Sustainable Tourism Management Techniques PDF

## B. MAIN LESSON ### 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins) You cannot manage visitor behaviour unless you measure key variables first Do your research - effective visitor management is basically impossible without some good analysis of the tourism that takes place. Most destinations are seasona...

## B. MAIN LESSON ### 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins) You cannot manage visitor behaviour unless you measure key variables first Do your research - effective visitor management is basically impossible without some good analysis of the tourism that takes place. Most destinations are seasonal, so you need to identify when too many people may crowd the attractions, spoil the visitor experience, and damage the site. To manage visitor flows you need to be able to anticipate tourism demand based on past experiences. You cannot guess or estimate this. You must absolutely collect data to make demand forecasting effective. You also must be able to identify the time and physical spaces where the issues are arising and the key risks to the site. #### 1) Wider trends Every destination is different, but being aware of the long-term and short-term trends with regard to visitor numbers and pressures is crucial. A destination that is subject to 20% growth per year in visitor numbers will need to develop visitor management systems appropriate for the pressures that are coming, as well as those that already exist. Forward forecasting - for example 5-10 years in advance - is critical. #### 2) Seasonality Most destinations are subject to peak season pressures. In other words, the negative impacts and risks are not spread evenly across the year, and you need to identify the seasonal peaks and troughs. Visitor management systems must kick in and shape visitor movements and behaviours specifically during that period; in less busy periods it may not be necessary. #### 3) Monthly and daily analysis The patterns of leisure time hours for any given society have a major impact on the pressures in tourism sites. In some countries, weekends are often the days that have the greatest visitor numbers, so it may be wise to identify this time period in advance and develop systems for managing visitor movements and behaviours on those peak days. #### 4) Public holidays and special days In many societies, the greatest pressures will come on a handful of public or religious holidays, special days, or festivals, especially if the site in question has a spiritual significance. Again, visitor management should identify and focus on these days in advance and develop an appropriate system of management. #### 5) Time of the day It is vital to have some understanding of the peak periods during the day. Pressures will vary enormously, and improving the quality of visitor experience, mitigating pressures, and spreading benefits for the local community can often all be improved by spacing out visitor groups throughout the day. ### SOME WAYS TO GATHER THIS INFORMATION #### 1. Ticket sales data Some sites will simply be able to look at the data on ticket sales for the whole site or for key attractions to form an overview of visitor flows over the year, specific months, weeks, or days. #### 2. Accommodation stock data Some destinations will have accurate tourism data that reveal the densities of visitors at any point in the year. #### 3. Observation Working out when and where the issues are found at your site is not always high-tech and expensive. Sometimes simple observation of the issues can reveal a great deal of value. #### 4. Surveying key people Many sites overlook the expertise and observational skills of the people already on the ground. A simple survey that asks hoteliers, restaurateurs, conservationists, taxi drivers, guides, the host communities, and retailers when they experience peak periods can reveal a great deal about visitor movements. #### 5. Enabling people to register their concerns in a low-tech way For example, texting a number when they experience unacceptable impacts can also be valuable. ### DEVELOP A CARRYING CAPACITY PLAN AND APPROACH Some sites have invested in guidance to develop their Carrying Plan and have developed new infrastructure to manage visitor flows more effectively. The most sophisticated computerised systems change visitor flows and dwell times as key variables change in real time. * Guides take groups of visitors on a different route to see a different site to ease congestion at 'honeypot' sites. * Access to a sensitive area of the site is restricted when footfall reaches a certain level. If you have very limited resources then you need to learn from the best examples and implement low-tech, low cost solutions. For instance, if your research tells you that national holidays are the most densely crowded days, then you can develop a system for those days that: * Channels visitors across a wider area of the destination * Restricts access to sensitive areas. * Raises prices for some areas of concern. * Limits them to timed tickets. ### SOME METHODS TO CONSIDER USING FOR MANAGING VISITORS #### 1) Limit visitor access The crudest way to protect heritage from visitor impacts is to block access or severely limit it. Visitors do not have a 'right' to see a site if it simply cannot sustain the impacts of the visitation. If only a set number of people can access the site each hour or day, then make this clear through your interpretation and presentation of the site. #### 2) Spread visitors spatially and across time to minimize the intensity of negative impacts You cannot let more and more visitors into delicate ecological or cultural