ?kqekuk tkjh fd vki fp=k 3-2 esa ns[k ldrs gSAa i`Foh vius v{k ij ,d pDdj j[krs gSa fcanq X /hjs&/hjs lw;Z ls iwjk djus esa yxHkx 24 ?kaVs dk le; ysrh gSA ?kw.kZu osQ le; dky nwj pyk tkrk gSA ;g lw;kZLr gSA dks i`Foh fnu dgk tkrk gSA ;g i`Foh dh nSfud xfr gSA fp=k 3.1 : i`Foh osQ v{k dk >qdko rFkk d{kh; lery fp=k 3.2 : ?kw.kZu osQ dkj.k i`Foh ij fnu ,oa jkr Rationalised 2023-24 D;k vki turs gSa\ vxj i`Foh ?kw.kZu ugha djs rks D;k gksxk\ lw;Z osQ rjiQ okys i`Foh osQ Hkkx esa ges'kk fnu gksxk ftlosQ dkj.k ml Hkkx esa xehZ izkphu Hkkjrh; yxkrkj iM+sxhA nwljs Hkkx esa ges'kk v¡/sjk jgsxk ,oa iwjs le; BaM [kxksy'kL=kh vk;ZHkV~V us crk;k Fkk fd i`Foh iM+sxhA bl rjg dh voLFkk esa thou laHko ugha gks ik,xkA xksy gS vkSj vius v{k ij ?kw.kZu i`Foh dh nwljh xfr tks lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj d{k esa gksrh gS mls (?kwerh) djrh gSA ifjØe.k dgk tkrk gSA i`Foh ,d o"kZ ;k 365 ¼ fnu esa lw;Z dk ,d pDdj yxkrh gSA ge yksx ,d o"kZ 365 fnu dk ekurs gSa rFkk lqfo/k osQ fy, 6 ?kaVs dks blesa ugha tksM+rs gSaA fp=k 3.3 : i`Foh dk ifjØe.k ,oa ½rq,¡ pkj o"kks± esa izR;sd o"kZ osQ cps gq, 6 ?kaVs feydj ,d fnu ;kuh 24 ?kaVs osQ cjkcj gks tkrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr fnu dks iQjojh osQ eghus esa tksM+k tkrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd pkSFks o"kZ iQjojh ekg 28 osQ cnys 29 fnu dk gksrk gSA ,slk o"kZ ftlesa 366 fnu gksrs gSa mls yhi o"kZ dgk tkrk gSA irk yxkb, fd vxyk yhi o"kZ dc gksxk\ fp=k 3-3 ls Li"V gS fd i`Foh nh?kZo`Ùkkdkj iFk ij lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj pDdj yxkrh gSA è;ku nhft, fd i`Foh iwjs d{k esa ,d gh fn'kk esa >qdh gqbZ gSA lkekU;r% ,d o"kZ dks xehZ] lnhZ] olar ,oa 'kjn~ ½rqvksa esa ck¡Vk tkrk gSA ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj i`Foh dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA 20 i`Foh % gekjk vkokl Rationalised 2023-24 vkvks oqQN djosQ lh[ksa D;k vki tkurs gSa fd ,d nh?kZo`Ùk oSQls cuk;k tkrk gS\ ,d isafly] nks fiusa rFkk ,d /kxs dk NYyk yhft,A vc bu fiuksa dks dkxt ij fLFkj dj nsa tSlk fd fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vc bu nksuksa fiuksa dks ?ksjrs gq, /kxs osQ NYys dks dkxt ij j[kasA vc isafly ls /kxs dks dldj rkurs gq, isafly dks /kxs osQ lkFk ?kqekrs tkb,A vc tks vko`Qfr dkxt ij cusxh og nh?kZo`Ùk gksxhA fp=k 3-3 esa vki ns[ksaxs fd 21 twu dks mÙkjh xksykèkZ lw;Z dh rjiQ >qdk gSA lw;Z dh fdj.ksa doZQ js[kk ij lh/h iM+rh gSaA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:Ik bu {ks=kksa esa mQ"ek vf/d izkIr gksrh gSA /zqoksa osQ ikl okys {ks=kksa