Blood and Hematopoiesis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of leukocytes do eosinophils represent?

  • Over 15%
  • 10 - 15%
  • 1 - 3%
  • 3 - 9% (correct)

    • Basophils account for more than 1% of leukocytes.

    False

    What are the two main roles of mast cells in the immune system?

    Releasing chemical signals and playing a part in wound healing.

    Eosinophils are primarily involved in the elimination of __________ worms.

    <p>parasitic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cells with their primary function:

    <p>Eosinophils = Elimination of parasitic worms Basophils = Playing a role in inflammatory responses Mast cells = Releasing histamine and chemical signals Neutrophils = Phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of eosinophils?

    <p>Bilobed nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mastocytosis is a common condition involving the proliferation of mast cells.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during anaphylaxis involving mast cells?

    <p>Severe systemic reaction, body wide degranulation of mast cells, vasodilation, and shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of marrow is primarily responsible for fat storage?

    <p>Yellow bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A bone marrow biopsy is commonly obtained from the pelvic bone.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one blood disorder that can be treated with a bone marrow transplant.

    <p>Acute leukaemias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bone marrow is important for the production of __________.

    <p>blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the animal with its normal erythrocyte concentration (in x 10^6/mm³):

    <p>Horse = 6.5 – 9.0 Cow = 5.0 – 7.0 Dog = 5.5 – 8.0 Sheep = 8.0 – 13.0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of blood cell typically has the highest percentage in a normal human blood sample?

    <p>Erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytes are responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average range of granulocytes in a horse's blood sample expressed as a percentage?

    <p>60%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of T lymphocytes in the immune system?

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B lymphocytes provide cell-mediated immunity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From where do B lymphocytes originate in mammals?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natural killer cells are primarily involved in _____ cells infected by viruses.

    <p>destroying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following leukocytes are classified as the second most common?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mast cell tumors are frequently observed in dogs and cats.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life span range of lymphocytes?

    <p>Few days to many years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of blood cell with its primary function:

    <p>T lymphocytes = Cell-mediated immunity B lymphocytes = Humoral immunity Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages NK cells = Destroy infected foreign cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are considered histiocytes in the brain?

    <p>Microglial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytes are nucleated cell fragments involved in blood clotting.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the large cells from which platelets originate?

    <p>Megakaryocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alveolar macrophages are found in the ______.

    <p>lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following histiocytes with their location:

    <p>Kupfer's cells = Liver Langerhans cells = Skin Microglial cells = Brain Mesangial cells = Kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about avian erythrocytes is true?

    <p>They are elliptical and nucleated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Heterophils are the most common type of avian granulocyte.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the life span of human thromocytes?

    <p>10 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The central role of thrombocytes is in ______.

    <p>blood clotting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mesangial cells?

    <p>Supportive function in kidney glomeruli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of blood?

    <p>Supply tissues with oxygen and nutrients and remove waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Erythrocytes contain organelles.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diameter range of erythrocytes?

    <p>5 - 7.1 µm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neutrophils make up ________% of circulating leukocytes.

    <p>60 - 70</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of leukocyte with its description:

    <p>Neutrophils = First responders to microbial invasion Eosinophils = Involved in combating parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine during allergic responses Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of blood never leaves the circulatory system under normal conditions?

    <p>Red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Leukocytes can return to the bloodstream after leaving it.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protein is responsible for the red color of erythrocytes?

    <p>Hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Platelets are also known as __________.

    <p>Thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of granulocyte with its function:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytize bacteria Eosinophils = Combat parasitic infections Basophils = Release histamine Lymphocytes = Mediate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lifespan of erythrocytes under normal conditions?

    <p>2 - 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Granulocytes have nuclei that are typically multi-lobed.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages concerning aged erythrocytes?

    <p>Remove aged erythrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process by which leukocytes exit the bloodstream is called __________.

    <p>Diapedesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the formed elements of blood comprised of?

    <p>Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site of hemopoiesis in young individuals?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemopoiesis is first established in the bone marrow during the fetal stage.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does the transition from red bone marrow to yellow bone marrow begin?

    <p>With age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    As individuals develop, the bone marrow of long bones changes from __________ to __________.