settings without something going wrong, but you can ease the pressures by spreading tourism more evenly across the destination, by broadening the visitor offer and experiences, or by encouraging visitors to arrive at less pressured moments in the day, week, month, or year. #### 3) Advance ticketing systems Some sites now have ticket-only access. This kind of system enables a site to release only enough tickets for any given day. It also means they can offer a high quality visitor experience and protect the site from pressures. Visitors will actually perceive the destination as more special, more authentic, and more unique. Some destinations will become a 'once-in-a-lifetime' destination, with visitors applying for tickets years in advance. #### 4) Congestion-related pricing systems Pricing can be a useful way to incentivize visitors to spread more evenly throughout the day or week. By offering much cheaper tickets for quiet periods and more expensive ones for peak periods, you can engineer a more even visitor flow and relieve the extreme peak pressures. Also communicate these concerns to visitors, as some will prefer to visit at less busy times anyway, especially if it helps to conserve the site. #### 5) Spreading visitors across the destination Great sites can avoid this by creating narratives and flows that channel visitors through a range of experiences and spaces, slowing their flow and increasing dwell time in non-vulnerable areas. For example, people viewing a sensitive element of the site can spend just a short time there if they are able to learn about it before or afterwards. It is also possible to widen the range of 'must-see' things through clever interpretation and storytelling. #### 6) Offer visitors other experiences, products, and services to lessen the urgency and focus on a small number of 'must see' elements It is an important objective to increase visitor dwell-time where it does the least damage, and minimize dwell-time where it does the most. Broaden tourist scope by drawing their attention to lesser-known and less vulnerable areas of your destination. * Give visitors and tourism operators the real-time information they need to make good choices. Many visitors will increase their dwell-time in less sensitive areas of the destination - shopping, eating, resting, learning, or simply taking in the ambience of the place - if they realise that pressing on regardless to the 'must see' element will create problems. "From here, this queue will take around 45 minutes. Why not go for coffee or explore X, Y, and Z?" * Develop a system for guides and other actors in tourism to make them aware of issues and solutions. If you can communicate to hotel receptionists, guides, taxi drivers, and others in the destination that on certain moments visitors should not be encouraged to rush to the 'must see' areas of the destination, in turn, these people can guide visitors to make different choices. * Visitor flows can be designed so that the local community can secure the benefits. Some great sites have made visiting a local community to buy products, services, or experiences a key part of the visitor experience. This can often have the added advantage of taking place in a less sensitive location. People do not have to be sold things in the most vulnerable areas - retail can offered outside the sensitive zones to increase dwell-time there. ### RESPONSIBLE TOURISM Sustainable travel lessens your negative (and sometimes exploitative) impact on the environments and communities you visit. Even more, responsible tourism optimizes the overall positive potential for tourism. A lot that goes into creating a sustainable tourism industry on the ground, and then even more goes into making sure your own trip is responsible-including how and with whom you book your holidays. ### Responsible Tourist Behavior * As tourists, you must research about the significance of churches and shrines and avoid actions that desecrate such sites. * When buying souvenirs or pasalubong, tourist should not haggle excessively * They should respect the privacy of local people by not taking pictures of them without obtaining permission. * Do not make donations irresponsibly * When observing wild animals, observe respectful distance. * Do not feed wild animals as this teaches them to be dependent on humans. * Avoid irresponsible posting of pictures of places visited which may incite wanderlust that may lead to eventual degradation of the place. * Follow trails to avoid venturing to areas that may be dangerous or temporarily off-limits ## TOU 048: Sustainable Tourism Module #20 ### Lesson title: SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN, AESTHETIC, LIGHT AND NOISE POLLUTION MITIGATION ### Lesson Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to: * Identify the fundamental principles in sustainable building design; * Describe mitigation measure to reduce impacts on visual quality, light and glare, and noise pollution. ### Productivity Tip: After finishing this module, list down important concepts and terms that you remember. Do this for about 5 minutes. Compare your list to the module materials after and see what you got right or if you missed something. ### A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW #### 1) Introduction (2 mins.) 