Blood Collection and Restraint Procedure PDF

**Blood Collection\ and Restraint Procedure** Venipuncture (Purpose) To obtain venous blood samples via vein To obtain venous blood samples for diagnostic tests requiring whole blood, plasma or serum The choice of the venipuncture site is based on the evaluation of the patient, The most common...

**Blood Collection\ and Restraint Procedure** Venipuncture (Purpose) To obtain venous blood samples via vein To obtain venous blood samples for diagnostic tests requiring whole blood, plasma or serum The choice of the venipuncture site is based on the evaluation of the patient, The most common sites of venipuncture in the horse include the **jugular vein** the **cephalic vein** the **transverse facial vein/venous sinus** and occasionally the **superficial/lateral thoracic vein** Certain conditions might affect venipuncture or preclude the use of a particular vein Knowledge of the anatomical location of the vein is crucial  **Complications** Minor hemorrhages. Vascular trauma. Perivascular hematoma formation. Intravascular thrombi formation. Thrombophlebitis. **Equipments Needed** Gauze or cotton soaked with 70% alcohol. Vacuntainer® needles: -- 20 or 22 gauge, 5/8--1.5" -- evacuated tubes cuff -- appropriate evacuated tubes Syringe and needles: -- needles: 20, 22 or 25 gauge 5/8", 1--1.5" (Table 4.4) -- syringe: tuberculin, 1, 3, 5 or 10 ml -- appropriate evacuated tubes (Table 4.3). Exam gloves (optional). **Venous Blood Collection**   **Restraining Procedures** Physical restraint by a handler, properly positioned on the side of the horse A chain across the bridge of the nose or a twitch may e required if the horse is uncooperative **Procedure: Venipuncture of the Jugular or Cephalic Veins** Choose the vein for venipuncture, taking into consideration the conditions of the vein. Find the landmark and locate the vein of choice    **Blood Collection from Transverse Facial Vein / Venous Sinus**  Transverse Facial Vein Restraint: Most horses are remarkably tolerant of this procedure. If the animal is head shy or difficult to restrain, then adequate control can generally be achieved with a twitch or lip chain. Technique: Stand facing the lateral aspect of the horse's head. If standing on the left side of the horse and using your left hand (use your right hand when standing on the right side), place your index finger at the medial canthus of the eye and your thumb at the lateral canthus of the eye. Bring these fingers together to a point approximately 2 cm below the facial crest; this point marks the site for venipuncture (Fig. 1). When the site is located, insert the needle at an upward angle of 60° through the skin and muscle all the way down to the bone (Fig. 2). The needle should be aiming toward the base of the facial crest. A slight crepitans should be felt when the needle tip contacts the bone. Place the vacuum tube through the sleeve onto the Vacutainer needle or aspirate with the syringe. If no blood flows, then rotate the needle or redirect until the blood begins to fill the syringe. **Other Alternative Vein for Collecting Blood** Figure 5-3. The lateral thoracic vein and cephalic vein (arrows) are prominent on this Belgium mare, but for some horses, the lateral thoracic vein is difficult to find. **Arterial Blood Collection** **Purpose** To obtain an arterial blood sample via an arteriopuncture, which is the placement of a needle into an artery. To collect an arterial blood sample for specific diagnostic tests such as arterial blood gas analysis and arterial blood ammonia The arteries commonly used for arterial blood collection in the horse include the **transverse facial artery** the **facial artery** , the **common carotid artery** , the **dorsal metatarsal artery** , and the **brachial artery**.   **Arteriopuncture in Horse** Choice of arteriopuncture site is based on: knowledge on the evaluation of the patient the knowledge of the anatomical location of commonly used arteries ease of access to specific artery. **Complications** **Hematoma**: arteries have higher pressure and more likely to have hematoma formation. **Trauma and laceration**: may occur after multiple puncture are needed to obtain sample **Hemorrhage**: significant bleeding may occur if a bleeding disorder is present **Contamination and infection**: can lead to localized or generalized infection **Inability to obtain sample**: can be difficult in animal with circulatory compromise such as low blood pressure **Equipment needed** Gauze or cotton soaked with 70% alcohol Neddle: size 20,22 or 25 gauge length 5/8" or 1-1.5 " Syringed, heparinized Sizes: tuberculin 1,3 or 5 ml Specific blood gas syringe Exam gloves **Restraint and positioning** Physical restraint by the handler, properly positioned at the left side of the horse Twitch maybe required if the horse is uncooperative In a foal, handler may need to stabilize the limb to prevent motion during procedure Subcutaneous 2% lidocaine over the proposed site of the puncture may also help prevent motion during arterial blood collection. **Blood collection from Transverse Facial artery** Basic Physical Examination of Horses - ppt download   **PHYSICAL RESTRAINT FOR HORSES** **Physical Restraint for Horses** Purpose To allow completion of the task safely with no injury to the patient and to the person performing the procedure **Guidelines for approaching a horse** Approach horse with confidence, it can sense nervousness Approach horse by its left side (near side) Never position yourself in front of the horse, instead position yourself beside and close to horse shoulder. Stay close to the horse Effective restraint of the horse requires performing several horse handling and combination of equipments such as halter, lead rope, twitch chain. **Complications** Injury to the patient, the person performing the examination/procedure, or the handler. Failure to complete the task (e.g., examination or procedure). Damage to the patient from restraint. Escape of patient to a dangerous situation **Halter Placement** Halter placement **Purpose**: to restrain, lead and control horse movement **Equipment**: halter and lead rope   **Tying the Lead Rope** **Purpose**: To restrain and control the horse's movement. Before tying a horse's lead rope to a post or ring, or placing the horse on cross-ties, ensure that the horse is familiar with this procedure Some horses will not accept being tied and will pull backwards until they are released. Most horses are tolerant to cross-ties.   **Neck Roll of Neck skin twitch** **Purpose**: to divert the attention of the patient from an examination or non painful procedure for a short period of time **Equipment**: none **Ear Fold** Purpose: to provide short term restraint, used in conjunction with nose twitching (careful) Equipment : none  **Lip Chain** **Purpose**: to restrain and control horses movement more forcefully. Providing reward and negative reinforcemnt when needed Used in stallions and nervous horses Provides more rigorous restraint that halter and lead rope alone **Equipment**: halter, lead shank or chain, lead rope, disinfectant , used to clean lip chain after use.   **Lip Rope** **Purpose**: To restrain and control the horse's movement and provide reward and negative reinforcement when needed. This method is commonly used as a train-ing aid for fearful and nervous horses **Equipment**: Small diameter cotton rope (∼7 mm) tied to the halter  Lip Rope **Modified lip rope** **Purpose**: to control and restrain horse's movement Effective in horses that resist application of a nose twitch, or striked when nose twitch is applied Also effective in horse that tend to raise and shake heads when approached for administration of oral medication **Equipment**: equine restraint and training system **Nose or lip twitch** **Purpose**: to restrain and divert the attention of the patient from other procedures, including those that involve mild discomfort (injections) **Equipment**: rope twitch or chain or humane (aka kendal or self-retained)   THANK YOU REFERENCE