Blood Presentation (Helioples 24-25) PDF

Blood  RBCs a) L.M ‫شكل الخليه‬ -Top view → round. -Side view → biconcave ‫شكل النواه‬ No nucleus ‫لون الستوبالزم‬ Acidophilic ( pale central & dark peripheral ) B) E.M -No nucleus & organelles → haem...

Blood  RBCs a) L.M ‫شكل الخليه‬ -Top view → round. -Side view → biconcave ‫شكل النواه‬ No nucleus ‫لون الستوبالزم‬ Acidophilic ( pale central & dark peripheral ) B) E.M -No nucleus & organelles → haemoglobin ( iron+ Protein) - Only organelles present → cell membrane C) Shape: Normal→ …… Abnormal → -Oval → ovalocytes - Biconvex→ spherocytes D) Size - Normal Diameter→ 6-9 μm average→ 7.5 μm Thickness at periphery → 2 μm centre→ 1.1 μm - Abnormal Microcytes -→ < 6 Macrocytes → > 9 Anisocytosis → different sizes ‫ملخبط‬ E) Colour ❖ Normal → Without stain → Greenish yellow but appear red (due to reloux appearance) →By stain (Leishman stain)→ acidophilic (due to ??/) ❖ Abnormal → Hypochromic → decrease colour due to reduced Hb → Hyperchromic → increase colour due to increased Hb → Target cell → pale peripheral and dark centre ‫عكس الطبيعى‬ F) Osmotic pressure Normally → isotonic solution + 0.9% saline Abnormal→ Hypertonic solution → cell shrunk (crenation) Hypotonic solution → cell swell + rupture (haemolysis) G) Life span (120 days ± 7) RBCs destroyed by phagocytic cells → liver + spleen→ release - Pt excreted through bile - Iron → stored to be reused F) Number Normally → 5 million Male → 5- 5.5 Female→ 4 -4.5 ( due to female hormons + menstrual cycle) Abnormal No - Polycythaemia → Increase No > 6 million Causes Physiological due to hypoxia as in: a-High attitude b-New born c-Muscular exercise Pathological→ chronic heart & lung diseases - Oligocythaemia (Anemia) →Decrease No < 4 million Deficiency anemia→ due→ to deficiency of Pt, iron, vitamins & vit B12 Hemolytic anemia due to hemolysis 1. Abnormal shape as ovalocytes 2. Abnormal content as in sickle cell anemia Hemorrhagic anemia a- Chronic → piles, menses & bleeding nose b- Acute → Accident Aplastic anema → due to bone marrow destruction X- rays , chemotherapy & prolonged use of antibiotics  WBCs Granular leukocytes Non-Granular leukocytes Non specific granules Specific granules  Granular WBCs 1. Neutrophiles % 60-75% Diameter 10-12μl Life span 4 days Motility Highly motile L.M ‫شكل النواه‬ Single + segmented ( 2-5 lobes connected by thin chromatin) ‫لون السيتوبالزم‬ - Neutral stain E.M 1- Organelles Few rER + golgi + mitochondria ‫ثالثى المرح‬ 2- Non specific Granules 2ry lysosomes 3- Specific Granules Small + numerous + pale -Bactericidal → phagocytin - Bacteriostatic → lactoferrin  Granular WBCs Functions 1. Phagocytosis of any invading organism 2. Secretion of proteolytic enzymes to destroy bacteria 3. Killed neutrophils → pus cells 4. Production of pyrogens → stimulate heat regulating centre → fever. 5. Attract monocytes to site of infection. 6. Stimulate bone marrow to form more neutrophiles. 7. Secrete trephone → wound healing. Number ▪ Increase (Neutrophilia) Decrease ( Neutropenia) In bacterial infections as In viral infection as Tonsilitis influenza Appendicitis Typhoid  Granular WBCs 1. Basophiles Eosinophiles % 0-1% 2-4% Diameter 10-12 12- 14 Life span 12 days 8 Motility Limited motility Limited motility L.M ‫شكل النواه‬ -S- shaped + irregular - Horse shoe N ‫لون السيتوبالزم‬ (obscure by granules) - Acidophilic - Basophilic E.M 1- Organelles Few rER + golgi + mitochondria ‫ثالثى المرح‬ - Non specific 2ry lysosomes Granules Large + dark + spherical Large + oval (‫)زى السودانى‬ - Specific Granules - Histamin Internum → Protein core - Heparin Externum → Matrix contain: - - Eosinophile chemotactic factor Sulphatase - Histaminase Functions Secrete - Heparin → anticoagulant a. Histamine→ by histaminase ▪ Histamine → allergy - ECF b. Heparin→ by sulphatase II. Kill parasite→ by protein core  Granular WBCs Basophiles Eosinophiles Functions Secrete 1- Destroy ▪ Heparin → anticoagulant ▪ Histamine→ by histaminase ▪ Histamine → allergy ▪ Heparin→ by sulphatase ▪ ECF II. Kill parasite→ by protein core Number Basophilia xxxxxxx Eosinophilia Eosinopenia Allergic disease Not present Allergic disease cortisone Parasitic Thank you