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins.) Tourism continues to grow globally, and many tourists are in pursuit of pristine, natural environments. Development of tourism products results in increased urbanization, overuse, exceeding carrying capacity, and contamination of natural resources (Williams & Ponsford, 2008). As tourism expands, so does the impact of the industry on coastal ecosystems and wildlife-among others, land degradation, pollution, and excessive use of natural resources. Yet with better planning and practices, tourism could not only safeguard the natural assets that often draw visitors in the first place, but also help to lift local people out of poverty. Mitigation is the stage when measures are identified to avoid, minimise or remedy the negative impacts of tourism. These measures are implemented as part of the process of impact management, together with any necessary adjustments to respond to unforeseen impacts. ### B. MAIN LESSON #### 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins) ### SUSTAINABLE BUILDING DESIGN Many environmental issues could be prevented by designing buildings in a sustainable manner. The main objectives of sustainable design are to reduce, or completely avoid, depletion of critical resources like energy, water, land, and raw materials; prevent environmental degradation caused by facilities and infrastructure throughout their life cycle; and create built environments that are livable, comfortable, safe, and productive. Whole Building Design Guide (2014) mentioned six fundamental principles in sustainable building design. #### 1. Optimized site potential Creating sustainable buildings starts with proper site selection, including consideration of the reuse or rehabilitation of existing buildings. The location, orientation, and landscaping of a building affect local ecosystems, transportation methods, and energy use. The site of a sustainable building should reduce, control, and/or treat storm-water runoff. If possible, strive to support native flora and fauna of the region in the landscape design. #### 2. Optimized energy use It is essential to reduce energy load, increase efficiency, and maximize the use of renewable energy sources to significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuel-derived energy. #### 3. Protection and conservation of water A sustainable building should seek to use water efficiently, and reuse or recycle water for onsite use, when feasible since the effort to bring drinkable water to our household faucets consumes enormous energy resources in pumping, transport, and treatment,. #### 4. Optimized building space and material use It is critical to achieve an integrated and intelligent use of materials that maximizes their value, prevents 'upstream' pollution, and conserves resources. A sustainable building is designed and operated to use and reuse materials in the most productive and sustainable way across its entire life cycle, and is adaptable for reuse during its life cycle. The materials used in a sustainable building minimize life-cycle environmental impacts such as global warming, resource depletion, and toxicity. Environmentally preferable materials reduce impacts on human health and the environment, and contribute to improved worker safety and health, reduced liabilities, and reduced disposal costs. #### 5. Enhances indoor environmental quality (IEQ) The indoor environmental quality (IEQ) of a building has a significant impact on occupant health, comfort, and productivity. The Principles of IEQ also emphasize occupant control over systems such as lighting and temperature. A sustainable building maximizes day lighting, has appropriate ventilation and moisture control, optimizes acoustic performance, and avoids the use of materials with high-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) emissions. #### 6. Optimized operational and maintenance practice Consideration of a building's operating and maintenance issues during the preliminary design phase of a facility will contribute to improved working environments, higher productivity, reduced energy and resource costs, and prevention of system failures. Designers can specify materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenance requirements; require less water, energy, and toxic chemicals / cleaners to maintain; and are cost-effective and reduce life-cycle costs. Building resiliency is the capacity of a building to continue to function and operate under extreme conditions, such as (but not limited to) extreme temperatures, sea level rise, natural disasters, etc. Building adaptability is the capacity of a building to be used for multiple uses and in multiple ways over the life of the building, using sustainable design allows for a building to adapt to different environments and conditions. ### AESTHETICS, VISUAL QUALITY, LIGHT AND GLARE According to UCF (2008), another unwanted consequence of tourism development is GLARE. "Glare bombs" occurs when the light levels in some cities are hundred and thousand time higher than natural night-time light. While a light trespass is unwanted light entering one's property, such as light entering into a bedroom window. Excessive light is unhealthy to both human and animal. * It affects body clock and natural process; * electronic gadgets and outdoor lighting produce lots of the blue wavelength, which is very disruptive to the body's rhythm. * studies show that excessive exposure to light at night could lead to increased risk of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. * glare impedes vision and creates shadows where criminals can hide. * natural processes of mating, migration, feeding are disrupted by artificial light. ### MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE AESTHETICS, VISUAL QUALITY, LIGHT AND GLARE 1. Buildings should be oriented to minimize spillover lighting and glare (building facades should be facing away from light-sensitive habitats) 2. External lighting should be avoided 3. Avoid the use of glass and other reflective materials 4. Use of plants to block the light. 