Horse Health and Diseases PDF

You should be able to: 1. Identify some normal characteristics of good health in the horse - Normal tpr, and alertness 2. Know the normal values of TPR for a healthy horse - T 98-101, P-30-40 bpm, R-8-15 rpm 3. Be able to describe how to assess circulation and hydr...

You should be able to: 1. Identify some normal characteristics of good health in the horse - Normal tpr, and alertness 2. Know the normal values of TPR for a healthy horse - T 98-101, P-30-40 bpm, R-8-15 rpm 3. Be able to describe how to assess circulation and hydration status in a horse - In order to assess circulation and hydration status in a horse see their capillary refill under 2 seconds. 4. Know common places to take a horse’s pulse - Common places to take a horses pulse is at digital vessels near fetlock, jaw, and heart or palpate an artery 5. Explain the purpose of equine dental care - The purpose of equine dental care is to make sure there are teeth bothering them through floating and keep teeth filed down 6. Describe proper hoof care and identify hoof tools that are used - Proper hoof care is trimming the hoof every 6-8 weeks, using a hoof pick to remove debris, a rasp to file down hoof wall, hoof knife to work away sole, and nippers to trim wall / horse shoe nails 7. Describe the basics of the common equine conditions discussed in class - The basics of the common equine conditions discussed in class are eye infections such as conjunctivitis which is infection in lining of the eye, corneal ulcer which is the disruption of the cornea due to trauma/infection and recurrent uveitis aka moon blindness , poll evil/fistula which is caused by the brucella species and may be transmitted to humans , abscesses under skin caused by foreign matter working it way out of infection or girth galls which is irritation or hair loss caused by friction and obesity. 8. Explain the difference between non-infectious and infectious disease – and give examples of each - An example of non infectious and infectious diseases are that non infectious diseases are things like hereditary diseases such as lethal white foal syndrome that is when the horse is WW and since WW cannot exist in nature it dies or eveen HYPP or SCID immunodeficiency disease where the immune system is weak. Nutritional diseases are also noninfectious such as colic or environmental diseases such as heaves which is basically asthma for horses. 9. Describe different transmission methods for infectious diseases - Different transmission methods for infectious diseases are hosts such as mosiquitoes or mites. Or transmission through soil. 10. Describe and/or identify the types of infectious diseases discussed, specifically: a. Any other names/terms used to describe disease b. Type of causative organism (bacteria, virus, protozoa, etc. – with specific types within each where appropriate – eg. Rhabdovirus vs. arbovirus) c. Route of transmission (respiratory secretions, vector, etc - specific route if warranted) d. Major system(s) affected  e. Any major/unique (“hallmark”) symptoms to that diseases or other diagnostic tools you can use to diagnose the horse f. Is a vaccine available? Is it a core vaccine or risk based? Name / Other Causative Route of Systems Symptoms or Vaccine Name organism, and transmission affected tools Risk or Core types of virus or None. Tetanus AKA Toxin found Soil where Affects Abnormal CORE Lockjaw in soil horse eats at neurological contractions “Clostridium pasture, responses Prolapse of tetani” toxins found 3rd eyelid Rabies Rhabdovirus Saliva or bite Affects Fever, Mania, CORE secretion from infected nervous or droopy causes it. animal system and ears inflamed brain Equine Arbovirus Vectors - Nervous 3 STRAINS CORE Encephalomyelitis Birds/Mammals insects system EEE WEE VEE AKA as reservoirs Lethargy “sleeping Paralysis sickness” Inflammation Droopy ears Equine Parasite Horse is a Central Inflammation None Protozoal (Protozoal) dead end host nervous Swelling Myeloencephalitis system Weakness “EPM” Difficult to diagnose / costly Equine West Mosquito Spread by Neurological Fever , loss of CORE Nile Virus disease mosquitoes appetite Preventative care Decrease breedsites and increase repellents Equine Influenza Influenza Respiratory Fever Risk Influenza virus virus disease Cough Risk for Nasal mutation Discharge Rhinopneumonitis Horse to Herpes