BLDG 3200 Fall 2024 Lecture Notes PDF

1 Building Construction 3 BLDG 3200 2024 September 5 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  2 Announcements Part Time Day Students: As you are aware, you do not have access to th...

1 Building Construction 3 BLDG 3200 2024 September 5 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  2 Announcements Part Time Day Students: As you are aware, you do not have access to the Learning Hub. Most of this course is managed using the Learning Hub so to accommodate you until you have access, please note the following:  Printed lecture notes will be available for presentations. Check for them at the front of the class.  You must attend labs this week to complete the assignment. The assignment will be completed on paper sheets to be handed in the following week. This submission requirement will apply to everyone.  I only have a master list of names for who is enrolled as PTD. I do not have a list of who is enrolled in this course. See me in the labs to add your name to the class list. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  3 Agenda: Week 1 Course introduction  Instructors, description, outcomes, resources, expectations, schedule Intro to course scope and building technology relevant to 3200/ 4200:  Definitions and disciplines  Process Working drawings Ching text reading:  Not much relative to Week 1 topics but review Appendix items A.08 (metric conversions), A.18 and refresh your memory on the MasterFormat® Systems in A.19 onwards (I’ll be expecting you to apply MF and it will come up in specs and other courses) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  4 Welcome to BLDG 3200 Instructor: Brent Argo, Architect AIBC NE1 Rm. 332M, 604-456-1040 [email protected] Office Hours: Monday and Tuesday 11:30- 1:00 Those are ‘generally’ my hours. They will vary. Revised and additional hours may be added, you will be notified by Learning Hub News Assistant Instructor: Thomas Jang, Architect AIBC NE1 Rm. 332R, 604-456-1037 [email protected] BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  5 BLDG 3200 – The Basics  This is a big course:  6 credits  2 hour lecture  4 hour lab  Why so much time?  Working drawings/ construction assembly course  BCBC Part 3 buildings  Often large building, more complex, wide variety of materials and assemblies.  BLDG 4200 similar- it’s a continuation BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  6 Course Description On-line Course Outline  This course examines and focusses on typical non- combustible building construction systems and assemblies including steel, concrete, precast concrete and tilt-up concrete. The course will also expand on the applications of finishes and envelope components such as roofing, windows, and interior finishes. All of the above noted will be viewed primarily within the context of Part 3 of the building code with specific focus on non-combustible construction.  There is an emphasis on the particular technical and procedural concerns in the development of working drawings in the context of construction contract documents.  We have a field trip planned to give you a look into the real world of complex project management and construction. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  7 Course Learning Outcomes/Competencies  Upon successful completion, the student will be able to: 1. Demonstrate ability to draw construction documents whilst applying building codes, standardized graphics and software applications (ACAD) introduced in other courses. 2. Students shall define problems and develop solutions for building construction details. 3. Produce working drawings for larger non-combustible building construction systems and assemblies including concrete, precast and tilt-up concrete, steel, roofing, windows, partitions and ceiling systems. 4. Apply particular technical and procedural methods in the production of detailed working drawings in the context of contract documentation for construction. 5. Work effectively on projects that require teamwork, personal initiative, self- confidence and problem-solving ability.  But… both 3200 and 4200 really only develop a foundation of knowledge that you will build on when you start working. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  8 Required Textbook: Building Construction Illustrated 6th edition by Francis D.K. Ching, John Wiley & Sons, 2019 (5th and 4th edition are fine) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  9 Additional Resources and References:  BC Building Code, current edition (using Part 3). 2024 BCBC will be ‘current’ this term. New code this March.  Architectural Graphic Standards, Ramsey & Sleeper, 12th edition current (but any copy is useful, student or complete), Wiley and Sons, 2016  Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods, 5th edition (but any copy is useful) by Edward Allen & Joseph Iano (text from BLDG 1050/ 2050)  Architect’s Studio Companion, Edward Allen & Joseph Iano, 5th edition (but any copy is useful), John Wiley & Sons, 2017 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  10 Learning Resources Required: This course makes use of the course handout material, drawings/details, site visits, videos and photographs to teach the subject material. There is a mandatory text. The following materials are required: 1. A computer with ACAD and REVIT and whatever other software and peripherals you need 2. Manual drawing tools (mechanical pencils/ scales/ruler etc.) for in-class drawing exercises. (use for labs) 3. Safety clothing (PPE): CSA approved Safety footwear (over- the-ankle, green triangle), hardhat, hi-vis vest, and safety glasses for construction site visits and plant tours. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  11 Evaluation  Lab-work and assignments 55%  Exams 45%  TOTAL 100%  EXAMS  Midterm (Covers weeks 1-6) 20%  Final (Covers weeks 7-14) 25% BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  12 Evaluation- Lab Assignments This term’s mark breakdown is as follows:  Drawing Review  2%  Practice Drawing Project  7%  Activities (attendance)  5%  Low-rise Concrete/ steel/ tilt-up building (group project)  Plans  20%  Elevations/Building Section  14%  Wall Section/Details  7% _______________ 55% BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  13 The Fine Print….  Information for Students - The following statements are in accordance with the BCIT Policies 5101, 5102, 5103, and 5104, and their accompanying procedures. To review these full, please refer to: http://www.bcit.ca/about/administration/policies.shtml  Assignments and Evaluation: Assignments must be done on an individual basis, unless otherwise specified by the instructor. All work will be evaluated as submitted, and submitted work is considered final. Students are expected to complete the required work in the specified order and format, and will be evaluated accordingly.  Late Assignments: It is the student’s responsibility to ensure that assignments/projects are submitted on time. Late assignments may be accepted at the instructor’s discretion. Assignments submitted after the due date and time will be subject to a possible 20% penalty per calendar day. Assignments submitted one week and later, may be accepted, but not marked, and a zero grade will be assigned. Students should notify the instructor immediately of any extenuating circumstances relating to late assignments. For late assignments due to illness, please see Medical Documentation and Late or Missed Work below.  