BMED 66 Chem G Meet - Chapter 2 - Basic Chemistry PDF

Chapter 2 **BASIC CHEMISTRY** **OBJECTIVES:** At the end of the topic, the students will be able to: A. differentiate element from a compound; B. cite the characteristics of elements; C. describe the types of chemical reactions; D. describe the composition of living matter (biochemistry);...

Chapter 2 **BASIC CHEMISTRY** **OBJECTIVES:** At the end of the topic, the students will be able to: A. differentiate element from a compound; B. cite the characteristics of elements; C. describe the types of chemical reactions; D. describe the composition of living matter (biochemistry); E. explain the properties of inorganic and organic compounds; F. enumerate the kinds of sugars Identifying Elements ==================== - Atomic number---equal to the number of protons that the atom contains --------------------------------------------------------------------- - ### Unique to atoms of a particular element - ### Indirectly tells the number of electrons in an atom - Atomic mass number---sum of the protons and neutrons contained in an atom's nucleus ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Isotope---atomic mass change but NO change in atomic number ----------------------------------------------------------- Figure 2.1 The atomic particles =============================== Atomic Weight and Isotopes ========================== - Isotopes -------- - ### Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but vary in the number of neutrons - ### Isotopes have the same atomic number but different atomic masses  Figure 2.2 Hydrogen isotopes - Radioisotope ------------ - ### Heavy isotope of certain atoms (due to number of neutrons) - ### Tends to be unstable - ### Decomposes to more stable isotope - Radioactivity---process of spontaneous atomic decay (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, X-ray or electron capture); cause radiation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ### Used to tag and trace biological molecules through the body - Computed Tomography (CT Scan-uses x-ray) - Positron Emission Tomography (PET- uses gamma rays) - Fluoroscopy ( moving x-ray) Molecules and Compounds ======================= - Molecule---two or more atoms of the *same* elements combined chemically ----------------------------------------------------------------------- - Example of a chemical reaction, shown as a chemical equation, resulting in a molecule: -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- H (atom) + H (atom) → H~2~ (molecule) {#h-atom-h-atom-h2-molecule.ListParagraph} ------------------------------------- - ### The reactants are the atoms on the left - ### The product is the molecule on the right, represented by a molecular formula - Compound---two or more atoms of *different* elements combined chemically to form a molecule of a compound --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Example of a chemical reaction resulting in a compound: ------------------------------------------------------- 4H + C → CH~4~ (methane) {#h-c-ch4-methane.ListParagraph} ------------------------ **Types of Chemical Bonds** - Ionic bonds - - - - Anions have **negative** charge due to gain of electron(s) - Cations have **positive** charge due to loss of electron(s) - Tend to stay close together because opposite charges attract **\ **Na^11^ Cl ^17^ Figure 2.3 Ionic bonds Ionic bonds form when two or more ions come together and are held together by charge differences. - bonding electrons are called the VALENCE electrons Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two or more atoms - Covalent bonds - - - - - Covalent bonds can be described as either nonpolar or polar - - Electrons are shared *equally* between the atoms of the molecule - Electrically neutral as a molecule - Example: carbon dioxide - Covalent bonds can be described as either nonpolar or polar (continued) - - Electrons are *not* shared equally between the atoms of the molecule - Molecule has a positive and negative side, or *pole* - Example: water - Hydrogen bonds - - - - **Patterns of Chemical Reactions** - Synthesis reaction (A + B → AB) 2H + O H~2~O - - - - Decomposition reaction (AB → A + B) Mg(OH)~2~ MgO+H~2~O - - - - Exchange reaction Single replacement AB + C → AC + B 3H~2~SO~4~ + 2Al Al~2~ (SO~4~)~3~ + 3H~2~ and\ Double replacement AB + CD → AD + CB HCl + NaOH NaCl + H~2~O - - - Most chemical reactions are reversible - Reversibility is indicated by a double arrow - - Factors influencing the rate of chemical reactions : 1. Temperature 2. Concentration 3. Pressure (gases) 4. Nature of reactants (solid, liquid, gas) 5. Surface area 6. catalyst **Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter** - Inorganic compounds - - - - Organic compounds - - - **Inorganic Compounds** - Water - - - - High heat capacity (high sp. ht.) - Polarity/solvent properties - Chemical reactivity - Cushioning - High heat capacity (heats slowly and cools slowly) - - - Polarity/solvent properties - - - - - - Chemical reactivity - - - - Cushioning - - **Inorganic Compounds** - Salts - - - - - - Example: sodium and potassium ions are essential for nerve impulses - Electrolytes are ions that conduct electrical currents - Acids - - - - - - Bases - - - - Neutralization reaction - - - pH (potential of Hydrogen) - - - - - Neutral (7 is neutral) - *Neutral* means that the number of hydrogen ions exactly equals the number of hydroxyl ions - Acidic solutions have a pH below 7; More H^+^ than OH^--^ - Basic solutions have a pH above 7; Fewer H^+^ than OH^--^ -  Figure 2.4 The pH ================= Organic Compounds ================= - Polymer: chainlike molecules made of many similar or repeating units (monomers) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Many biological molecules are polymers, such as carbohydrates and proteins -------------------------------------------------------------------------- {#section-3.ListParagraph} - Dehydration synthesis---monomers are joined to form polymers through the removal of water molecules --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ### A hydrogen ion is removed from one monomer while a hydroxyl group is removed from the monomer it is to be joined with - ### Water is removed at the site where monomers join (dehydration) {#section-4.ListParagraph} - Hydrolysis---polymers are broken down into monomers through the addition of water molecules ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - ### As a water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and the monomers are released - Carbohydrates - - - - Monosaccharides---simple sugars and the structural units of the carbohydrate group - Disaccharides---two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis - Polysaccharides---long-branching chains of linked simple sugars - Monosaccharides---simple sugars - - - - Disaccharides---two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis - - - Polysaccharides: long, branching chains of linked simple sugars - - - **Ref: www.nutrientsreview.com\>carbs** Sugar : Monosaccharide -- a. glucose (dextrose) , water soluble b\. fructose (levulose) : c\. galactose d\. mannose e\. ribose and deoxyribose \- cannot be broken down, simple sugar (CHO) **Ref. life.biologydictionary.net** Disaccharide -- called double sugar or diose, water soluble a\. Sucrose -- table sugar; glucose+fructose b\. Lactose -- milk sugar; galactose+glucose c\. Maltose -- sweetener for chocolate and candies; **OTHER disaccharides:** a. Cellobiose and trehalose are disaccharides like maltose -- composed of 2 glucose b. Lactulose -- fructose +galactose; treats constipation and liver disease; test for overgrowth of bacteria in the small intestine - Lipids - - - Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen - - Triglycerides, or neutral fats - - - - Saturated fatty acids - Unsaturated fatty acids - Fatty acid chains of triglycerides - - Contain only single covalent bonds - Chains are straight - Exist as solids at room temperature since molecules pack closely together - From animal products: dairy items, such as whole milk, cream, and cheese, and fatty meats like beef, veal (young calf or beef), lamb, pork, and ham. The fat marbling can seen in beef and pork. - - Contain one or more double covalent bonds, causing chains to kink - Exist as liquid oils at room temperature - from foods such as nuts, vegetable oil, olive oil, almonds, avocado, peanut butter, corn, soybean, sardines, and salmon - "Heart healthy" - Trans fats - - - - - a. Commercial baked goods, such as cakes, cookies and pies. b. Shortening. c. Microwave popcorn. d. Frozen pizza. e. Refrigerated dough, such as biscuits and rolls. f. Fried foods, including french fries, doughnuts and fried chicken. g. Nondairy coffee creamer. h. Stick margarine. - Omega-3 fatty acids - - - - Figure 2.5 The Flax seed, oil and plant - Phospholipids - - - - - Steroids - - - - - Proteins - - Provide for construction materials for body tissues - Play a vital role in cell function - Act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies - - - - Amino acid structure - - - - Protein structure - - - - - Structural levels of proteins - - - Alpha helix---resembles a metal spring - Beta-pleated sheet---resembles pleats of a skirt or sheet of paper folded into a fan - - - Fibrous (structural) proteins - - - - - Globular (functional) proteins -- Ex. Igg - - - - - - Enzymes - - - - - Hydrolase - Oxidase - Nucleic acids - - - - - DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid (abbreviated **DNA**) is the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism. - RNA - The two places that RNA is found in the cell is **the nucleus and the cytoplasm**. RNA is synthesized from DNA during the process of transcription, which happens in the nucleus. - Nucleic acids are built from building blocks called *nucleotides* - Nucleotides contain three parts 1. - A = Adenine - G = Guanine - C = Cytosine - T = Thymine - U = Uracil 2. 3. - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) --------------------------- - ### The genetic material found within the cell's nucleus - ### Provides instructions for every protein in the body - ### Organized by complementary bases to form a double-stranded helix - ### Contains the sugar *deoxyribose* and the bases *adenin*e, *thymine*, *cytosine*, and *guanine* - ### Replicates before cell division - Ribonucleic acid (RNA) ---------------------- - ### Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis - ### Created from a template of DNA - ### Organized by complementary bases to form a single-stranded helix - ### Contains the sugar *ribose* and the bases *adenine*, *uracil*, *cytosine*, and *guanine* - ### Three varieties are messenger, transfer, and ribosomal RNA {#section-5.ListParagraph} - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ---------------------------- - ### Composed of a nucleotide built from ribose sugar, adenine base, and three phosphate groups - ### Chemical energy used by all cells - ### Energy is released by breaking high-energy phosphate bond - ADP (adenosine diphosphate) accumulates as ATP is used for energy ----------------------------------------------------------------- - ATP is replenished by oxidation of food fuels --------------------------------------------- - Three examples of how ATP drives cellular work are shown next ------------------------------------------------------------- **BMED 66 CHEM G meet** I. **Atomic particles, location, charge, mass** **PARTICLE** **LOCATION** **ELECTRICAL CHARGE Q** **MASS** -------------- -------------- ------------------------- ---------- **p^+^** **n^o^** **e^-^** II. **Elements, symbols...** +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | **ELEME | **CHEM | **At. | **AT.** | **\# | **\# | **\#n^o | | NTS** | SYMBOLS | NUMBER* | | p^+^** | e^-^** | ^** | | | ** | * | **MASS* | | | | | | | | * | | | | +=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+=========+ | Oxygen | O | 8 | 16 | +8 | -8 | 8 | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Iron | | 26 | 56 | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Magnesi | | | | 12 | | 12 | | um | | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Zinc | | 30 | 65 | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Radium | | 88 | 226 | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Sodium | | 11 | 23 | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ | Phospho | | | 31 | | 15 | | | rus | | | | | | | +---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ **ACTIVITY:** It\'s a Wash: The Chemistry of Soap;how does Soap Handle cleaning ? The Chemistry of Pickles: Explain how chemistry in making pickles ? what is brine solution ? pH and Buffers: what is the work of Buffers maintaining our normal ph? Seeing Tiny Cancer \"Markers\" Sooner: Purdue Chemist Works on \'Nano\' Scale