Respiratory Cough Risk EHV I, II, III. Horse system Fever EHVM contact, and Nasal myeloencephalopathy secretions. Discharge I - neurologic no vaccine. Can cause abortion Strangles aka Streptococcus Highly Respiratory Fever Risk distemper equi bacteria contagious system Cough Intramusc./ last in air for Nasal Intranasal long time Discharge Equine Retrovirus Vectors Multiple Anemia NO Vax Infectious similar to Mare-Foal systems Fever Anemia aka HIV Edema “SWAMP Coggins test Fever” to know symptoms Euthanized or donated Potomac Common in Mayflies Small and Fever Risk Horse Fever potomac large Diarrhea Equine region, in intestines/ Edema Monocytic maryland Digestive ehrlichiosis system Equine viral Arbovirus Sexual Reproductive Fever Risk Arteritis contact system/respir Depression Infected atory system Nasal stallion Discharge Keep them cleaned and tested prior to breeding  11. Explain the basics of how the immune system works - The immune system works through complex cells and defends body against disease organisms, and recognize foreign substances 12. Explain differences between active and passive immunity - Active immunity is active antibodies to respond to antigens, Passive immunity is like a foal receiving its first milk colostrum. 13. Explain how vaccinations work (basic principles) - Vaccinations work through using dead or active modified/bacteria and create antibodies against them 14. Discuss the properties of ideal vaccinations - Properties of ideal vaccinations are safe, no adverse reactions, inexpensive and strong prolonged protection. 15. Describe why a horse may need a “booster” vaccination - A horse may need a booster vaccination due to the amount of protection that lasts, aka the efficacy as well as effectiveness of the vaccination. 16. List common routes for administration of vaccines - Common routes for administration of vaccines are intramuscular, the intranasal, in the skin. 17. Outline the general symptoms of parasitic infection - The general symptoms of parasitic infection are tail/general annoyance of horses with parasites, colic, weight loss, lack of energy. 18. Describe and/or identify the types of worms discussed in class a. Age of horse affected (if applicable) - b. Unique life cycles of the parasite - c. Intermediate hosts - d. Unique symptoms/damaged areas of parasitic infection - Name/Age Life cycles of parasite Intermediate hosts Unique symptoms/damaged areas of parasitic infection Large Strongyles, Adults lay eggs in horses' large Bloodworms, - Anemia intestines and are defecated, ALL ages larvae hatch, and crawl up eggs,mites, larvae, - Weakness grass eaten by horses and go horses - Colic into arteries and organs and - Tissue affected damage them. They are large 0.5 and they become - Intensite mature/adult then the cycle twisting continues. S.vulgaris- migrates arteries and supplies the intestine. S.edentatus migrates through the vein to the liver. S.equinus penetrates live and pancreas. Small strongyles aka Stay in digestive tract, and - Direct life cycle, - Diarrhea cause damage to mucosa - Weight loss “Cyathostomes” , (lining of tissue) Become produce eggs, and live - Colic encysted, and burrow into - Edema common in young intestines - Lethargy horses Ascarids aka Consume eggs through water, - Direct life cycle - Blockage nutrients,soil, pasture and “Parascaris hatch in small intestine , larvae -Come through internally equorum”/Affect penetrate wall and enter portal Roundworms - Weight loss young horses vein to liver to lungs it is - Eggs - Nasal coughed up and consumed then they become mature - Larvae discharge adults in small intestines and - Anemia damage liver as well as lungs. Blockage in intestine and colic Bots ( internal and Lay eggs on horses, horses lick - Direct life cycles - Temperature them, and they hatch as larvae external parasite ) , all and horse ingest them then -Botflies - Constipation horses affected young larvae burrow in mucosa of -Larvae hatch into and diarrhea especially stomach and bot larvae flies - Condition detaches and comes out in feces then adult bot flies live - Energy lack then they lay 500 eggs. - Loss of appetite Tapeworms any age Horse eats mites in grass -Mites - Nutrient loss but foals/older horses and turns into tapeworms - Horse weight and tapeworms rob the affected horse of nutrients. loss - Lack of energy - Colic Pinworms Lay eggs near horses -eggs/larvae - Itching anus - Horse rubs tail general annoyance to horse 19. Explain the principles of deworming (daily/continuous vs. interval vs. strategic) - The principles of deworming can be daily or continuous medications, and different medications count eggs/ eggs shedded can be interval like 2 times a year and keep strategic pasture/rotate horses. 