Bones PDF

**Bone:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone:** - - - - - - ***Draw 4 osteons and label all the above structures.*** - - - - **Chemical Composition of Bone:** - Cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, an...

**Bone:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone:** - - - - - - ***Draw 4 osteons and label all the above structures.*** - - - - **Chemical Composition of Bone:** - Cells (osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) - Osteoid (organic part of the matrix) - collagen fibers, proteoglycans, glycoproteins. The osteoid provides flexibility and tensile strength to bone. Inorganic components of bone: - **Hydroxyapatites** (mineral salts) - calcium phosphates. The hydroxyapatites cause the bone to be hard. **Parts of a Long Bone:** - - - - - - - ***Draw and label the above-mentioned parts of a long bone.*** **Cartilage:** - - - **Growth of Cartilage:** - - **Bone Growth and Development:** ### Formation and Growth of an Endochondral Bone (Endochondral Ossification): **Factors that Effect Bone Development, Growth and Repair:** - - - - - - - - - - Wolff"s law" - A bone grows or remodels itself in response to the forces or demands placed on it. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - - - - **[Bone Diseases]:** - - - - - - - - - - - - - - **Fractures:** - - **non-displaced fracture** - the bone ends are in the normal position - **displaced fracture** - the bone ends are out of normal alignment - - **complete fracture** - the bone is broken completely through - **incomplete fracture** - the bone is not broken completely through - - **linear** - the break parallels the axis of the bone - **transverse** - the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis - - - **\*\*\*compound (open)** fracture - the broken bone sticks out through the skin, must be concerned about infection. - - **[\ ]** **Repair Process for Broken Bones:** 1. 2. 3. 4. **Other Problems with Bone Structure:** - **Spondylolysis** - - - - **Ruptured Disk:** - Intervertebral disks - made of a tough outer layer (fibrocartilage) and an elastic central mass (**nucleus pulposus**). - An injury can let the disk rupture and the **nucleus pulposus** squeeze out. This can cause pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerves. This is a \"**ruptured or herniated disk**\". - The pressure on the spinal nerve(s) can cause back pain, and numbness or paralysis of the body parts innervated by the spinal nerve. - To relieve the pain, a **laminectomy** will be performed. A laminectomy is the procedure in which the bone of the posterior arch of the vertebra (the lamina) is removed. This relieves the pressure on the compressed nerve(s). - - - **Blood Cell Formation (hematopoiesis):**