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Questions and Answers
What is one of the functions of neutrophils in the immune response?
What is one of the functions of neutrophils in the immune response?
Killed neutrophils do not contribute to the formation of pus.
Killed neutrophils do not contribute to the formation of pus.
False
What stimulates the heat regulating center to produce fever?
What stimulates the heat regulating center to produce fever?
Pyrogens
Neutrophils secrete __________ to destroy bacteria.
Neutrophils secrete __________ to destroy bacteria.
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Match the immune response components with their functions:
Match the immune response components with their functions:
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What is the normal average diameter of red blood cells (RBCs)?
What is the normal average diameter of red blood cells (RBCs)?
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Hypochromic red blood cells have increased color due to increased hemoglobin.
Hypochromic red blood cells have increased color due to increased hemoglobin.
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What shape can abnormal red blood cells take other than the normal biconcave form?
What shape can abnormal red blood cells take other than the normal biconcave form?
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The lifespan of red blood cells is approximately ____ days.
The lifespan of red blood cells is approximately ____ days.
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Match the following conditions with their descriptions:
Match the following conditions with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
- Appearance (LM): Top view - round, Side view - biconcave
- Nucleus: No nucleus
- Cytoplasm: Acidophilic (pale central, dark peripheral)
- Cytoplasm (EM): Haemoglobin (iron + protein)
- Shape (Normal): Oval or ovalocytes
- Shape (Abnormal): Biconvex spherocytes
- Size (Normal): Diameter 6-9 μm, average thickness at periphery 2 μm, centre 1.1 μm
- Size (Abnormal): Microcytes (<6 μm), Macrocytes (>9 μm) - Anisocytosis (different sizes)
- Colour (Normal): Greenish yellow, red with stain (acidophilic after Leishman stain)
- Colour (Abnormal): Hypochromic (decreased colour due to reduced Hb), Hyperchromic (increased colour due to increased Hb), target cell shows pale peripheral and dark centre
- Osmotic Pressure (Normal): Isotonic (0.9% saline)
- Osmotic Pressure (Abnormal): Hypertonic (cell shrinks), Hypotonic (cell swells and ruptures/haemolysis)
- Life Span: ~120 days
- Destruction: Phagocytic cells (liver + spleen) release iron, stored to be reused
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Granular WBCs
- Types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Neutrophils
- Percentage: 60-75%
- Appearance (LM): Multi-lobed nucleus (segmented), granular cytoplasm
- Appearance (EM): Few rER, Golgi, mitochondria, 2ry lysosomes
- Granules: Non-specific, specific
- Life Span: 10-12 days
- Motility: Highly motile
- Functions: Phagocytosis, secretion of enzymes, production of pyrogens
- Number Changes: Increased in bacterial infections (Neutrophilia), decreased in viral infections (Neutropenia)
Eosinophils
- Percentage: 2-4%
- Appearance (LM): Bi-lobed nucleus, large, spherical, granular cytoplasm
- Appearance (EM): Few rER, Golgi, mitochondria, 2ry lysosomes
- Granules: Large, spherical, dark, contains Histamine, Heparin, Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
- Functions: Secretes Heparin (anticoagulant), Histamine (allergy), Eosinophilic chemotactic factor, kills parasites
- Number Changes: Increased in allergic diseases and parasitic infections (Eosinophilia), decreased (Eosinopenia) in some cases
Basophils
- Percentage: 0-1%
- Appearance (LM): S-shaped, irregular nucleus, granular cytoplasm
- Appearance (EM): Few rER, Golgi, mitochondria, 2ry lysosomes
- Granules: Large, dark, spherical, contains Histamine, Heparin
- Functions: Secretes Heparin (anticoagulant), Histamine (allergy), Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
- Number Changes: Increased in allergic diseases (Basophilia)
RBC Count
- Normal Male: ~5.5 million
- Normal Female: ~4.5 million
- Abnormal: Polycythemia (increased above 6 million)
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Description
Explore the fascinating features of red blood cells (RBCs), including their appearance, structure, and variations in size and color. This quiz covers normal and abnormal RBC characteristics, as well as their life span and osmotic pressure responses.
