Blood Vessels PDF

BLOOD VESSELS CHAPTER 19 I. Structure and function of Blood Vessels A. Categories 1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Veins B. Structure – Layers 1. Lumen 2. Tunica intima 3. Tunica media 4. Tunica externa a. Collagen fibers b. Vasa vasorum Vasa Vasorum Vasoconstriction Vasodilation I. Structure and funct...

BLOOD VESSELS CHAPTER 19 I. Structure and function of Blood Vessels A. Categories 1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Veins B. Structure – Layers 1. Lumen 2. Tunica intima 3. Tunica media 4. Tunica externa a. Collagen fibers b. Vasa vasorum Vasa Vasorum Vasoconstriction Vasodilation I. Structure and function of Blood Vessels C. Arteries 1. Elastic arteries 2. Muscular arteries 3. Arterioles D. Capillaries 1. Continuous 2. Fenestrated 3. Sinusoid Capillaries, cont. Capillary Bed Precapillary sphincter I. Structure and function of Blood Vessels E. Venule F. Veins 1. Valves 2. Venous sinuses II. Circulation A. Blood flow B. Blood pressure 1. Systolic 2. Diastolic C. Blood Viscosity D. Blood vessel diameter 1. Vasoconstriction 2. Vasodilation E. Resistance Resistance 1. Blood viscosity 2. Blood vessel length 3. Blood vessel radius dius Relationships Viscosity is directly proportional to resistance As viscosity increases, resistance increases Vessel length is directly proportional to resistance As vessel length increases, resistance increases Vessel radius is indirectly proportional to resistance. As the vessel radius increases, resistance decreases Resistance, cont. TPR – Total Peripheral Resistance Resistance in peripheral circulation (systemic circulation) Blood Flow = ∆𝑃 𝑇𝑃𝑅 Blood Flow is directly proportional to the difference in blood pressure at two points in circulation Blood Flow is inversely proportional to the TPR F. Blood Pressure 1. Greater in arteries than veins 2. Factors that affect arterial blood pressure: a. Compliance – how much the elastic arteries can stretch. b. Volume of blood forced in the vessel c. Blood pressure is pulsatile 3. Pulse Pressure 4. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) G. Venous Blood Pressure 1. Skeletal Muscle Pump 2. Respiratory Pump 3. Sympathetic venoconstriction H. Control of Blood Pressure 1. Key variables to maintaining blood pressure a. Cardiac Output b. Total Peripheral Resistance c. Blood Volume 𝐹= ∆𝑃 𝑇𝑃𝑅 or 𝐶𝑂 = ∆𝑃 𝑇𝑃𝑅 or ∆𝑃 = 𝐶𝑂 𝑋 𝑇𝑃𝑅 H. Control of Blood Pressure 2. Cardiovascular Center a. Cardioaccelerator center b. Cardioinhibitory center 3. Vasomotor Center 4. Baroreceptors a. Carotid sinuses b. Aortic arch 5. Baroreceptor reflexes to maintain homeostasis of blood pressure a. vasodilation – results from decreases output from the vasomotor center b. arteriolar vasodilation - Reduces peripheral resistance c. Venodilation d. Decrease in CO I. Hormonal controls – Short-term regulation 1. Epinephrine and Norepinephrine 2. Angiotensin II 3. Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) 4. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Vasoconstriction e J. Renal Mechanisms 1. Direct Renal Mechanism 2. Indirect Renal Mechanism K. Imbalances in blood pressure 1. Hypertension a. Systolic pressure above 130mmHg, diastolic pressure above 80mmHg b. Primary (or essential) Hypertension 1.) Heredity 2.) Diet 3.) Obesity 4.) Age 5.) Diabetes mellitus 6.) Stress 7.) Smoking c. Secondary Hypertension K. Imbalances in blood pressure 2. Hypotension a. Below 90/60mmHg b. Orthostatic hypotension c. Chronic Hypotension d. Acute Hypotension K. Imbalances in blood pressure 3. Circulatory Shock 4. Hypovolemic Shock a. Results from blood or flood loss b. Weak pulse and vasoconstriction occurs. 5. Vascular Shock a. Anaphylactic shock b. Neurogenic shock c. Septic shock 6. Cardiogenic Shock III. Capillary Exchange A. Movement of molecules 1. Diffusion a. Lipid soluble substances b. Insoluble substances 2. Vesicular transport 3. Bulk flow a. Filtration b. Reabsorption III Capillary Exchange B. Pressures 1. Hydrostatic Pressure a. Capillary hydrostatic pressure b. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure 2. Colloid Osmotic Pressure a. Blood Colloid Osmotic pressure b. Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Some Word meanings Cardiovascular System Cardi/o – heart Vascul - small vessel -ar – pertaining to Circulation – Circulat – circular -ion – process Angina Pectoris From the Latin Angere and Pectus Coronary -graph, -graphy, and -gram Electrocardiography Electrocardiograph Electrocardiogram Valvuloplasty Artery What does the word mean? What is arteritis? Phlebitis What does this word mean? Embolus vs. Thrombus Atherosclerosis Ather/o – yellowish fatty plaque Sclerosis - hardening Atherosclerosis Claudication Symptom of PAD – Peripheral Artery Disease Other symptoms of PAD include Numbness or tingling in the leg, foot, or toes Changes in skin temperature: cold to the touch Impotence Sores or infections that do not heal Weakness in legs or arms Hemangioma Varicose Veins Ambulatory phlebectomy Erythrocytes & Thrombocytes Neutrophils Basophil Eosinophils Monocytes Hemoglobin Hem/o/globin Hemolysis Hem/o/lysis Hemochromatosis Hem/o/chromat/osis Anticoagulant Anemia Hyper Hypercalcemia Hyperglycemia Hyperlipemia Hypoglycemia? Sideropenia Splenomegaly Stent