esa de Å"ek izkIr gksrh gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ lw;Z dh fdj.ksa frjNh iM+rh gSaA mÙkj /zqo lw;Z dh rjiQ >qdk gksrk gS rFkk mÙkjh èkzqo js[kk osQ ckn okys Hkkxksa ij yxHkx 6 eghus rd yxkrkj fnu jgrk gSA pw¡fd] mÙkjh xksykèkZ osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx esa lw;Z dh jks'kuh izkIr gksrh gS] blfy, fo"kqor~~ o`Ùk osQ mÙkjh Hkkx esa xehZ dk ekSle gksrk gSA 21 twu dks bu {ks=kksa esa lcls yack fnu rFkk lcls NksVh jkr gksrh gSA i`Foh dh bl voLFkk dks mÙkj v;ukar dgrs gSaA 22 fnlacj dks nf{k.k /zqo osQ lw;Z dh vksj >qosQ gksus osQ dkj.k vkvks oqQN djosQ lh[ksa edj js[kk ij lw;Z dh fdj.ksa lh/h iM+rh gSaA pw¡fd] lw;Z dh fdj.ksa ,d gh fn'kk esa i`Foh osQ >qdko dks le>us edj js[kk ij yacor~ iM+rh gSa blfy, nf{k.kh xksykèkZ osQ cgqr cM+s osQ fy, eSnku ij ,d cgqr cM+k Hkkx esa izdk'k izkIr gksrk gSA blfy,] nf{k.kh xksykèkZ esa yacs fnu nh?kZo`Ùk cuk,¡ rFkk NM+h essa yxk rFkk NksVh jkrksa okyh xzh"e ½rq gksrh gSA blosQ Bhd foijhr fLFkfr gqvk ,d >aMk ysaA nh?kZo`Ùk okyh mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa gksrh gSA i`Foh dh bl voLFkk dks nf{k.k v;ukar js[kk ij dgha Hkh [kM+s gks tk,¡A dgk tkrk gSA D;k vki tkurs gSa fd vkLVªsfy;k esa xzh"e ½rq esa ogk¡ ls nwj fLFkr fdlh o`{k osQ fØlel dk ioZ euk;k tkrk gS\ lcls mQijh fgLls osQ fdlh fcanq 21 ekpZ ,oa 23 flracj dks lw;Z dh fdj.ksa fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ij dh vksj >aMs ls fn[kk,¡A vc >aMs lh/h iM+rh gSaA bl voLFkk esa dksbZ Hkh /zqo lw;Z dh vksj ugha >qdk dks mlh fLFkj fcanq dh rjiQ j[krs gksrk gS] blfy, iwjh i`Foh ij jkr ,oa fnu cjkcj gksrs gSAa bls fo"kqo gq, nh?kZo`Ùk ij pysaA blh izdkj dgk tkrk gSA i`Foh dk v{k ges'kk ,d gh fLFkfr esa >qdk gqvk jgrk gSA i`Foh osQ 23 flracj dks mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa 'kjn~ ½rq gksrh gS] tcfd nf{k.kh ifjØe.k rFkk i`Foh osQ v{k osQ xksykèkZ esa olar ½rq gksrh gSA 21 ekpZ dks fLFkfr blosQ foijhr gksrh fuf'pr fn'kk esa >qosQ gksus osQ gS tc mÙkjh xksykèkZ esa olar ½rq rFkk nf{k.kh xksykèkZ esa 'kjn~ ½rq dkj.k ½rq ifjorZu gksrk gSA gksrh gSA bl izdkj] Li"V gS fd i`Foh osQ ?kw.kZu ,oa ifjØe.k osQ dkj.k fnu ,oa jkr rFkk ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA i`Foh dh xfr;k¡ 21 Rationalised 2023-24 vH;kl 1. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj la{ksi esa nhft,A (i)i`Foh osQ v{k dk >qdko dks.k D;k gS\ (ii)?kw.kZu ,oa ifjØe.