    <p>red, yellow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of blood cells with their descriptions:

    <p>Erythrocytes = Oxygen transport Leukocytes = Immune response Megakaryocytes = Platelet formation Reticulocytes = Immature red blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of hemopoiesis is primarily replaced by the bone marrow after birth?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adipose tissue increases in the bone marrow as an individual ages.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first stage of erythrocyte maturation?

    <p>Proerythroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ phase of hemopoiesis primarily involves the spleen and liver.

    <p>fetal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of megakaryocytes?

    <p>Formation of thrombocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood and Hematopoiesis

    • Blood is a circulating fluid connective tissue that supplies tissues with oxygen and nutrients, and removes carbon dioxide and waste materials.
    • It acts as a conduit for heat, chemicals, and specialized cells associated with respiratory gas exchange and cellular/humoral defense.
    • Blood comprises formed elements (30-55%): red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and thrombocytes (platelets). The remaining portion is plasma, the intercellular liquid medium.
    • Blood accounts for 6-11% of the total body weight in most organisms.

    Blood Composition

    • Plasma: intercellular liquid medium
    • Formed elements: red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

    Formed Elements

    • Erythrocytes (RBCs):

      • Anucleated, disk-shaped, biconcave cells
      • High surface area for gas exchange
      • Contain hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen
      • Survive for about 2-6 months
      • Removed by macrophages in the spleen and bone marrow
      • Contain no organelles
      • Never leave the circulatory system under normal conditions.

    • Leukocytes (WBCs):

      • Tiny fraction of total blood cells
      • Crucial for defense against foreign materials (pathogens)
      • Spherical, non-motile cells
      • Can leave blood vessels via diapedesis
      • Never return to bloodstream (except lymphocytes)
      • Die by apoptosis
      • Types of WBCs: granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leucocytes) and agranulocytes (mononuclear leucocytes)

    • Granulocytes (Polymorphonuclear leucocytes):

      • Nuclei with 2 or more lobes
      • Contain granules with bactericidal enzymes
      • Types: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

    • Agranulocytes (Mononuclear leucocytes):

      • Nuclei are kidney-shaped or round
      • Contain only azurophilic granules -Types: lymphocytes, monocytes

    • Platelets (Thrombocytes):

      • Anucleated, disk-like cell fragments (2-4 μm)
      • Originate from megakaryocytes in bone marrow
      • Crucial role in blood clotting (coagulation)
      • Help repair gaps in blood vessel walls
      • Life span of 10 days

    Blood Cell Types (Detailed)

    • Neutrophils: 60-70% of circulating leukocytes. Nucleus is multi-lobed, granules are pale. Key phagocytes in innate immunity.
    • Eosinophils: 3-9% of circulating leukocytes. Bilobed nucleus, granules are eosinophilic. Important in defense against parasites and allergic reactions.
    • Basophils: <1% of circulating leukocytes. Irregularly lobed nucleus, granules are basophilic. Involved in allergic reactions, histamine release.
    • Lymphocytes: Second most common leukocytes, categorized as large (10-15 μm) and small (6-9 μm). Round, basophilic nucleus. Crucial for immune function.
    • Monocytes: 12-20 μm, oval or kidney-shaped nucleus. Phagocytic cells that differentiate into macrophages in tissues.

    Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation)

    • Prenatal Stages:

      • Mesenchymal phase: Blood cells originate from mesenchyme in the yolk sac.
      • Hepato-lienal phase: Stem cells migrate to the liver and spleen; fetal erythrocytes are nucleated and contain embryonic hemoglobin (HbF).
      • Bone marrow phase: Begins during late fetal development and continues after birth, hemopoiesis in the liver and spleen is replaced by bone marrow hemopoiesis.

    • Postnatal Stage: Bone marrow of long bones, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, skull and sternum becomes the main center for blood cell formation. Over time, marrow changes from red to yellow (adipose tissue increases).

    • Blood Cell Maturation: A multi-step process from precursor cells to mature cells. Erythrocyte maturation, for example, involves changes in the cell's nucleus and hemoglobin content.

    Blood Smears and Stains

    • Preparation: Thin, even blood smears are critical for visualizing blood cells.
    • Stains: Giemsa-Romanovsky stain is commonly used to identify the different types of cells. Stains change the color of cells, highlighting specific components, like the nucleus of each type of cell.

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    Blood and Hematopoiesis PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental aspects of blood and its components through this quiz. Understand the roles of plasma and formed elements, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. Dive into the physiological significance of blood in nutrient transport and waste removal.

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