Attendance: Regular attendance in lectures, labs, field trips, workshops, etc. is seen as integral to student success, and will be monitored. Students are expected to be punctual and attend class for the full duration. Late arrivals or early departures may be considered as absences. It is the student’s responsibility to obtain missed course material in a timely manner. Absence from more than 10% of the scheduled course hours may result in the student being prohibited from completing the course. Course continuation will require the approval of the instructor and Program Head.  Illness: In case of illness or other unavoidable cause of absence, students must communicate (telephone or email) with the instructor and Program Head as soon as possible, indicating the reason for the absence. Students who suffer a prolonged absence of three or more consecutive days of in-class sessions must have a BCIT-approved medical certificate submitted to the Program Head. Excessive absence in a course (greater than 10%, as described in Policy 5101) may result in failure or forced withdrawal from the course or program. Course continuation will require the approval of the instructor and Program Head. For instructions regarding doctor’s notes that support absences, please refer to Medical Documentation and Late or Missed Work below.  Medical Documentation and Late or Missed Work: A written doctor’s note is required for any illness causing a student to miss required academic work. This may include, but is not limited to: class attendance, class participation, presentations, lectures, labs, project deadlines, assignments, in-lab exercises, quizzes, tests, exams, field trips, workshops, etc. The original medical note must be submitted to the Program Head within one (1) week of the last date of absence, must substantiate the reason for the absence, and identify the exact dates of absence. Late medical notes may not be accepted. A separate and current medical note is required for each absence. The instructor will determine the most appropriate method for making up missed work. It is at the instructor’s discretion whether to offer make-up exams, tests, or quizzes. It is the student’s responsibility to obtain missed course material in a timely manner.  Academic Integrity: Violations of academic integrity, including dishonesty in assignments, examinations, or other academic performances are prohibited and will be handled in accordance with Policy 5104 — Academic Integrity and Appeals, and accompanying procedures: http://www.bcit.ca/files/pdf/policies/5104.pdf  Attempts: Students are allowed a maximum of three attempts to successfully complete a course. Students who have not successfully completed a course within the allowed number of attempts will not be eligible to graduate from their respective programs unless special permission is granted by the program Dean. A student, who has attempted a course twice, will only be allowed to attempt it a third time with written permission from the Associate Dean, who will detail any special considerations or conditions in a written contract with the student.  Course Withdrawal: It is the student’s responsibility to follow the procedures for withdrawing from a course and/or program by the withdrawal deadline date outlined in the Calendar of Events (http://www.bcit.ca/calendar/main.php). Students should consult with the Program Head to withdraw from a course or the program. Failure to withdraw from a course may result in a “V” grade. Late Withdrawals: Normally, a student may not withdraw from a course after the withdrawal deadline date unless the circumstances are unusual and/or warranted. Late withdrawal requests designed to avoid failing or low grades are not acceptable.  Accommodation: Students who may require accommodation from BCIT because of a physical or mental disability should refer to BCIT’s Policy 4501 - Accommodation for Students with Disabilities. Requests for accommodation must be made to the Disability Resource Centre, and should not be made to a course instructor or program area.A student who needs special assistance in the event of a medical emergency or building evacuation (either because of a disability or for any other reason) should promptly inform his/her course instructor(s) and the Disability Resource Centre of their personal circumstances.  Cell Phones and Communication Devices: Cell phones, pagers, or other communication devices are to be kept on silent mode or turned off during class time. The use of cell phones is not permitted during class.  Video, Digital, or Sound Recording: Video, digital, or sound recording of lectures, lab presentations, and posted course material is not permitted without prior approval from the instructor. Students are expected to take their own notes. Internet: Internet and/or email use is not permitted during class time, unless it is being specifically required for the course. The Internet should not be considered as the only source of research for this course.  Course Outline Changes: On occasion, the instructor may find it necessary to modify the material or schedule specified in this course outline. If major changes are required, they will be announced in class or through some other appropriate communication. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  14 Weekly Schedule:  Lectures: Thursday, 10:30 – 12:20  Labs: Monday, 1:30 - 5:20 Sets A/B (Arch) Tuesday, 1:30 - 5:20 Sets C/E (Econ/Bldg Sc) Thursday, 1:30 - 5:20 Sets D/F (Econ/Bldg Sc) Our ‘weeks’ will be staggered to reflect the Thursday lecture being the start of the content for the coming week. Monday classes will lose THREE! labs due to the statutory holidays. NDTR: make-up lab on October 2nd, 15:00-17:00 NE01 329 Thanksgiving: labs cancelled for all sets Remembrance Day: make-up lab on November 13th. TBC Weekly schedule is preliminary and may be subject to changes (Covid, power outages, snow etc) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  15 Schedule Week Lecture Topics Lab Activity & Assignments (Thurs. thru Wed.) (Thursday Morning) (Thursday, Monday and Tuesday) Week 1 Sept 5 Sept. 5, 09 & 10 Sept 5- 11 Course Introduction Graphic standards review Project organization / Working drawings Exercise 1- Drawing Reading Week 2 Sept 12 Sept. 12, 16 & 17 Hand In Exercise 1 Sept 12- 18 Site, Structure and Sub-structure – review of sites & soils, foundations, envelope ACAD Refresher 1 below grade. Exercise 2- Drawing Warmup Week 3 Sept 19 Sept. 19, 23 & 24 Hand In Exercise 2 Sept 19- 25 Concrete –review, formwork, finishes, joints, architectural ACAD Refresher 2 Slab on Grade- slab details Campus Construction Walking Tour Start Term Project Ph. 1 (Plans) Week 4 Sept 26 Sept. 26, (Sets AB), 30 & Oct 1 Sept 26-Oct 2 Structure: C.I.P. Concrete - Slabs, beams, columns, walls Term Project Ph. 1 (Plans) Vertical circulation – Stairs and Elevators Sets AB LAB RESCHEDULED(?) Week 5 Oct 3 Oct. 3, 07 & 08 Oct 3-9 Interiors: Separations and Partitions - Code requirements, partition types, steel stud Term Project Ph. 1 (Plans) and GWB walls Week 6 Oct 10 Oct. 10, 14 & 15 Oct 10-16 Envelope: Infill Framing, Cladding (Pt.1), Window Systems- Thanksgiving Oct 14 Steel stud infill, steel cladding, windows and storefront Labs for all sets CANCELLED Week 7 Oct 17 Oct. 17, 21 & 22 Oct 17-23 Midterm Exam Term Project Ph. 1 (Plans) FIELD TRIP- New St. Paul’s BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  16 Schedule Week Lecture Topics Lab Activity & Assignments (Thurs. thru Wed.) (Thursday Morning) (Thursday, Monday and Tuesday) Week 7 Oct 17 Oct. 17, 21 & 22 Oct 17-23 Midterm Exam Term Project Ph. 1 (Plans) FIELD TRIP- New St. Paul’s Week 8 Oct 24 Oct. 24, 28 & 29 Oct 24- 30 Structure/ Envelope: Precast Concrete- Overview, structural and architectural Term Project Ph. 1 (Plans) cladding panels Week 9 Oct 31 Oct 31,Nov. 4 & 5 Plans Due Start of Lab Oct 31-Nov 6 Structure: Tilt-up Concrete- Overview, panels, connections Start Term Project Ph. 2 (Elevs/ sections) Week 10 Nov 7 Nov. 7, (Sets AB), 11 & 12 Nov 7- 13 Structure: Steel- Structural framing, floor systems, fireproofing Term Project Ph. 2 Sets AB LABS RESCHEDULED(?) Week 11 Nov 14 Nov. 14,19 & 20 Elev. & Sect. Due End of Lab Nov 14- 20 Roofs Part 1: Parapets and Flat Roof Systems- Term Project Ph. 2 (Elevs/ sections) Membranes, assemblies, RCABC, roof decks Week 12 Nov 21 Nov. 21, 25 & 26 Nov 21- 27 Roofs Part 2: Roof Environment and Plans Start Term Project Ph. 3 Access and safety, equipment, drainage, plans (Wall section/ details, co-ord.) Week 13 Nov 28 Nov. 28, Dec. 2 & 3 Details Due End of Lab Nov 28- Dec 4 Interiors: Ceilings and Reflected Ceiling Plans– Term Project Ph. 3 Bulkheads , soffits, GWB & acoustic ceilings & ceiling plans (Wall section/ details, co-ord.) Week 14 Dec 5 Dec. 5 Dec 5 Interiors: Doors and Firestopping- No Labs- Exams Next Monday Doors, frames and hardware, firestopping systems Week 15 Dec 9-13 Final Exam – Date and time to be announced BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  17 BLDG 3200 – BLDG 4200  BLDG 3200 Building Construction Technology 3  Term 3 Architectural & Structural Integration Concrete, Steel and Timber Structure Basic interior construction Window Systems Roofing Application of ACAD  BLDG 4200 Building Construction Technology 4  Term 4A Acoustics Interior Architectural Components More Window Systems Application of REVIT  Term 4B Building Envelopes Precast Construction More Roofing BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  18 How Is This Course Different From BLDG 1200/2200 In First Year?  BLDG 1200/ 2200  Part 9 in BCBC  May not have an Architect or Engineers involved  Smaller wood-frame buildings  Combustible construction  BLDG 3200/ 4200  Part 3 – “commercial construction”  Larger, more complex buildings  Architect, Engineers and other consulants required  Greater life-safety issues (exiting, fire safety, accessibility)  Greater variety of structural and assembly options  Some overlap with/ extension of other courses. Especially BLDG 1050 – Materials & Processes. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  19 To Be Successful In This Course, Show Competency In: NEW IMPROVED YOU! DRAWING LITERACY (understanding BUILDING TECHNOLOGY drawings, graphic standards, CAD) (materials, structures, building envelope ) CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE/ CODE (On‐site, regional) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  20 To Be Successful In This Course T H I N K & PROCESS BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  21 Drawing Literacy  CADD – this term, AutoCAD  Next term – REVIT (BIM - Building Information Modeling)  Your 3810 project carried on as base for 4200 projects- so don’t lose it!  Manual drawing/ lettering  Be prepared to draw details/ lettering by hand  In class and during exams  This skill is STILL useful in the industry  Site communication, quick design sketches  Reading construction drawings  Navigating drawing sets to find information quickly & accurately  Graphic standards/drawing packages/consultant drawings  Industry standards- we need consistency so everyone understands BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  22 Building Construction Technology Includes:  Physical systems that define, organize and reinforce the perceptual and conceptual ordering of a building 1. Structural system 2. Enclosure system (exterior and interior) 3. Services: Mechanical/Electrical systems (condensed from Building Construction Illustrated, Ching)  In other words… Our role as Building Technologists is to understand, integrate and incorporate construction technologies into the design and construction process BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  23 1. Structural System  Substructure – underlying structure forming the foundation of the building (soils/footings/foundations)  Superstructure – load-bearing portion of the building above the foundation (columns, beams, load- bearing walls supporting floors & roof structure)  We will cover structural materials such as concrete, steel, timber, precast concrete, tilt-up concrete, concrete masonry in 3200/ 4200 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  24 2. Enclosure System  Building Envelope – roof, exterior walls, windows /doors, foundation.  Dividing exterior & interior environments  Controlling moisture/heat flow/air flow/acoustics  Interior partitions - subdivide interior spaces functionally/spatially, environmentally & acoustically Exterior Separation Interior Separation BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  25 3. Mechanical/ Electrical Systems Distribute essential utilities and services throughout the building:  Water supply system/sewage disposal system/ Storm water system  HVAC - heating/ ventilation/ air-conditioning systems with associated plant/ alternative energy sources. Also controls. Bullitt Centre, Seattle‐ Composting Toilet Processors  Electrical system - power, lighting, security, communication/ AV. And alternative energy sources.  Fire-fighting systems Other:  Vertical transportation system – MEC Head Office – Heat Pumps elevators/escalators BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  26 Consultant Organization & Areas of Responsibility  Architect (coordinating registered professional)  Architectural design/ layout  Coordinates structure and systems  Managerial (co-ordinates w/client/ consultants/ authority having jurisdiction eg. City Hall)  Engineers  Structural – sub/super-structural design  Mechanical – environmental comfort (HVAC, Plumbing), fire protection  Electrical – power, lighting, communications, security  Geotechnical- soils BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  27 Other Consultants  Landscape Architect  Hard/soft landscaping  Building Envelope –  Arch/Eng. Specialists in building science  Building Code Consultants  Interior Designers  Sustainability System Specialists  (LEED, Living Building Challenge)  Commissioning  ……. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  28 Design & Construction Process + Stages Of Drawings DOCS PHASE TEAM Client Client Consultants T Contractor Client Consultants Consultants E Consultants Users N Schematic Design Contract Construction Occ. Design Development Documents D Zoning Development Tender Set E IFC Drawings Record Submission Permit R Drawings Building Contract Admin Submission Permit Drawings Submission As-Built Drawings BLDG 3200/ 4200 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  29 Development of Contract Document (Working) Drawings  Drawings, especially CADD/ BIM based, develop with project:  Schematic Design to…  Design Development to (subset for DP) to…  Working Drawings (subsets for Building Permit and Tender or IFT) to…  Issued for Construction Drawings (IFC) to…  Record Drawings  Typical for all disciplines (Architectural, Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Landscape etc) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  30 Drawing Sets: Consultant Drawing Order (Basic) Drawing Set Drawing Letter Designation  Architectural A  Structural S  Mechanical M  Plumbing P  Fire Protection FP  Electrical E (not usually separate designations for power, comm, lighting)  Landscape Architecture L  + additional consultant drawings as required BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  31 Definition of Architectural Working Drawings  Drawings developed for the construction stage of the building includes information for:  Construction (location, dimensions, material type, referencing)  Estimating/ tendering  Building Permit  Legal documentation (contract, GCs, supplemental GCs, Division 01, specifications, drawings, addenda, change orders…)  forms part of the Contract w/written specification which give more detailed material and procedural information  Therefore, often referred to as Contract Documents BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  32 Building Permit Drawings  Drawings and specifications (on drawings or separate) are submitted to the City Permits Department for Building Permit.  Requirements vary by municipality  Need to cover off all code/ life safety issues  As mentioned, often a subset- not 100% issued for construction drawings  Consultants are required to submit Letters of Assurance which document specific areas of responsibility for design and field review.  Therefore, consultants assume liability BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  33 Drawing Scales ALL work in BLDG 3200 and 4200 to be in Metric Scales should be based on :1 :2 and :5 Examples: 1:1, 1:10, 1:100, 1:1000 1:2, 1:20, 1:200 1:5, 1:50, 1:500 Please DO NOT USE 1:250, 1:125- not available on all scales. 1:300, 1:40 OR ANY OTHER MADE UP SCALE ‘TO SUIT’... THOSE SHOULD BE LABELED NTS IF USED Marks deducted in this class if these odd scales are used. Also… learn to ‘plot’ correctly- if you don’t, your prints/ PDFs may not be to scale BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  34 Working Drawing Organization  Numbering now evolving to A1.00, A2.00 (or similar) system from previous A0, A1, A2 etc.  There are other variants on the system used below (A####, A#.####...).  Allows for 100 drawings in a grouping  Easier to add drawings in logical place as documents develop  Architectural Sheet #  Title Page/Reference Sheet (rendering/ survey/ bldg code/ wall types) A0.00  Site Plan (or survey in this group) A1.00  Floor and Ceiling Plans (start at lowest level) A2.00  Elevations A3.00  Sections …  Wall Sections  Details  Schedules (now often at front of set)  Sometimes code compliance drawings (can be near front of set). BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  35 Working Drawing Organization Drawing hierarchy by density of information and scale: 1. Site/ Location Plans (eg 1:200, 1:500 or 1:1000) Not much Depends on scope of work, site size and sheet size drawing detail 2. Overall arrangement drawing (eg. 1:100 or 1:50) Entire plan/elevation/building sections For larger buildings hard to get all detail on 1:100 so these are often used as key plans/ reference drawings only 1:200 sometimes used during design 3. Intermediate view drawing (eg. 1:20) Partial plan/interior elevations/wall section Lots of 4. Detail view drawing (eg. 1:10, 1:5 or even 1:2) drawing High resolution for detailed explanation detail BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  36 Architectural - Overall Plan View eg. 1:200 or (better) 1:100 or (best) 1:50  May have key plan set at 1:200 if plan has to be broken up  Includes  GRIDLINES  Walls  Windows/ doors/ symbols  Plumbing fixtures  Stairs  Wall types  Dimensioning (walls/ windows)  Room labels/ #s  Building section symbols/ interior elevation symbols  Detail symbols  North arrow (north is up!) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  37 Architectural - Overall Elevations eg. 1:100 or 1:50  Includes:  Gridlines  Floor elevations/ elevations  Critical vertical dimensions (avoid horizontal dimensions)  Cladding material  Building section/ detail symbols (referencing)  May include outline of foundations BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  38 Architectural Building Sections (eg 1:100, 1:50)  Includes:  Gridlines  Floor levels/ elevations  Critical vertical dimensions  Ceiling heights  Floor locations  Room names  Foundations  Location of wall sections/ details (referencing) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  39 Architectural Wall Section (eg. 1:50 or 1:20)  Includes:  Gridlines  Floor levels/ elevations  Additional dimensions  Floor locations  More detailed wall/ floor assembly  Foundations  Location of critical details (referenced) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  40 Architectural - Detail Plan eg. 1:20 or 1:50  Increased detail on:  Stairs  Wall types  Dimensioning  Wall section symbols  More Detail symbols  Can add accessories (ie Div. 10 items like grab bars, whiteboards…)  North arrow helpful (especially if rotated from overall plans) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  41 Architectural - Detail Elevations (eg. 1:20)  Detailed view includes:  Gridlines (where relevant)  Focus on vertical dimensions  Horizontal dims as necessary (if they can’t be on plans)  Section references  Additional notes on materials, sizes BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  42 Architectural Detail Sections (eg.1:20)  For particular areas eg. Stair  Includes more detailed:  Gridlines  Floor elevations  Critical vertical dimensions  More detail wall/floor assembly  Additional detail symbols BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  43 Architectural Plan Construction Detail (eg. 1:10 or 1:5 or… 1:2!)  Particular construction detail:  Material- detail, label or reference symbols, hatched (full or part)  Attachment  Arrangement and assembly of component parts  Dimensions or sizes  Note: only a shallow view range- avoid background BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  44 Construction Section Detail Dwgs eg. 1:5, 1:10 Particular construction detail:  Material- detail, label or reference symbols, hatched (full or part)  Attachment  Arrangement and assembly of component parts  Dimensions or sizes  Note: only a shallow view range- avoid background BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  45 Consultant Working Drawings All use architectural layout drawings as a background  Changes must be kept up to date Characteristics/ idiosyncrasies  Structural drawings:  Show building structure & reinforcement  Floor plan shows structure of floor/beams below & location of structural walls but not partition walls  Mechanical/ electrical  Floor plan shows layout on ceiling above or on walls  Plumbing can show fixtures plus piping from floor over  More schematic & diagrammatic- usually include layouts and line diagramme schematics  Sometimes equipment sizes are not exact (CADD). Revit is changing this (yeah!) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  Architectural Plan VS Structural Plan 46 eg 1:50  Structure only (with sizes/spacing/reinforcing)  Indicates structural and non-structural walls, columns Also No building envelopeand shows plumbing (eg.some no windows, insulation), mechanical and electrical  No partition walls, doors (exception may be concrete block). BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  47 Mechanical – Plumbing Plan  Plumbing fixtures: w.c. (toilets), lavatories (sinks)  Piping, drain locations in walls, floor  Fixtures not always dimensioned. Therefore, architectural must provide dims BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  48 Mechanical - HVAC Plan  Heating/ Ventilation/ Air Conditioning  (eg. fans, ducts, diffusers, vents)  At ceiling level BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  49 Electrical – Lighting Plan  Reflected Ceiling Plan shows lighting fixtures, switches, exit sign locations  (Architectural will also show an RCP with all ceiling components)  (Architectural will also need to show dimensions to locate light fixtures and other items requiring coordination BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  50 Electrical – Power Plan  Locations of power circuits, outlets, equipment AND PANELS  Locations in walls, ceiling  May include data or that may be a different series BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  1 Building Construction 3 BLDG 3200 Week 2 Lecture 2024 September 12 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  2 Week 2- Site, Structure and Substructure BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  3 Agenda: Week 2  Sites  Site drawings, soils  Structure (supplemental information- study on your own)  Overview of structural concepts and elements  Substructure  Foundation systems  Shallow  Deep  Concrete foundation walls  Basic envelope components  In class and during exams  Ching Text Reading: Soils:1.12-.13, 1.25, Structure: 2:10-.26 (and on to.36 if you’re interested) 4.02-.03, 5.02-.03, 6.02-03, Substructure: 3.05, 3.08-.10, 3.14, 3.16-.17 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  4 Sites Every site is unique:  Topography, soil composition, groundwater, views, light...  Particular combination of these characteristics  Soil bearing capacity  Regional and site specific soils may not be able to support buildings  Site drainage  Combined responsibility of:  geotechnical engineer (determination of likelihood and depths of H20, makes recommendations to mech),  architect (determines final slopes and grading) and  mechanical engineer (removal of H20) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  5 Site Drawings  Required for development permit, building permit and construction  Depending on the scale of the project, various drawings describing the site may be required (depending on project type, scope and municipality):  Survey plan- by BC Land Surveyor to be legal survey  Will record property lines and physical characteristics (what, where, how high) and will sometimes note services below grade.  Demolition Plan  What needs to be removed, saved, protected and salvaged  Site Plan – proposed improvement to site, usually required  Building(s), site access, drives, sidewalks, parking, loading, basic landscaping, fencing, etc  Contractor’s construction site plans  Layout to include hoarding line, gates, site offices, storage, safety features, crane swings, flow patterns, loading zones, wheel baths, water treatment equipment, temp. power connections etc BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  6 Survey Plan BCIT Aerospace Building survey plan contains:  Property lines  Point elevations/ contour lines  Natural features  Existing buildings  Neighbouring buildings  Street layout & names  Driveways: curbs, curb-cuts  Sidewalks /curbs  Street lighting  Storm and sanitary lines  Water Lines  Natural gas lines  Buried and/ or overhead power  Buried and/ or communications lines BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  7 Demolition Plan  Existing building and site features  Indicates what is being demolished…..  ….and what is to remain. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  8 Complex Site Plan BCIT Aerospace Building plan contains:  Building outline  Street layout & names  Driveways: curbs, curb-cuts  Parking layout, stall dimensions,  Sidewalks /Exterior stairs  Exterior lighting  Bike racks  Planters/trees/ hose bibs  Topographic slope lines/North arrow  & more! BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  9 Complex Site Plan Keyed notes due to drawing scale BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  10 Soils  Formation of soils  Weathering from rock, decay of organics, other  Moved and deposited by wind, water, glacier movement, etc.  Soil mixtures  Typically not homogeneous for full depth  Deposited in layers (strata)  Different soils have varying strengths  Soil bearing capacity  Dependent on soil type mixture/layers  Amount of water/ air in soil  Compaction (density)  Above often related to whether or not soil is:  ‘Disturbed’  ‘Undisturbed’  ‘Native’  ‘Imported’ BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  11 Soil Classification & Bearing Capacity BEST WORST Image courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated 1st Ed. – F.Ching BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  12 Van Dusen Gardens Construction & Natural Soils  Soils also react differently when wet BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  13 Geotechnical Analysis  Required before structural design can begin  ‘Never judge a book by it’s cover.’  By Geotechnical engineer  Determines soils types/ composition  Water content and drainage characteristics  Soil bearing capacity  Eg. how much weight can the site soil hold up  Report is used by Structural Engineer to design the structure of the building  Reports may include comments on:  footing design,  seismic behavior,  expected settlement,  drainage characteristics,  soils needing to be removed and replaced etc.,  Excavation limitations  Requirements for building against existing BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  14 Structural Drawing Notes:  Geotechnical engineer does soils report to determine soil bearing capacity  Structural engineer uses report to design foundations BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  15 Structural Concepts (READING HOMEWORK: SLIDES 15-25)  The following section is a brief introduction to the basic concepts of structural support systems for buildings  The information is embedded in your Materials and Methods and Structures courses (and others) but I have prepared this summary as a reminder of what fundamentals of structure are about  There will be more in coming lectures, specific to structural building materials  Please take the time to review these Image courtesy Brent slides on your own. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  16 Structure  Generally, buildings are typically a combination of…  Structure  Envelope  Subdivided interior spaces ….Created by horizontal and vertical elements such as floor planes, roof planes, wall planes and columns  These elements can be configured to suit structural and spatial requirements  Not all buildings require envelope and subdivided spaces but all require structure Image courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated 1st Ed. – F.Ching BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  17 Structural Loads  Buildings must withstand the following loads:  Dead Loads- all fixed elements of the building including the structure itself, all walls/ partitions, soil, finishes, woodwork, equipment etc.  Live Loads- the vertical and horizontal loads on the building which change in duration, location & magnitude such as wind, water, snow, furnishings, cars, occupants etc.  