20. Explain the principles of parasite prevention  - The principles of parasite prevention are to prevent and rotate horses from access, and clean pastures and limit overgrazing. 21. Describe some types of external parasites - External parasites are vectors such as lice, flea, mosquitoes, and bugs use masks and blankets in order to protect horses from external parasites. 22. Identify tools of fly control - Tools of fly control are masks, and blankets as well as keeping horses clean and pastures clean as well 23. Define basic genetic terminology (homozygous, heterozygous, etc.) - Homozygous is same , Heterozygous is different - Gametes are sex cells - Alleles are genes - Chromosomes are genetic information - Genotype are genetic makeup genes - Phenotype is appearance 24. Recognize numbers of chromosomes and pairs in horses and other animals Species Chromosomes Pairs Prezelwalski Horse 66 33 Horse 64 32 Donkey, Ass 62 31 Grevys Zebra 46 23 Humans 46 23 Burchells Zebra 44 22 25. Explain how gender is determined - Gender is determined by the sire through the XX and XY. It is determined by ultrasound as well. 26. Explain genotypes for white, grey, chestnut, bay and black horses - White : WW/Ww - Grey: GG/Gg - Chestnut: ee - Bay:EeAa, EEaa, EeAA, EEAA - Black:EE, Ee 27. Explain heredity of colors (bay, chestnut and black)  - The heredity of colors BAY CHESTNUT and BLACK are determined by the extension loci that controls production of black pigment or agouti loci that controls the black pigment 28. Explain heredity of palominos, cremellos and chestnuts (for example if you breed a cremello and palomino together, what is the chance you get a palomino foal, cremello, foal, etc.) - Palominos x Palominos is a single dilution of chestnut so if you bred 2 of them chestnut would be 25, cremello would be 25, and palomino would be 50. Cremello X Chestnut : you would always get Palomino. 29. Describe types of genetic diseases (and their modes of inheritance) - Types of genetic diseases are HYPP Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis and Lethal white foal syndrome as well as SCID or CID which is combined immunodeficiency. - HYPP is impressives disease, it was found in impressive a quarter horse who was a famous breeding stallion that results in weakness, muscle tremors, paralysis and eventually death, - Combined immunodeficiency is a condition that infects Arabians in which the immune system does not function properly. - LWFS is with the overo gene pattern, horses with this condition have intestine formation that is fatal as well as genotypes that OO is LWFS, NO overo color pattern, and NN normal. - (PSSM) Polysaccharide storage Myopathy is a condition common in quarter horses, and draft breeds that results in defects in glucose storage. 30. Describe management strategies for genetic diseases (if relevant) - Management strategies for genetic diseases are to avoid breeding with carriers or those infected. 31. Describe the principles of heritability – influence of genetics and environment - The principles of heritability are phenotype=genotype + environment. 32. Describe genomics and why it is important - Genomics is the study of DNA as a whole and encompasses understanding full DNA sequence code, Twilight was a thoroughbred who the first horse to have their DNA code sequenced. 33. Identify mare anatomy and functions of all 34. Explain how eggs develop during the ovarian cycle (basic: where do the eggs develop/rupture from) - Eggs develop from ovaries. 35. Explain what the corpus luteum is and what does it produce - The corpus luteum is structured in horses' ovaries, and plays a key role in estrus aka heat, and it secretes hormones and supports pregnancy in mammals. 36. Explain the happenings of the estrous cycle (basic: key hormones, ovarian changes) - Estrous cycle has follicular cycle, and luteal phase key hormones are follicles are present since birth, follicle stimulating hormones are secreted from pituitary gland as the follicle grows and develops throughout the ovarian cycle it produces estrogen,and progresses into graafian follicle that is a large follicle before it releases egg at ovulation. At ovulation the egg is released into oviduct aka the fallopian tubes and it may be fertilized by sperm.  - Estrous cycle refers to the change of the ovaries in response to reproductive hormones ( FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone ) The ovarian changes includes proestrus, and estrus where the animal is in heat, as well as moves to ovulation then to luteal phase. - Horses cycles are more in sunny weather, and horses cycle dont take place during winter/dark environment. 37. Explain what caslicks procedure is and why it is performed - Caslicks procedure is a suture of the vulva, and it is performed by suturing the mare vulvas to close it. It is performed because of poor conformation, and to keep a clean reproductive tract to prevent disease and contamination. 38. Identify the three unique aspects of a mares ovary - Three unique aspects of a mare's ovary are large uterine horns, kidney bean ovaries, and ovulation from a specific area on the ovary. 39. Describe heat/estrus - Estrus is a stage where mares are sexually receptive for stallions in which their clitoris winks, and there is frequent urination. 40. Explain some challenges of breeding - Challenges of breeding expensive, receptive mares and stallions, conception date are possible unknown times of when pregnancy is conceived bc of pasture mating, injury, non reception to mare and stallion, and possible injury to breeders. 41. Identify how pregnancy is detected - Pregnancy is detected through palpation, ultrasound, or blood test equine chorionic gonadotropin hormone. 42. Describe the phases of parturition - Parturition is foaling or giving birth - 1st stage water breaks - Fetus moves through birth canal and is born - Placenta moves through 43. Identify the signs of upcoming parturition - Upcoming parturition is kits, waxing teats, and drippy milks. 44. Explain why is twinning in mares a problem - Twinning in mares is a problem because it can be fatal to mare, and twins are not desirable, dysoctia, still born 45. Identify care for newborn foal - Newborn foal is to have the foal nurse within first 60 minutes of birth, and be assessed as well as the umbilical cord should break and the stump should be cared for. The foal should pass feces within the first 3 hours 46. Identify Stallion anatomy and functions of all 47. Explain what a cryptorchid is - Ridgling, when one testicle does not descend 48. Explain what happens with the stallion during mating - The stallion is good at understanding estrus, sniffs, prances, muzzles, it mounts, and deposits semen. 49. Describe a breeding exam for stallions (semen evaluation, etc.)  - Breeding exams for stallions are to evaluate semen through testing and labs, and the cowper gland provides nutrients and fluids resulting in semen, and the testes should be moveable. 50. Different methods for mating horses and advantages/disadvantages of each - Mating horses : Live cover, Hand Mating, Pasture Mating, Artificial Insemation, Embryo transfer. Live cover - injury to mare/stallion, advantage can know time of conception Handmating - Hard to determine times when in heat/receptive requires intensive management, Injury to breeders or horses, advantage know time of conception Artificial Insemination- Time of conception advantage , Injury to breeders and some breed registries do not allow Embryo transfer- Time advantage , and Injury to breeder, donor mare can perform in races and make more foals for breeders. 51. What happens following conception - Conception embryo moves around, then embryo implants in uterus between 16-17 days, trimesters over time 52. How is pregnancy confirmed - Pregnancy is confirmed through ultrasound or palpate, as well as horse changes 53. Explain what happens during pregnancy - Trimesters foal grows, and forms in placenta, and horse changes in mood as well as physical development. 54. Describe aspects of parturition - Parturition is giving birth, water breaks, and make sure foal is not in dysotica, and then like the horse delivers then the placenta passes through 55. Describe newborn foal care : newborn foal care is to make sure they are healthy and passing went well through standing nursing and handling and passing meconium , take colostrum aka first milk.