Blood and Hematopoiesis PDF

BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS Assoc. Prof. DVM, Viera Almášiová, PhD. Department of morphological disciplines UVMP, Košice  BLOOD - circulating fluid connective tissue that supplies the tissues by O2 and nutrients and removes CO2 and waste materials - serves...

BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS Assoc. Prof. DVM, Viera Almášiová, PhD. Department of morphological disciplines UVMP, Košice  BLOOD - circulating fluid connective tissue that supplies the tissues by O2 and nutrients and removes CO2 and waste materials - serves as a conduit for the distribution of heat, chemicals, and specialized cells, which are associated with exchange of respiratory gases and cellular and humoral defense formed elements (30 - 55%) RBC,WBC,T plasma – intercellular liquid medium - blood 6 - 11% of the total body weight of most organisms  serum plasma fibrinogen-fibrin neutrophils eosinophils B erythrocytes granulocytes basophils L formed leucocytes O elements agranulocytes lymphocytes monocytes O trombocytes D hematoconia corpuscular elements chylomicronum https://sc01.alicdn.com/kf/HTB1Lb4DdXYqK1RjSZLeq6zXppXar.jpg_640x640.jpg www.actforlibraries.org/blood-specimens-the-differences-between-serum-and-plasma Smear preparation https://doctorlib.info/hematology/rodak-hematology-clinical-principles www.google.com/search?q=blood+smear+how+to+prepare&tbm=isch&ved  Giemsa – Romanovski stain Ne Th Eo Ne Ly Ba Mo https://o.quizlet.com/pJTq0KYYdDMC20Bsu9Qrgg_b.jpg  neutrophil erythrocyte erythrocyte large lymphocyte eosinophil small lymphocyte thrombocte monocyte basophil neutrophil  Erythrocytes – Red Blood Cells - RBC - anucleated, disk shaped, biconcave - retains a large surface area 1 µm for gaseous exchange https://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/5-red www.researchgate.net/profile/Arie_Finkelstein/publication/3244731 erythrocyte contortion https://images.fineartamerica.com/images-medium-large-5/red-blood Cytoskeletal proteins maintaining the erythrocyte shape: ankyrin, spectrin, actin spectrin https://simplemed.co.uk/images/CellBiologyAndPhysiology/Red_Blood_Cell_Major eq,bo,ov,su,ca,fe: 5.1 - 7,1µm...........5 - 13 x 10 /µl 6 6 cap: 4.1µm...............13 - 17 x 10 /µl ho: 7.5µm...............4 - 5 x 10 /µl 6 6 av: 10.7 - 12µm.......3 - 4.5 x 10 /µl - possess no organelles - filled carrying protein hemoglobin hemoglobin + O2 oxyhaemoglobin hemoglobin + CO2 carbaminohemoglobin - under normal conditions never leave the circulatory system - erythrocytes survive for about 2 - 6 month (old, worn-out erythrocytes are removed by macrophages of the spleen and bone marrow: aged cells express membrane surface oligosaccharides that are recognized by splenic, hepatic and bone marrow macrophages)  Leukocytes – White Blood Cells - WBC - only tiny fraction of the total number of blood cells - central mechanism for the defense against the invasion of foreign materials including pathogens - in the circulating blood they are spherical, nonmotile cells, they are capable leave the venules and capilaries by passing between endothelial cells - diapedesis and penetrating the connective tissues - never return back to the blood stream (except Ly), diapedesis and die by apoptosis http://basicphysiology.com/D.%20Blood/D.3.%20Leukocytes/D.3.%20Leukocytes.html leucocyte diapedesis https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Blood_cell_crossing_vascular_sinus granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) - have nuclei with 2 or more lobes - contains specific granules (bactericidal enzymes) that bind neutral, basic or acidic components of the dye - neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils agranulocytes (mononuclear leucocytes) - nucleus is kidney-shaped or round - contains only azurophilic granules - lymphocytes and monocytes neutrophils - 60 - 70% of circulating leucocytes - 9 – 15 µm lo - nucleus is heterochromatic and highly segmented / lobated (lo) - lobe lo