Seismic Loads- horizontal and vertical loads imposed on the structure by earthquakes  Impact Loads- rarely a significant issue related to building support/ stability but vibration control needs to be considered in design. Examples include exterior sources like traffic, internal sources such as occupants and equipment Image courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated 1 Ed. – F.Ching st BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  18 Structural Hierarchy  Loads must be transferred through the structure to the Earth  Dead loads act within structure itself- columns, floor structures, wall assemblies.  Live loads act on building elements such as floors, roofs and walls  Loads follow ‘path’ from load point through structure to bearing soils  For example: 1  A car in precast concrete parkade is supported by floor structure. 2  Floor structure is supported by joists.  Joists supported by beams 3  Beams supported by columns Bearing Soil  Columns supports by pad footings Image courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated 1st Ed. – F.Ching  Pad footings supported by soil BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  19 Support Systems  Engineers (and architects) need to chose a strategy to transfer loads that satisfy structural and building function requirements.  Basic approaches include….  Point/ linear- includes structural components like Linear/ Point columns and beams. These are used to create a (Beams/ columns) SKELETON FRAME. Applications include wood post and beam and structural steel structures.  Planar- Includes structural components like walls and Planar slabs/ floor structures. These are flat plate-like (Walls) elements or assemblies that include wood platform framing, concrete walls and slabs.  Hybrid- when the above two are used together. This is very common to satisfy the requirements for live, dead Hybrid & seismic loads + functionality. (Both) st Ed. – F.Ching Images courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated 1 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  20 Floor Systems  Requirements and choices:  Structural issues:  Load-bearing strategy and expected loads?  Lateral strategies?  Architectural Issues  Non-combustible or combustible?  Ability to run/conceal mechanical/electrical services?  Exposed structure? Or hide structure?  Ceiling height requirement for building usage?  Dropped ceiling? Acoustic requirements?  Construction Issues  Formwork strategy?  Schedule  Weather BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  21 Floor Systems 2-WAY SLAB  Concrete 1-WAY SLAB  Cast-in-place suspended slabs  Beams, slab bands or 2-way slabs  Pre-cast- planks or T’s  Steel  Beams with floor  (eg. steel decking w/ concrete topping  Beams with joists (floor sim)  Wood  Heavy timber type:  Beams w/structural decking or CLT  Lightweight wood framing:  Beams/joists/floor sheathing from Building Construction Illustrated, Francis Ching BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  22 Vertical Support (walls & columns)  Requirements:  Structural issues:  Load-bearing strategy? (Point load? Continuous load?)  Lateral strength requirement?  Architectural Issues  Code: Non-combustible or combustible?  Size of and location of openings? (windows/doors/ mechanical)  Integration of services (electrical)?  Exposed structure? Or hide structure? (material and code issues)  Location of insulation? (acoustic/ thermal, and its continuity)  Function? (grid/ structural spacing)  Aesthetics (what it looks like) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  23 Wall Systems  Mass bearing walls  Reinforced concrete (CIP, Tilt-up)  Reinforced masonry  Wood (CLT, LSL, Nail/ Dowel Lam)  Steel & wood stud walls  Structural or infill  (+ sheathing, barriers and finishes)  Structural frames (a.k.a. braced frame)  Heavy timber frame  Structural steel frame  When above are braced, bays act like panels BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  24 Developing the Structural Grid  Architect and Structural Engineer meet early in the design process to decide on the type of structural system and structural material:  Span required for building function and architectural room layout  Distance between columns  Code requirements (possibly zoning requirements)  Height of floor to floor is also required (like vertical grid)  Based on use of room eg. office x warehouse  Coordination of mech/ elec services  Equipment clearances  Structural engineer develops the structural system and draws the basic structural grid.  Shows column/wall/foundation/footing  Architectural design overlaid over the basic grid  It’s a back and forth process between Engineer & Architect BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  25 Substructure BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  26 Substructure  That portion of the building structure that is located below grade  Foundation system/ SOG  Structural Engineer designs structure  Type of foundation  Materials/ reinforcement  Architect designs building envelope below grade  Damp/ waterproofing  Below grade insulation  Co-ordinates with mechanical for site drainage BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  27 Foundation Systems Function 1. Transfer loads 2. Anchor structure 3. Create envelope (control moisture/ heat/ gasses) 4. Resist lateral loads of soil and hydrostatic pressure Settlement  Consolidation  Uniform settlement  Differential settlement Images Courtesy of E.Allen Fundamentals of Building Construction BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  28 Footings / Foundations  Structural Drawings:  Shows reinforcement  Dimensions of footing  Architectural Drawings:  Shows shape and size of footing/ foundation  Don’t show rebar  Don’t show footing dimensions  Specifies moisture barrier/ insulation BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  29 Types 1. Shallow Foundations- soil with acceptable soil pressure at/ near lowest level of bldg  Slab on grade (no basement or crawl space)  Isolated pad footings + column  Strip/continuous footings + foundation wall  Stepped footings + foundation wall  Combined footings + foundation wall + column  Mat/ Raft foundation (distribute the building loads over a wide area/ balance with soil) 2. Deep Foundations- acceptable soil is below lowest level or there is no bearing soil  Piles - End-bearing or Friction  Caissons BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  30 Isolated (Pad) Footings + Column  Reinforced concrete with steel  Transition to concrete, steel or wood column BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  31 Strip/Continuous Footings BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  32 Combination Footings For Columns/ Structural Walls Structural Drawing Example BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  33 Combination Footings For Columns/ Structural Walls Structural Examples  Reinforced with steel, and steel is indicated  Concrete may transition to other structural systems above grade BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  34 Column Base Detail BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  35 Different Footings/ Foundation Under Column and Wall BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  36 Combined Footings  Widened footing includes both column and foundation wall footing  Continuous pour of footings for continuity BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  37 Stepped Footing  Used where there is a slope or change in grade to reduce excavation and foundation material  Structural Engineer provides detail BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  38 Compaction Example  Not all soils can support footings. Can use deep foundations or:  Compact soil to support building loads. Example: Rapid Impact Compaction Images courtesy of Brent BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  39 Raft/ Mat Foundations  Raft= foundation system floating. Balance building load with displaced soils and water  Mat= distributing load under most of building footprint  Thick, heavily reinforced concrete slab  Becomes like a large pad footing  Used in poor soil conditions (low bearing capacity) or for very high concentrated loads MAT  Eg. Richmond due to soil, very tall towers RAFT like the Shangri La BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  40 Deep Foundations  End bearing piles  Reach to bearing layer/bedrock to support building  Friction piles  No connection to load beading soil- floating effect  Caissons  Drilled and filled concrete piers  Can be in soil or water  Piles can be steel, concrete, stone (crush) or wood  Piles typically driven into soil (pounded by driver or vibrated), drilled or inserted in hole. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  41 Stone Piles/ Columns  Many stone piles/ columns required (high density)  End bearing  Concrete mat slab poured over stone columns/ piles BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  42 Pile Caps  Interface between pile and superstructure  Typically reinforced concrete  Can be individual, strips or mats. Site-work at VanDusen Gardens Interpretive Centre BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  43 Concrete Foundation Walls  Issues:  Structural  Resist soil/water pressure forces  Transfer building live and dead loads + seismic  Building Envelope:  Thermal – stop heat loss  Moisture – stop groundwater BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  44 Concrete Foundation Wall BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  45 Foundation Wall Thermal Insulation and Moisture Barrier  Drainage matt  Rigid insulation  Waterproof membrane  C-I-P concrete foundation wall  Mechanical attachment Mountain Equipment Co-op, Vancouver, Ventana Construction BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  46 Foundation Wall Thermal Insulation and Moisture Barrier  C-I-P concrete foundation wall  Thermal/moisture protection assembly  Storm-water drainage piping and cleanouts  Gravel  Back-fill Mountain Equipment Co-op, Vancouver Ventana Construction BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  47 Variations In Wall Foundations  When resolving transition to superstructure, consider barrier continuity: BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  48 Foundation Wall– Architectural Detail BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  49 Grade Details @ Foundation Wall  Separate grade materials from wall cladding materials.  Primarily if wall materials are organic (wood)  Also depends on grade type (pests in soil)  Check Part 3  Good practice 150 – 200 mm above grade  Often much less!  Slope away from building  Impervious materials (eg. paving) 2% min. to ensure positive drainage  Otherwise, 5% minimum BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  50 Architectural Foundation Wall Type BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  51 Concrete Water Stop  Water stop – a product to stop water leakage through a concrete wall/ footing/ slab where hydrostatic pressure is present.  Commonly used where concrete pour joints (cold joints) occur.  Can be a rubbery accessory or expanding clay product cast inside concrete (as shown) or added to outside of ‘cold’ joint  Coordinate with structural. Image courtesy of Durajoint Concrete Accessories (Durajoint.com) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  52 Concrete Water Stop in Wall  Used at pour joints below grade  Many different materials are used as waterstops:  Eg. PVC, EPDM, Bentonite (expanding) clay, neoprene, mastic cement Image courtesy of Durajoint Concrete Accessories (Durajoint.com) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  53 Concrete Faced Insulation (CT Board)  XPS (expanded, extruded polystyrene) with 10mm thick cementitious layer bonded to one side. Tongue and grove (T&G) edges with galvanized steel attachment clips to suit. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  54 Concrete Faced Insulation (CT Board) BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2024  1 Building Construction 3 BLDG 3200 Week 3 Lecture 2023 September 21 BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  2 Week 3- Concrete Pt 1: Forms, Finishes, Joints, Slabs TWA Terminal, New York Villa Savoye, Chemistry Building, Poissy-Sur- Seine UBC BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  5 Concrete as a Material Review in textbook; 12.04/.05 (and Fundamentals of Building Construction) and review the following:  Advantages and disadvantages  Portland cement/ water/ aggregate/ admixtures  Water – cement ratio, strength issues  Steel reinforcement  Curing BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  6 Concrete Characteristics  Strength  Structural strength to support building…  Yet brittle and will crack under certain conditions  Heavy, dense material  Non-combustible, sound deadening, heat-storage  Porous material  Moisture moves through capillary action, pressure differential  Needs to be blocked from entering or deflected away  Moldable  Formable plastic material (before curing) that adopts surface texture  Formwork quality can affect final appearance  Placement  Staging, hopper/ pumping, consolidation, weather BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  7 Concrete Formwork and Finishes  Concrete surface reflects the texture of the inside surface of the form. Common products used for formwork are:  Standard plywood surface = wood grain pattern and panel seam pattern on concrete  Formply= smooth finish on concrete. No grain but panel pattern.  Steel formwork = smooth “shiny” finish  Eg. Used in prefabricated steel formwork for columns  Sonotube formwork (prefabricated round column formwork of compressed fibre) leaves a smooth textured surface and a spiral pattern on the concrete  Also form liners for custom designs and ultra smooth finish  Architect will coordinate with structural to develop documents to achieve desired concrete finish  GC or CM and trades responsible for formwork design and construction BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  8 Concrete Surface Imperfections Why are we interested in formwork? If things aren’t set up correctly… …. Formwork quality is telegraphed into the concrete. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  9 Concrete Formwork Form ties Plywood sheathing Vertical wood stud Horizontal walers Dowels Footing Image courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated – F.Ching Bracing BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  10 Formwork at BCIT BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  11 Inside the Form  Smooth inner surface of formwork sheathing  Horizontal/vertical steel reinforcement  Form-tie w/orange (or yellow or green) cone BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  12 At a Bigger Scale…  Re-usable form ties in sleeves or lubricated. Will leave a penetration through the wall which must be filled BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  13 Modular Steel Formwork  Steel form structure with replaceable wood form panels & form-ties  Can be re-used over and over if cleaned and cared for. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  14 Modular Steel Formwork BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  15 Column Formwork  And steel ‘clamshell’ column forms for round columns Image courtesy of Building Construction Illustrated – F.Ching BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  16 Spiral Paper Column Forms  Concrete texture from smooth waxy surface of spiral wound paper form  BCIT SE2 building example BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  17 Formwork BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  18 Placing The Concrete  Pumper truck  Filling the form  Consolidating the concrete- mix type and vibration  Float leveling the top of the wall BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  19 Formwork Effects  When forms are stripped, formwork impressions are visible.  Along with any surface imperfections.  If concrete is going to be concealed (below grade, in service rooms etc), no more finishing is done BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  20 Basic Concrete Wall/ Column Finishes  Common (structural) finish  Basic structural concrete, minor filling of cracks/honey-comb Eg. in stairs, parking garages  Most economical  Architectural finish (appearance grade)  Higher grade of finish = more expensive. Usually better forms and finishing  Sack finish  Thin layer of concrete slurry applied with sack on rubbed into holes/surface imperfections, fins removed  Similar process done with trowel  Grinding BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  21 Basic Structural Concrete BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  22 ‘Rendered’ Concrete In Exit Stair  Term to describe additional finishing work done to concrete  Often a combination of sack filling and grinding  Specialist trade can be hired to do this work. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  23 Architectural Concrete Wall Finishes Combination of formwork/ finish/ polish to achieve the highest level of surface appearance & to remove surface imperfections Key is the formwork and placing need control over form materials, tie type and spacing, reveals… For exposed feature concrete on exterior/ interior- eg. in lobby of building More expensive Many concrete buildings now finished with elastomeric coating Can be specified by architect in Division 03. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  24 Architectural Concrete: Pattern & Texture  Formwork pattern from plywood and form-ties  Reveals create shadow lines  Concrete surface reflects pattern of formwork Surrey City Centre Library, Bing Thom Architect BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  25 Form-tie Pattern On Concrete  Spacing? No ‘typical’ tie spacing. Depends on form construction relative to mass of concrete supported (height and thickness)  Void is plugged with concrete, epoxy, grout, sealant or… BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  26 Form-tie Pattern On Concrete SALK INSTITUTE RECTANGULAR ARRAY SAN DIEGO Louis Kahn METAL PLUG CLOSE SPACING BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  27 Surface Patterns  Chamfered edges for 90 corners  Easier to vibrate into corners  Reduces risk of damage  Grooves/ reveals  For control joint or cold joints  Helps separate possible colour and alignment change at floor levels  For appearance BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  28 Surface Patterns Applied In Formwork  Reveals  Rectangular, triangular or trapezoidal notch in concrete surface  Chamfered edges – angled edge BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  29 Concrete: Construction Joints  Issue –once concrete has cured – how can we “join” the next batch to the old?  Fresh concrete can bond to older cured concrete – within limitations  Pour joint – a planned and designed construction joint between one pour and the next  Slabs & beams– usually poured all-at-once for highest tensile strength and monolithic construction  Walls & columns – typically at top of wall before slab is poured  Pour line can be disguised, or emphasized, by adding a reveal  Cold joint – Can be planned or an unplanned interruption in the concrete pour.  Eg. Not enough time to complete pour  Waterstop – As noted last week…a device/material to prevent water movement through a pour joint in a foundation wall/footing BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  30 Concrete Wall Pour Joints  Reveals in these locations can hide issues like:  Poor formwork alignment  Minor variations in concrete colours  20mm noted should be considered a minimum. BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  31 Can You Find the Pour Joint? BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  32 Concrete Pattern Indicated Elevation Drawing Concrete reveals  Line up with edges of windows or at pour locations (floors)  Where cracking might occur Form-tie pattern is indicated  If it is architectural concrete where pattern is important BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  33 Concrete Surface Finishes by Formwork  Form liners installed inside forms before concrete poured  Results in uniform, smooth, shiny surface  Will leave seam where liner ends/ starts BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  34 Board Form/ Beton Brut Finish  Finish is cast into concrete  Textured surface from wood planks in form (wood-grain)  Boards can be smooth or rough  Option to leave gaps between boards to create concrete ridges BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  35 Concrete Finishing After Concrete Has Set  Sand-blasted concrete (wall but slab poss.)  Roughens the surface and exposes a bit of aggregate  Bush-hammered (wall)  Jack-hammer the surface  Exposed aggregate (slab)  Wash top layer of cement away to expose the rock aggregate  More commonly used for slabs and precast but can be used for walls  A decorative aggregate mix can be used for better appearance BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  36 Concrete Slab On Grade  Slabs at grade, often tied to foundation wall  Slabs below grade often detached from SUSPENDED SLAB (VOID BELOW) foundations  Supported by fill- may behave differently to walls  Therefore, isolation joints between slab on grade and walls/ columns- cold joints or with fillers From Building Construction Illustrated, Francis Ching BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  37 Concrete Slab on Grade  100- 150 mm common thickness  Often reinforced:  Welded wire for shrinkage  Bar reinforcement heavier loads  Rigid insulation under slab  Water-proof or moisture resistant membrane/ barrier under slab for groundwater protection eg..15mm poly  Membrane also for soil gas control  Compacted sand/gravel over compacted soil base- as recommended by geotechnical engineer or structural engineer BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  38 Structural and Architectural Details STRUCTURAL ARCHITECTURAL BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  39 Footing with Tilt-up BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  40 Slab-on-Grade Construction Footings in place Foundation “wall” formed Next steps:  Services  Backfill and compaction  Barrier and insulation  Rebar/ mesh  Concrete and finishing Mercedes Benz Vancouver , Ventana Construction BRITISH COLUMBIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BLDG 3200 Fall 2023  41 Slab-on-Grade Reinforcin