Bone Anatomy PDF

Bone Julie Watson GDC learning outcomes 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.17 2  15% Birth-270 soft bones fused body weight...

Bone Julie Watson GDC learning outcomes 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.17 2  15% Birth-270 soft bones fused body weight - 99 % of bodies calcium Adult-206-213 bones mostly collagen-soft framework +. colcium phosphate to harden + strengthed. Loading… Bones work with muscles and joints to hold our body together and support freedom of movement. This is called the musculoskeletal system. Supports protects the body well as internal organs (Brain , hearty lungs) + as balanced dist. Healthy Bone needs a Learning Outcomes By the end of this session students should be able to: Describe the composition and development of bone Identify the different types of bones and where they are found Be aware of the general function of the bone types in the body. Describe the process of bone healing and the factors that influence healing Recognise some common bone diseases patients may present with. *There is an expectation that this subject is a revision of prior human biology learning 4 Cagnostic tool--what normal levels look like + abnormal bone for periodontitis. What degree of bone loss treae is. - ⑭HOLOGY- CYSTS/CANCERS · Why learn about bone? · know where the nerves be Loading… within the bone giving when LA. · What factors affect bone ? And whether it can heal properly ? - diabetes/smoking. · Implants - infection in bone around implant? 5 Pngimg.com  name ny Sesamoid n Types of Bone a flat bare Short bone Satural bone 6 The five different types of bones in the body  Compact support with little marrow limbs weight (mostly) mostly a · - Long bones Consist of a long shaft or diaphysis and two articular surfaces , with central bone marrow cavity E.g. limb bones such as tibia or femur  Short bones Squat Cube shaped bones E.g. wrist and ankle bones - - Flat bones - flat broad surface. Thin and often curved protective role - Braust E.g. skull bones such as occipital bone. kids or parietal bone 2 outer Outer compact Done Shoulder layers :- inner spongy bone.  unusual shape ① ApendicularSkeleton 126 bones # Limbl , shoulders , peris. Irregular bones ProvidesStructure + Support Irregular and complicated shapes ② Axial Skeleton E.g. bones of spine t less range of movement Protect organs pelvis skull , vertebral colliman + Loading… ribcage. tissues- Sesamoid bones Embedded in tendons + Muscles near E.g. the patella or surfaces of joints. knee cap. Protect tendons grow wear or stress.  Calcium Balance-raise or lower calcium in * blood by forming bone or breaking down-resorption. Functions of Bone De-toxification : bones can absorb heavy metal from blood Imercury , lead] in ① Protection - Important for protecting fragele organ body as well as bones the heart-brain. without body wouldn't ② Snape have a frame work. Bones pair up with joints ligaments tendons + muscles to allow ③ , movement - , movement Without to the bores , the muscles anchoring wouldn't more the body. ⑪ Blood production - developing redt white blood cells+ plates. Body destroys defective and old Red Blood alls in Bone marrow- mineral storage - act as reservoir for minerals (calcium-phosphorus) Bone marrow also stores fatty acids. Endocrine function : ③ sound conduction - produces precursors to hormones - - growth brain develop of vibrations that allow us to hear. 12  Skull , sholder blade bones. ends of long + Compact 80 % Cancellous - Development of Bone - ossification. Begins before birth and is Starts 3112 of fetal life. : complete at approximately 25 years of age completed : late adolescence. 3 centres 2 main types: Single- A Intramembranous ossification Centure Endochondral ossification replaces - with bone. cartilage https://www.britannica.com/science/bone-formation https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-020-00279-w https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/64747 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539718/  ENDUCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION INTRAMEMBRANOUS OSSIFICATION. I compact bone 80 % flat bones in skull begin as fibrous membrane · · Begins embryonic Skeleton with in consisting mainly of collage and blood vessel! cartilage model , that is gradually replaced by bone. · Osteoblasts secrete Osteoid into membrane to sponge like network of bony process on formTRABECULAE · specalised connective tissue , Osteoblasts ,. Secrete matrix material called Osteoid. ↳ gellike collagen. · new bone formation radiates outwards fiberous centres in membranes. - from ossification - Inorganic sources (calcium) deposit inside · to form hard material recognised as mineral Soft spots on baby's stull bone. e incomplete bone formation. Cartilage alls die out replaced by Cranial sutures lines where · + new - Osteoblasts clustered = together in bone meet. ossification centres. Bone formation Starts outwards from BOTH PRODUCE IMMATURE BONE THAT KEEPS these centres. at either PRODUCING THROUGHOUT LIFE !! · cartilage remains continues until tin strip of end plate ↳ Bone a epiphyseal - ,  Bone Structure: Cells present bone Produce Osteoid which is mineralized to create bone forming Osteoblasts making repairing old new bone + Done Bone forming cells. Single nucleus Immature bone cells Become trapped and isolated in lacunae as bone develops  Active Osteoblasts become trapped in Done Osteocytes Important for communication with bone. Originate from osteoblasts that have become trapped in lacunae Mature bone cells Many processes  bore cells that reabsorb bone - Osteoclasts - Break down bone by releasing enzymes + acid Help remodel injured bore. Bone resorption cells Large and multi-nucleated Can engulf like macrophages Maintain the optimum shape of bone Activity takes place at the bone surface A fine balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activity · Pathways for nerves + Blood vessels to maintains normal bone travel through.  