lo - inability of its granules to be stained by either Bb acidophilic or basophilic gr dyes - pale granules (gr) - in female animals an extra lobe Barr´s body (Bb) https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Neutrophil - one of the first cells to defend against the invasion of microorganisms; begin to phagocytize the foreign organisms; engulfed microorganisms become fused with granules and subsequently are destroyed - combination of destroyed objects, dead leukocytes and damaged tissues produces pus - short living cells, half life 6 - 7 d in blood, 1 - 4 d in conn.tiss. https://i1.wp.com/microbeonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04 eosinophils - 3 - 9% of leucocytes - far less numerous than neutrophils - are phagocytically active cells elimination of parasitic worms https://www. eatlas/histology/blood_cells/Images.aspx?1 - increase in number/eosinophilia during allergic reactions - characteristic bilobed nucleus - granules react eosinophilically (acidophilic) - specific granules have a crystalline core (major basic protein) and less dense material externum - life span of 8 - 10 days https://i.pinimg.com/originals/29/e6/a1/29e6a1768260bc5c0fdacc2bef798e0a.jpg  basophils - < 1% of leukocytes - nucleus is divided into irregular lobes - specific granules contain heparin, https://www. eatlas/histology/blood_cells/Images.aspx?1 histamin and chemotactic factor, and stain metachromatically (change the color of the stain used) - in animals such as the Eq that have darkly stained granules that fill the cytoplasm,the nucleus is often masked - phagocytosis is very limited, primarily play a role in directing inflammatory activities  mast cells - reside within connective tissue at various borders: skin, stomach, intestine, uterus e.t.c. - by releasing chemical signals – heparin, histamine, chemotactic factors, attract other components of the immune defense system to areas of the body where they are needed - may play a part in wound healing, growth of blood vessels (angiogenesis) https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcRD_W https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4f/96/f8/4f96f8f8eba Allergic Disease - many forms of cutaneous and mucosal allergies are mediated for a large part by mast cells - they play a central role in asthma, eczema, itch from various causes, allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis (antihistamine drugs act by blocking the action of histamine on nerve endings) Anaphylaxis - a severe systemic reaction to allergens (body wide degranulation of mast cells, vasodilation and shock) Autoimmunity - associated with the autoimmune disorders rheumatoid arthritis (recruitment of inflammatory cells to the joints), bullous pemphigoid (recruitment of inflammatory cells to the skin), and multiple sclerosis - mast cells within the endometrium - endometriosis - mast cells in the testes suppressing sperm motility Mastocytosis - a rare condition -proliferation of mast cells, cutaneous form is limited to the skin and systemic form involves multiple organs. Mast cell tumors are often seen in dogs and cats  Mast cell tumor - mastocytoma https://files.brief.vet/2019-11/CTE-Masts-Cell-Tumors_Fig-2.png https://librepathology.org/w/images/thumb/a/aa agranulocytes lymphocytes - second most common leukocytes in https://www. eatlas/histology/blood_cells/Images.aspx?1 many species (predominant in Ru) - vary considerably in size and are categorized as large (10-15µm) and small (6-9µm) - round basophilic nucleus that occupies most of the cell´s cytoplasm, cytoplasm is scanty and stain blue - principal cell type of the immune system - life span - few days to many years - are the only type of Lc that return from the tissues back to the blood stream after diapedesis ! Lymphocytic infiltration – skin connective tissue https://player.slideplayer.com/90/14541737/slides/slide_7.jpg T lymphocytes - are the most common of the total population of ly - involved in cell-mediated immunity - originate