5. Through community ordinances ### MITIGATION MEASURES TO REDUCE NOISE Noise pollution is referred to as acoustic smog i.e. the accumulation of different kinds of unpleasant sounds. Like community noise, environmental noise pollution is a form of air pollution which is associated to physiological effects that threatens health and well-being (Lisa et al., 2007). Noise pollution is expected to increase due to continuous growth of air, road, and railway traffic which are one of the main sources of urban environmental noise. * NASA with aircraft engine manufacturers has designed engines with larger fans, which turn at a slower top speed, reducing noise levels and fuels consumption. * for road noise, one solution is to use rubberized asphalt pavement. * for buildings, companies offer materials which converts sound waves to harmless heat energy * use of noise reduction technology, active noise control (ANC) a noise cancelling headphones used by pilots and airport workers as well as passengers wanting quiet airplane rides. * alternative site for the proposed structure that may encounter or produce noise. * road tunnels; noise tolerant buildings; set back the residential units away from the road. * noise barrier or acoustic shields placed on highways and bridges protect residents or hotels guests from noise. * Research has also shown that trees can cut down noise by five to ten decibels thereby reducing noise by fifty percent. Trees muffle urban noise almost as effectively as stone walls. They are better at absorbing high-frequency sounds, which are most bothersome to human ears, than they are at absorbing low frequency sounds. Trunks and branches play a very important role in sound scattering due to their solid nature (Dietrich et al., 2003). * Avoid locating trails immediately adjacent to busy roads * Locate trail above road where possible ## TOU 048: Sustainable Tourism Module #21 ### Lesson title: INTERPRETATION ### Lesson Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to: * Explain interpretation; * Discuss why interpretation is important. ### Productivity Tip: After finishing this module, list down important concepts and terms that you remember. Do this for about 5 minutes. Compare your list to the module materials after and see what you got right or if you missed something. ### A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW #### 1) Introduction (2 mins.) 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins.) Visitor interpretation is used by visitor attractions to tell a story about a site's significance and its context (physical, natural, social, aesthetic or spiritual). The purpose of visitor interpretation is informal education and first-hand participatory learning, often about heritage (Moscardo, 1996) or natural environments (Sharpe, 1982). But interpretation is also used to enhance knowledge authenticity (Firth, 2011; McIntosh & Prentice, 1999), stimulate change in attitudes and behaviour (Armstrong & Weiler, 2002) and explain ideologies (Lia et al., 2010). Interpretation is complemented by visitor management tools such as information and directional signage and trail design (Hughes et al., 2009; Orams, 1995). Competitiveness of a destination is affected by affordability, variety and quality of interpretative media, since they are directly connected with tourists needs, interests and expectations, the degree of attractiveness of natural or cultural resources, as well as the local community activities oriented to environmental protection. It is extremely important that the entire knowledge on resources, both technical and "local", is available to all segments of the society, including suppliers of services in tourism. Naturally, "human factor" is of vital importance for the interpretation efficiency, in other words trained tourist guides, curators and other interpreters (Vargas, 2007). ### DEFINITION OF INTERPRETATION "A educational activity which aims to reveal meanings and relationships through the use of original objects by firsthand experience and by illustrative media rather than simply communicate factual information" (Tilden, 1957 in Barrow, 2013). Barrow (2013) defined it as "art of explaining the meaning and significance of sites visited by the public". Interpretation is different from other firms of communication in the sense that: * The audience are on a leisure visit so the approach must be informal, entertaining, and not hard work for them; * A particular site or object is being seen so the aim is to help the public enjoy and understand it at firsthand; * The organization or individual interpreting the site aims to generate a concern for its conservation and encourage an understanding of the processes and activities taking place there. The visitor is free to interact (or not) with interpretive devices that include: #### 1. People * **First person (personal) interpretation**, which occurs as 'animation' when an actor adopts a period character and 'demonstration' when an actor is not in character, but talking about the historical period. * **Second person (non personal) interpretation** is undertaken by an 'interpreter' when the person is a subject expert, but not in period costume (Widner Ward & Wilkinson, 2006). * **Interpretive personnel** can include indigenous representatives, tour guides, tourism operators, docents, security guards and educators, curators or park rangers. #### 2. Media - * Virtual environments, interactive devices, * Educational signage, graphics, sound, smell, exhibits * (interactive and static) #### 3. Objects - * Artifacts, buildings, animals (stuffed and alive), * Plants, rocks, models, figures props #### 