mineral based organic matrix. Bone is one of the hardest tissues in Composition of the body when fully developed Bone (dental enamel is the hardest) 40-50 % Inorganic - calciuml phosphate Fully developed bone consists of: 30-40 % organic Collegar - 20 % water 40-50% 20% An organic compound - any Inorganic Water 30-40% Organic member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon Inorganic material - inorganic compounds are considered to be of a mineral, not biological,  origin Bone marrow-production of red/white BC. Bone is made up of osteocyte cells, + platlets. collagen fibres and an intracellular matrix containing inorganic salts such as calcium and phosphate It is strong and rigid, suited to supporting and protecting some of the more delicate body structures It is a vascular tissue with a large capacity for growth in the first two decades of life and regeneration throughout life Destroysold RBC-2M RBC every second -Bone. marrow  Bone Structure: Matrix INORGANIC: Crystalline mineral salts & calcium Hydroxyapatite crystals Initial matrix is non mineralised osteoid Alkaline phosphatase promotes crystal growth centres ORGANIC: Mainly collagen  Runparallel to long Haversian Bone Structure axis ↑ of bone - canal. unit of structural bone. / compact The structural and functional unit of bone is the osteon or Haversian system Each Haversian system or osteon has a central Haversian canal which runs longitudinally throughout the system, carrying blood vessels, lymph and nerves Types of Bone Tissue 22  flaid outer layer-dense strong Compact bone 80 % all advt bone. Appears solid macroscopically Contains large numbers of Haversian systems microscopically outer larger -. gra subchrondal tissue - end of bones. Cancellous or spongy bone: 20 % Appears spongy macroscopically Contains red bone marrow · Rod like structure- lighter, less dence + more flexible. The Structure of Compact Bone The strongest form of bone tissue Very few spaces Forms tough outer layer of each bone, and adds support and protection to the skeletal system Approximately 80% of our skeleton is compact bone  The structure of compact bone Surrounding the canal are concentric rings of flat bone known as lamellae which make up osteons The structure of compact bone Between the lamellae are spaces known as lacunae which contain lymph and osteocytes Canaliculi link the lacunae with the lymph vessels allowing osteocytes to obtain nourishment The Structure of Cancellous or Spongy Bone Much lighter type of bone Branching bars and plates of bone tissue Makes up the inside of short, flat and irregular bones and the epiphyses of long bones Does not contain osteons Lamellae arranged in irregular lattice of thin columns or trabecular, surrounding red bone marrow  Tough , this outer layer of membrane that covers Bone Structure: Periosteum bones. The surface of bone is surrounded by this vascular fibrous membrane Functions: Provides nourishment by facilitating the passage of blood vessels to the bone Gives attachment to muscle tendons Beneath hard outer layer are Assists in bone formation and repair canals that lymph t blood vessels run to nourish the bone.  blood clot WBC + fibroblast a - Blood rupturedledt vessels e rauc 048ms 0-tweeks blood Haematoma Soft callus ~ Platelya X Osteoblasts lay down Stages of Bone Healing Osteoid + chondrocytes lay down Cartilage Loading… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N391iuWbM0s - - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktWiW6yssbU Soft callus becomes mineralized ↓ calcium + phosphate makes callus harden 2-12 wee 73112. to As force is applied occurs a bone remodelling of boy callus reducing. Dy Stages of Bone Healing Formation of a fibro cartilaginous primary callus during the first months after injury The dead bone is resorbed, and spongy bone appears The size of the callus is affected by the immobility of the fracture site; the smaller the amount of movement, the smaller the callus  Stages of Bone Healing Spongy bone is gradually replaced by lamellar bone The fracture is united by this bony secondary callus  Stages of Bone Healing The final phase is remodeling The shape of the bone is gradually returned to normal This may take several years Factors that can delay healing Infection Tissue fragments between the ends of bone Deficient blood supply - delays in bone formation of granulation tissue Old age - healing becomes slower Medications e.g., steroids The host response · medical condition. Factors that can improve healing Limited movement/resting of the broken bone can be recommended - to move bones when healing Medication ? Pain relief, you don’t heal when in pain! Nutrition ↑ Appropriate movement under guidance Age (younger the better)  Acromegaly – overgrowth of bones Bone Conditions in the face, hands and feet Fibrous dysplasia – abnormal growth or swelling of bone Rickets – a child’s growing bones fail Some conditions of bone to develop due to a lack of vitamin D include: Multiple myeloma – cancer of the plasma cells in bone marrow Fractures – broken bones of various *Bone cancer – primary bone types cancers include osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas. However, most Osteoporosis – loss of bone density cancers found in bone have spread and strength from other organs such as the *Osteomyelitis – infection of the breast, prostate, lung or kidney. bone Osteitis – bone inflammation, for example, Paget’s disease of the bone  Prevents extraction sites. healing of - Osteomyelitis - Infection of Common in patients on bones, a serious condition common in long bones of the arms and legs but can be present in the mouth. bisphosphonates - vortablets Calendronic acid) Microbes such as Staphylococcus Aurous gain access to bone and spread infection which may become chronic. This happens when the bone is exposed and becomes infected. ↑ Difficult to manage. *.  Bone tumours are commonly linked to other pathology Cancerous pathology of bones are frequently metastases(transfer of malignant cell from one part of the body to another) of primary carcinomas of breast, lungs and prostate gland. Look carefully at the radiolucent area, shown by the arrows pr Cancerous lesion. Recommended reading for Bone and Cartilage https://cartilage.org/patient/about-cartilage/what-is-cartilage/ https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/bone/cartilage.php https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/bone/bone.php Ross and Wilson Anatomy and Physiology text book Cartilage and Bone chapters 38