from the tymus B lymphocytes - give rise to plasma cells after diapedesis and provide humoral immunity - originate from the bone marrow (mammals), Bursa of Fabricius (birds) » when antigenically stimulated both T and B ly proliferate and subdivide into effector (immune response) and memory cells (awaiting activity at the next exposure to a specific antigen - vaccination) NK - natural killer cells - destroy foreign cells directly by cell mediated cytotoxicity (target cells die by apoptosis) - play a major role in the rejection of tumors and cells infected by viruses B-lymphocyte plasma cell ← monocytes - 12-20 µm, nucleus is oval, kidney or horseshoe - shaped - cytoplasm is basophilic vacuoles (lysosomes) https://www. eatlas/histology/blood_cells/Images.aspx?1 - bone marrow – derived, they are precursors of the mononuclear phagocyte system - after crossing vessel´s wall they differentiate into macrophages - macrophages functions: phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T-cell, secretion of stimulating factors - c.t. – histiocytes - liver – Kupfer´s cells - bone/cartilage – osteo/chondroclasts - lungs – alveolar macrophages - skin – Langerhan´s cells - kidney – messangial cells - brain – microglial cells  histiocyte /conn. tiss. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/4f/96/f8/4f96f8f8eba Kupfer´s cells / liver https://semmelweis.hu/anatomia/files/2019/01/EDI-Histology  osteoclasts / bone http://medcell.med.yale.edu/histology/bone_lab/osteoclasts.php chondroclasts /cartilage https://media.sciencephoto.com/image/c0052379/800wm  alveolar macroph. / lungs https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/respiratory/alveoli.php Langerhan´s cells / skin https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Langerhans_Cells  mesangial cells / kidney https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/dPZragWgoJdkn microglial cells / brain https://www.neuroscienceassociates.com/neurosafety-testing  blood platelets - thrombocytes - anucleated, disklike cell fragments 2- 4µm - originate from the fragmentation of giant megakaryocytes that reside in the bone marrow - central role in blood clotting (coagulation) - help repair gaps in the walls of blood vessels preventing loss of blood (hemostasis) - life span 10 days https://endometriosisnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/shutterstock platelets https://files.brief.vet/migration/quiz/46463/ci-blood https://fineartamerica.com/featured/2-trapped-in-a-fibrin-blood-clot Bone marrow – thrombocytes formation maturing blood cells blood vessel maturing blood cells - fragmentation/break down of megakaryocyte projections  NONMAMMALIAN birds, fish, amphibians BLOOD Avian erythrocytes - mature erythrocytes 10-12 µm - elliptical nucleated cells Avian leucocytes lymphocyte granulocytes - the most common type are heterophils / counterpart to the mammalian neutrophils - granules are rod shaped and reddish - nucleus is polymorphous and have as many as 5 lobes - eosinophils, basophils – comparable with the mammalian in general appearance and function agranulocytes - nearly identical Avian thrombocytes - nucleated cells, with very little cytoplasm - larger than their mammalian counterpart Eurell and Frappier, Textbook of Veterinary Histology, 6th Edition, Dellmann´s  erythrocyte heterophil monocyte Eurell and Frappier, Textbook of Veterinary Histology, 6th Edition, Dellmann´s Formed elements of blood - interspecies differences Erythrocytes Leukocytes domestic concentration size conc. granulocytes agranulocytes Trombo- species x 106 /mm3 µm x 103 cytes /mm3 neutro- eosino- baso- lympho- mono- x 103 phils phils phils cytes cytes /mm3 % of Lc % of Lc % of Lc % of Lc % of Lc HORSE 6.5 – 9.0 5.6 9 60 3 0.3 33 3 350 (500kg) COW (500kg) 5.0 – 7.0 5.7 8 35.9 6 0.1 53 5 400 SHEEP (50kg) 8.0 – 13.0 5.1 9 33.5 8 0.5 55 3 370 GOAT (40kg) 13.0 – 17.0 4.5 12 36.5 5 0.5 55 3 500 SWINE 5.0 – 8.0 7.1 9.5 70 3 0.3 22.7 4 300 (100kg) DOG (30kg) 5.5 – 8.0 7.1 9.5 70 3 0.3 22.7 4 