Red Blood Cells Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the functions of neutrophils in the immune response?

  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Phagocytosis of invading organisms (correct)
  • Production of antibodies
  • Secretion of hormones

Killed neutrophils do not contribute to the formation of pus.

False (B)

What stimulates the heat regulating center to produce fever?

Pyrogens

Neutrophils secrete __________ to destroy bacteria.

<p>proteolytic enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the immune response components with their functions:

<p>Phagocytosis = Engulfing invading organisms Proteolytic enzymes = Destroying bacteria Pus cells = Result from killed neutrophils Pyrogens = Stimulating fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal average diameter of red blood cells (RBCs)?

<p>7.5 μm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypochromic red blood cells have increased color due to increased hemoglobin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shape can abnormal red blood cells take other than the normal biconcave form?

<p>Ovalocytes or spherocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lifespan of red blood cells is approximately ____ days.

<p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conditions with their descriptions:

<p>Polycythaemia = Increased number of red blood cells &gt; 6 million Oligocythaemia (Anemia) = Decreased number of red blood cells &lt; 4 million Hemolytic anemia = Anemia due to hemolysis Deficiency anemia = Anemia due to deficiency of iron, vitamins, and vitamin B12</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Phagocytosis

The engulfing and destruction of invading organisms by cells.

Proteolytic enzymes

Enzymes that break down bacteria.

Pus formation

Dead neutrophils forming pus.

Pyrogens

Substances that cause fever.

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Fever

Increased body temperature triggered by pyrogens.

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Red Blood Cell (RBC) Shape

Normal RBCs have a biconcave shape, appearing round from above and flat in the middle when viewed from the side. Abnormal shapes include ovalocytes (oval shape) and spherocytes (spherical shape).

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RBC Size and its Variation

Normal RBCs are typically 6-9 μm in diameter. Abnormal sizes include microcytes (smaller than normal), macrocytes (larger than normal), and anisocytosis (variation in size).

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RBC Color Variation

Normal RBCs appear red. Abnormal colors include hypochromic (lighter color due to reduced hemoglobin), hyperchromic (darker color due to increased hemoglobin), and target cells (pale center, dark periphery).

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RBC Count in Health & Disease

Normal ranges for RBC count vary between 5-5.5 million/µL in males and approximately 4-4.5 million/µL in females. High counts (polycythemia) or low counts (anemia) are associated with certain conditions.

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RBC Life Span

Red blood cells typically survive for about 120 days. After this, old or damaged cells are removed by phagocytic cells in the liver and spleen, recycling iron and components.

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Study Notes

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

  • Appearance (LM): Top view - round, Side view - biconcave
  • Nucleus: No nucleus
  • Cytoplasm: Acidophilic (pale central, dark peripheral)
  • Cytoplasm (EM): Haemoglobin (iron + protein)
  • Shape (Normal): Oval or ovalocytes
  • Shape (Abnormal): Biconvex spherocytes
  • Size (Normal): Diameter 6-9 μm, average thickness at periphery 2 μm, centre 1.1 μm
  • Size (Abnormal): Microcytes (<6 μm), Macrocytes (>9 μm) - Anisocytosis (different sizes)
  • Colour (Normal): Greenish yellow, red with stain (acidophilic after Leishman stain)
  • Colour (Abnormal): Hypochromic (decreased colour due to reduced Hb), Hyperchromic (increased colour due to increased Hb), target cell shows pale peripheral and dark centre
  • Osmotic Pressure (Normal): Isotonic (0.9% saline)
  • Osmotic Pressure (Abnormal): Hypertonic (cell shrinks), Hypotonic (cell swells and ruptures/haemolysis)
  • Life Span: ~120 days
  • Destruction: Phagocytic cells (liver + spleen) release iron, stored to be reused

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

Granular WBCs

  • Types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Neutrophils

  • Percentage: 60-75%
  • Appearance (LM): Multi-lobed nucleus (segmented), granular cytoplasm
  • Appearance (EM): Few rER, Golgi, mitochondria, 2ry lysosomes
  • Granules: Non-specific, specific
  • Life Span: 10-12 days
  • Motility: Highly motile
  • Functions: Phagocytosis, secretion of enzymes, production of pyrogens
  • Number Changes: Increased in bacterial infections (Neutrophilia), decreased in viral infections (Neutropenia)

Eosinophils

  • Percentage: 2-4%
  • Appearance (LM): Bi-lobed nucleus, large, spherical, granular cytoplasm
  • Appearance (EM): Few rER, Golgi, mitochondria, 2ry lysosomes
  • Granules: Large, spherical, dark, contains Histamine, Heparin, Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
  • Functions: Secretes Heparin (anticoagulant), Histamine (allergy), Eosinophilic chemotactic factor, kills parasites
  • Number Changes: Increased in allergic diseases and parasitic infections (Eosinophilia), decreased (Eosinopenia) in some cases

Basophils

  • Percentage: 0-1%
  • Appearance (LM): S-shaped, irregular nucleus, granular cytoplasm
  • Appearance (EM): Few rER, Golgi, mitochondria, 2ry lysosomes
  • Granules: Large, dark, spherical, contains Histamine, Heparin
  • Functions: Secretes Heparin (anticoagulant), Histamine (allergy), Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
  • Number Changes: Increased in allergic diseases (Basophilia)

RBC Count

  • Normal Male: ~5.5 million
  • Normal Female: ~4.5 million
  • Abnormal: Polycythemia (increased above 6 million)

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Blood Presentation (Helioples 24-25) PDF

Description

Explore the fascinating features of red blood cells (RBCs), including their appearance, structure, and variations in size and color. This quiz covers normal and abnormal RBC characteristics, as well as their life span and osmotic pressure responses.

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