4. Self-guiding tools - * Maps, guidebooks, podcasts, interactive computers, dedicated radio stations, geographic information systems (GIS). #### 5. Built structures - * Interpretation centres and interpretive signage, etc ### OBJECTIVES FOR INTERPRETATION 1. To increase the visitor's understanding, awareness, and appreciation of nature, heritage and site resource; 2. To communicate messages relating to nature and culture 3. To involve people in nature and history through firsthand experience with the natural and cultural environment; 4. To affect the behavior and attitudes of the public; 5. To provide an enjoyable and meaningful experience; 6. To increase the public understanding and support ### CATEGORY OF INTERPRETATION OBJECTIVES (Barrow, 2013) * **Learning Objectives** concerned with what we want visitors to know about a tourist attraction and its features. * **Behavioral Objectives** concerned with what we want the public to do as a result of experiencing the interpretation. * **Emotional Objectives** concerned with how we want the visitor to feel as a result of experiencing the interpretation. ### PITFALLS OF INTERPRETATION 1. Interpretation is driven by economic objectives rather than by concern on community and environmental well-being; 2. Small community assets become commoditized because of being popularly interpreted to visitors; 3. Interpreters tend to be selective and oversimplify and possibly distort the meaning of tourism assets in response to the short stay of tourists, as well as to satisfy a culturally diverse tourist audiences; 4. Individuals involved in interpretation tend to be over-enthusiastic in their interpretation to the extent that it diminishes the sense of wonder of the place; 5. There is a danger of intrusion on the locals; 6. Focusing only on the, the spectacular, and the unusual in line with tourists expectations; 7. Potential for tourism interpretation tend to be elitist. ### ROLE OF TOUR GUIDES IN INTERPRETATION 1. Skillful tour guides not only inform but also entertain through their humor 2. Play as hosts to games on and off the bus 3. Sometimes, haggle on behalf of the tourists at flea markets and souvenir stores. 4. Manage the tour by telling the tourists the amount of time they can spend in a tourist spot so that all the points of interest in the itinerary are covered. 5. Enlivens museum tours by demonstrating certain artifacts to the tourists. ### KEY STEPS IN INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMS (UNESCO) 1. Make an inventory of the heritage resources in the community. * Examine the community fabric in depth to determine what stories to tell. * Mapping resources helps in planning tourist routes and walking trails. * Subject of interpretation could be something with socio-cultural significance to the community. 2. Develop themes. * Themes focus what the interpretation should communicate to the visitors, given constraints in time, money and other resources. * It should capture the essence of the community attractions, retain authenticity and uniqueness of the community, heritage, environment and public life. 3. Draw up an interpretive plan. * This plan should be part of the general tourism management plan. ## TOU 048: Sustainable Tourism Module #22 ### Lesson title: INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS ### Lesson Objectives: At the end of this module, you should be able to: * Identify the interpretation techniques use by tour guides; * Describe the interpretation tools. ### Productivity Tip: Create a five-item quiz about this topic. Take the quiz two days after finishing the module. This will help you check what you remember! ### A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW #### 1) Introduction (2 mins.) 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins.) Interpretation is a means of tourism management aimed at explaining visitors and tourists the importance of various natural and cultural attractions at a destination so as to spur comprehension, positive impression, admiration, i.e. to raise consciousness on responsible behaviour in the function of local heritage preservation. Interpretation serves to enhance enjoyment of tourists by transferring to them symbolic meanings and facilitating changes in their attitudes and behaviour: this is why it represents the key for establishing intellectual and emotional connections between the visitor and particular destinations. Interpretation is achieved directly or indirectly via different media and means (poster, exhibit label, map or sketch, audio, both audio and visual guide, marked tourist trails, travel guides-Baedekers and the like). Direct or personal interpretation involves face-to-face interaction and communication between the audience and the tourist guide, curator or other information provider during a visit to the site. Staiff and Bushell (2003:101) coined the term interpretation environment for all the means used for interpretation activities. ### B. MAIN LESSON #### 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (13 mins) ### INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES USED BY TOUR GUIDES (Borrow, 2013; UNESCO) * Guided walks and talks. * Demonstrations (how to start a fire using bamboo sticks) * Leaflets (on different tour attractions) * Self-guided trails * Interpretation panels on-site * Audio * Viewing hides and towers * Handheld devices * Visitor center * Museum ad visitor center displays * Inter-active computers * Audio-visual * Art and sculpture * Living history and theater (reenactment) ### SIGNAGE is installed to direct visitors, guide visitor behavior, and provide interpretation. Signage used in tourism: * Signs for marketing