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA (iii)yhi o"kZ D;k gS\ (iv) mÙkj ,oa nf{k.k v;ukarksa esa varj crkb,A (v) fo"kqo D;k gS\ (vi) nf{k.kh xksykèkZ esa mÙkjh xksykèkZ dh vis{kk mÙkj ,oa nf{k.k dk v;ukar vyx&vyx le; esa gksrk gS] D;ksa\ (vi) /zqoksa ij yxHkx 6 eghus dk fnu ,oa 6 eghus dh jkr gksrh gS] D;ksa\ 2. lgh mÙkj fpfÉr (ü ü) dhft,A (i) i`Foh dh lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj dh xfr dks dgk tkrk gS& d- ?kw.kZu [k- ifjØe.k x- >qdko (ii) lw;Z dh lh/h fdj.ksa fo"kqor~ o`Ùk ij fdl fnu iM+rh gSa& d- 21 ekpZ [k- 21 twu x- 22 fnlacj (iii) xehZ esa fØlel dk ioZ dgk¡ euk;k tkrk gS& d- tkiku [k- Hkkjr x- vkWLVsªfy;k (iv) ½rqvksa esa ifjorZu i`Foh dh fdl xfr osQ dkj.k gksrk gS d- ?kw.kZu [k- ifjØe.k x- xq#Rokd"kZ.k 3. [kkyh LFkku HkjsaA (i) ,d yhi o"kZ esa fnuksa dh la[;k _______________ gksrh gSA (ii) i`Foh dh izfrfnu dh xfr dks _______________ dgrs gSaA (iii) i`Foh lw;Z osQ pkjksa vksj _______________ d{kk esa ?kwerh gSA (iv) 21 twu dks lw;Z dh fdj.ksa _______________ js[kk ij lh/h iM+rh gSaA (v) _________ ½rq esa fnu NksVs gksrs gSaA 1. i`Foh osQ vius v{k ij >qdko dks n'kkZus osQ fy, ,d fp=k cukb,A 2. izR;sd eghus dh 21 rkjh[k dks gksus okys lw;ksZn; ,oa lw;kZLr osQ le;ksa dks LFkkuh; lekpkji=k dh lgk;rk ls fyf[k, rFkk fuEufyf[kr osQ mÙkj nhft, % v- fdl eghus osQ fnu lcls NksVs gSa\ c- fdu eghuksa esa fnu ,oa jkr yxHkx cjkcj gksrs gSa\ 22 i`Foh % gekjk vkokl Rationalised 2023-24 1. /kxs osQ ,d gh NYys dh enn ls nks fiuksa dks utnhd ,oa nwj j[kdj fofHkUu vkdkjksa osQ nh?kZo`Ùk cuk,¡A è;ku nsa fd nh?kZo`Ùk dc o`Ùk cu tkrk gSA 2. fdlh fnu /wi osQ le; 1 ehVj yach rFkk lh/h ,d NM+h ysaA eSnku ij lkiQ ,oa lery LFkku dks pqusaA bl NM+h dks eSnku ij ogk¡ [kM+k dj nsa tgk¡ bldh Nk;k LIk"V curh gksA igyk pj.k : Nk;k osQ lcls mQijh fcanq dks iRFkj ;k fdlh nwljh oLrq ls fpfÉr djsaA igyk Nk;k fpÉ ges'kk if'pe dh rjiQ gksrk gSA 15 feuV osQ ckn ns[ksa rFkk iqu% Nk;k osQ mQijh fcanq dks fpfÉr djsaA ml le; rd ;g oqQN lseh- nwj pyh xbZ gksxhA vc nksuksa fcanv q ksa dks feyk ns]a bl izdkj vkidks tks js[kk izkIr gksxh og iwoZ&if'pe js[kk gksxhA nwljk pj.k : vc bl izdkj [kM+s gks tk,¡ fd igyk fpÉ vkiosQ ckb± rjiQ rFkk nwljk fpÉ vkiosQ nkb± rjiQ jgsA vc vkidk eq¡g mÙkj fn'kk dh rjiQ gSA ;g rF; i`Foh osQ fdlh Hkh LFkku ij lR; gS] D;ksafd i`Foh if'pe ls iwoZ dh vksj ?kw.kZu djrh gSA ,d vU; rjhdk vkSj Hkh vf/d lgh gksrk gS] ysfdu mlosQ fy, vf/d le; dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA viuh NM+h dks ,d txg j[kdj lqcg dh igyh Nk;k dks fpfÉr dj nsaA ,d rkj dh enn ls NM+h osQ pkjksa vksj ,d o`Ùk[kaM cuk nsaA nksigj osQ le; Nk;k NksVh ;k [kRe gks tk,xhA nksigj osQ ckn ;g fiQj ls c

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