300 CAT (4kg) 6.5 – 10.0 5.7 12 60 4 0.1 35.4 2.5 300 RABBIT (4kg) 4.0 – 6.0 6.6 8 40 1.5 1 55 2.5 240 HEN (kg) 3.0 – 4.5 12.0 x 11 – 30 5 3 60 2 75 7.5 25 HUMAN 4.0 – 5.0 7.5 6 - 10 67 3 0.5 23 6 200 - 900 (80kg)  HEMOPOIESIS – blood cells formation prenatal stage 1. mesenchymal phase - during embryonal development, blood cells originate from the mesenchyme of the yolk sac as small islands of erythroblastic-stem cells 2. hepato - lienal phase - subsequently stem cells migrate to the liver and spleen - fetal erythrocytes are nucleated and contains an embryonal hemoglobin – HbE 3. bone marrow phase - begins during late fetal development and continues after birth - hemopoiesis within the liver and spleen is principally replaced by hemopoiesis whithin the bone marrow (especially regarding to erythropoiesis and granulocytopoiesis)  postnatal stage - the marrow of the long bones, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, skull, and sternum becomes the primary center of blood formation within the young, developing individual - with age, hemopoiesis becomes reduced in activity and the central marrow of the long bones changes from red – to yellow as adipose tissue is added increasingly in these areas yellow bm red bm young prepubertal pubertal adult https://prod-images-static.radiopaedia.org/images/2898475/2f6  red bm yellow bm red bm https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn%3AANd9Gc yellow bm https://veteriankey.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/B978032307533600 https://i.pinimg.com/originals/fb/a4/cf/fba4cfde5e07c4e82  Red bone marrow arteriole blood capillary blood capillary developing leucocytes megakaryocyte (WBC) developing erythrocytes (RBC) thrombocytes mature mature erythrocytes leucocyte  Red bone marrow bone trabecula developing WBC megakaryocyte developing RBC https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histology-world.com%2Fphotoalbum%2F Blood elements maturation https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/0337_Hematopoiesis_new.jpg erythrocyte maturation pluripotent stem cell - hemocytoblast proerythroblast basophilic erythroblast polychromatophilic erythroblast reticulocyte mature erythrocyte orthochromatophilic erythroblast nucleus ejection free nucleus https://o.quizlet.com/JzDCmWo6.lqZ2j3Sr6StyQ.png  Red – yellow bone marrow blood capillary adipocyte developing RBC developing WBC megakaryocytes reticular c.tiss. https://plaza.umin.ac.jp/pathol2/photo-library/system/data/image_data/120804930744.jpg  Yellow bone marrow bone trabecula adipocytes reticular c.tiss. blood capillary  https://askhematologist.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Bone-Marrow-Aspirate.jpg The pelvic bone is the most common site for obtaining a bone marrow biopsy sample. Bone marrow transplant is important in the treatment of blood disorders - acute leukaemias and others. Formed elements of blood - review Erythrocytes Leukocytes domestic concentration size conc. granulocytes agranulocytes Trombo- species x 106 /mm3 µm x 103 cytes /mm3 neutro- eosino- baso- lympho- mono- x 103 phils phils phils cytes cytes /mm3 % of Lc % of Lc % of Lc % of Lc % of Lc HORSE 6.5 – 9.0 5.6 9 60 3 0.3 33 3 350 (500kg) COW (500kg) 5.0 – 7.0 5.7 8 35.9 6 0.1 53 5 400 SHEEP (50kg) 8.0 – 13.0 5.1 9 33.5 8 0.5 55 3 370 GOAT (40kg) 13.0 – 17.0 4.5 12 36.5 5 0.5 55 3 500 SWINE 5.0 – 8.0 7.1 9.5 70 3 0.3 22.7 4 300 (100kg) DOG (30kg) 5.5 – 8.0 7.1 9.5 70 3 0.3 22.7 4 300 CAT (4kg) 6.5 – 10.0 5.7 12 60 4 0.1 35.4 2.5 300 RABBIT (4kg) 4.0 – 6.0 6.6 8 40 1.5 1 55 2.5 240 HEN (kg) 3.0 – 4.5 12.0 x 11 – 30 5 3 60 2 75 7.5 25 HUMAN 4.0 – 5.0 7.5 6 - 10 67 3 0.5 23 6 200 - 900 (80kg)  Belák M. a kol. – Veterinárna Histológia Jo Ann Eurell, DVM,PhD; Brian L. Frappier, DVM, PhD Dellmann´s Textbook of Veterinary Histology Leslie P. Gartner; James L. Hiatt – Color Atlas of Histology Don A. Samuelson, PhD, MS Textbook of Veterinary Histology Liuz Carlos Juniqueira, MD, PhD; José Carneiro, MD, PhD Basic Histology