and providing directions to destinations and activities. * Signs for marking of trails, tracks, and points of interests * Signs for warnings of danger and risks to visitors and the environment * Signs for managing behavior and lessening impact. * Signs for interpretation found commonly at points of interest and to provide information around a site. ### INTERPRETATION TOOLS #### 1. Brochures * easiest, least expensive to produce and can be distributed easily * can include guidelines for visitor behavior and politeness, tailored for specific events such as festivals or dance performances or an individual site * often given together with map for use in self guided trail * the cover must have attraction power and stand out from other brochures * write no more than two short paragraphs, use graphics as much as possible, avoid technical language, write keeping in mind the behavioral objective, tell visitors "what to look for", "listen to", and "touch" in the site #### 2. Maps * maps must have short explanations of major sites on the reverse side * Places that are not advisable to be promoted such as sacred sites need not to be indicated #### 3. Heritage Trails * Most suitable tools for main commercial streets, cities, and towns * They are provided to encourage visitors to explore a site on their own. * Should not be too long so visitors can expect to complete them and the start and length of the trail should be clearly marked * Several different trails with separate themes could be developed in one area. #### 4. Self-guided Trails * uses a printed brochure and a map around a route which may not be marked * the least expensive type to produce and may also employ a guide #### 5. Signed Trails * it is marked by display panels at key points * markers or display panels along the route are useful for orientation and interpretation #### 6. Sound Trail * permanent listening posts are installed along the route with a tape device included in post then visitor activates the sound by pressing the switch * sound can be played out loud or through a earplug to have better sound in privacy #### 7. Guiding * most self-guided trails can come alive with the use of a local tour guide * certification and training for guides enhance their professional qualification #### 8. Display Panels * they are two-dimensional signs which contain information, maps, photographs, and graphics * may be used to mark trails or note interesting sites and facts * in choosing as sign system, the location, size and shapes, type of illustration, nature of the maps, protections from vandalism and the kind of panel to use are to be considered. * design must be consistent throughout the town #### 9. Illustration and Text * use minimal visuals and more of text * each panel contains an independent segment so visitors will acquire some information even if they do not read the full text. * the most important information come first so people will be able to absorb the main points #### 10. Display Cases * It can show two or three-dimensional objects or artifacts. * Should consider weather extremes and should not block pedestrian or emergency access. * Should have ventilation system which allows moisture and heat to escape without letting in dust. #### 11. Audio-visual Interpretation * one of the most effective but the most expensive to produce interpretation tools. * it combine the advantages of audio and visual media as visitors get to absorb more information from an audio-visual presentation than by reading it. * films o slide show can be copied and distributed to tourist or education centers to attract more visitors to the site #### 12. Artifacts * artifacts are pertinent to the theme of the exhibit. * artifacts must be placed in their context so they will have more relevance to the visitors than if displayed separately * valuable artifacts need to be secure from theft, handling and sunlight #### 13. Performances/Re-enactments * local dancing and music can be performed and interpreted for tourist. * activities and rituals can give visitors a glimpse of community life. * re-enactments or folk villages lessen the impact of tourism by keeping it separate from living communities. #### 14. Festivals * Interpretation is important for festivals as tourist will want to learn about the religious meaning behind a ceremony and the rational for celebration. * Some festivals may not be appropriate for some tourist; safety may also be an issue. #### 15. Multimedia Shows * combine special effects with dance, music and theater to produce sensory experience that captures the feeling of a particular time and place. * transmit facts through dialogue or song to appeal to the emotions and senses. * a good approach if the community attracts a high volume of tourists. #### 16. Light and Sound Displays * These are performed after dark usually in an open area with good panorama. * Spectacular effects are achieved with the use of laser lights to highlight buildings, streetscapes, and ruins. * This type of presentation is usually used to celebrate a major festival. #### 17. Interpretive Centers * May offer the content of a museum, the entertainment of a themed attraction, and the services of a tourism information center. * It is built to tell the story of the community in an organized way and illustrate a story that cannot be told on-site depth. * It allows visitors to discover the story at their own pace and encourages them to further explore the community. #### 18. Interactive Exhibits * They are effective in engaging visitors, children, and adults alike. * Providing opportunity to try traditional instrument, board game, or artistic technique gives strong impression to visitors.