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FACULTY OF FINE ARTS ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT SINGLE STRESS (FORM ACTIVE SYSTEM) ARCHITECTURAL THEORY Supervised by/D.Yasser Elsayed GROUP 1  T E A M M E M B E R S :...

FACULTY OF FINE ARTS ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT SINGLE STRESS (FORM ACTIVE SYSTEM) ARCHITECTURAL THEORY Supervised by/D.Yasser Elsayed GROUP 1  T E A M M E M B E R S : 261-Maha Gamal Mostafa El rashed 129-Shahd Khaled Abdelmenem 266-May Mohamed Fawzy 134-Shahd Ali Mohamed Fadl 282-Nawal Tarek Hedaya Mahmoud 165-Amr Gamal Sabry Shorbagy 287-Nour Alhuda Mohamed Mostafa 176-Farah Mohamed Khater 297-Nourhan Mohamed Kandil 210-Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Marouf 300-Hajer Muhammed Karam Ahmed 229-Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Amin 317-Youmna Ashraf Abubakr 230-Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed 322-Youssef Ashraf Tayea 251-Menna Allah Alaa Elsayed Ibrahim 337-Mariam Amr Mohamed Omran  SINGLE STRESS STRUCTURE (FORM ACTIVE SYSTEM) A single stress structure is a structural system that transfers all loads and forces through a single principal stress path. Load-bearing elements, such as walls, columns, or beams, form a continuous load path from the top of the structure to the foundation. This design approach enhances structural efficiency, reduces costs, and promotes sustainability. CABLE SYSTEM ARCH SYSTEM TENT SYSTEM PNEUMATIC SYSTEM (Tension) (Compression) (Tension) (Tension) CABLE SYSTEM  1-CABLE SYSTEM : Cable structures are facilities that are supported by cables. These cables transfer the load to other main cables called "stays," which then transmit the load to the ground. This system is used for large-span structures ranging from 20 to 100 meters. It is employed in two types of constructions: bridges and buildings. The common details used in cable structures are simpler compared to those used in traditional construction methods, resulting in faster construction processes. BRIEF HISTORY: Sidney Myer Music Bowl : (Melbourne , 1959) One of the early buildings that utilized cable construction was designed in the form of a triangle, with the main cables secured to two masts. Brooklyn Bridge : (New York , 1883) One of the first bridges to use construction The cable Width: (25.9 m) Total length: (1,825.4 m) above meaning) Height: 84.3 m high water 486.3 m The longest piece between the pillars CABLE BRIDGES: CABLE DETAILS CABLE- STAYED BRIDGE SUSPENSION BRIDGE  MATERIALS Steel Galvanized Steel High-Performance Alloys Carbon Fiber High-strength steel is the most Steel cables in cable systems In certain cases, high- Carbon fiber cables are common material used for are often galvanized to performance alloys like lightweight and have high cables in cable systems due to enhance corrosion resistance, stainless steel or titanium may tensile strength, making them its excellent tensile strength protecting them from rust and be used for cables, especially in suitable for applications where and resistance to deformation. environmental elements. demanding or corrosive weight reduction is important. environments, due to their superior strength and corrosion resistance properties. CABLE ROOF : 01 Single Layers/Curvature It consists of two or more parallel cables spanning between primary support. 02 Double Layers/Cables They are similar to single curvature structure with addition of stabilizing cables below the primary ones to resist wind lif 03 Double curvatures Arch and cable They are anticlastic saddle shape where stabilizing cables running in a perpendicular direction pull downward to prevent wind lif  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES: Long-span capability without Higher cost in design, construction, intermediate supports. and maintenance. Aesthetically pleasing design with Maintenance challenges due to graceful curves and slender profiles. specialized expertise and equipment. Structural efficiency with high Limited design flexibility based on strength-to-weight ratio. site conditions and project Flexibility and resilience to requirements. accommodate dynamic loads. Construction complexity with specialized methods and equipment. Needs regular maintenance and protection to avoid corrosion EXAMPLES MILLENNIUM DOME / RICHARD ROGERS United Kingdom , London , 1999. Area : 100.000m2 It is a tensioned cable structure covered with fabric It acts as a giant canopy that provides a protected environment for the wings Exhibitions and central display. It is one of the largest single-roof structures It has been implemented all over the world. MILLENNIUM DOME / RICHARD ROGERS United Kingdom , London , 1999. Area : 100.000m2 The canopy is 52 metres (170 ft) high in the middle. Materials: It is made of durable and weather- resistant PTFE-coated glass fiber fabric panels (original plans to use PVC-coated polyester fabric were dropped after protest led by Greenpeace, with each of the 72 segments containing two panels. Its symmetry is interrupted by a hole through which a ventilation ELEVATION shaft from the Blackwall Tunnel rises SECTION MILLENNIUM DOME / RICHARD ROGERS United Kingdom , London , 1999. Area : 100.000m2 3D SECTION STRUCTURE MILLENNIUM DOME / RICHARD ROGERS United Kingdom , London , 1999. Area : 100.000m2 PLAN MILLENNIUM DOME / RICHARD ROGERS -ANALYSIS: TENSION Force transfer through the tensioned steel stringer cable to the steel masts. Force transfer to the ground through the steel masts. Compression force from the ground to withstand the load and weight from the steel masts MOSES MABHIDA STADIUM South Africa , 2010 Around the perimeter, 1,750 columns and 216 raking beams provides the main support. Around the field, 900m of retaining walls stretches 8m high. A total of 1,780 pre-cast concrete seating panels creates the bowl form. There are over 80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft) of floor space within the stadium structure Materials used : Teflon-coated, glass-fibre membrane which produce a translucent glow when the stadium is lit. These are attached to the arch by 95mm diameter steel cables. The roof covers 88% of the seats. MOSES MABHIDA STADIUM 3D SECTION SECTION 1 SECTION 2 MOSES MABHIDA STADIUM PLAN MOSES MABHIDA STADIUM -ANALYSIS: Tension Compression ARCH SYSTEM 2- ARCH SYSTEM: Arches are curved structural form self-supporting that carries loads and transfer them to abutments, jambs or piers on either side, stabilized by the force of gravity acting on their weight to hold them in compression. This makes them stable capable of large spans ARCH FORMS The SHAPE of the arch may be chosen to be as close as possible to the FUNICULAR of the heaviest loads, so as to minimize BENDING  SHAPES OF ARCHES : 1.Catenary arches: Catenary arches they redirect the vertical force of gravity into compression forces pressing along the arch's curve. it keep its members in compression when bearing no load but its own weight It forms an underlying principle to the system of vaults 2.Parabolic arch: Is an arch in the shape of a parabola their curve represents an efficient method of load, found in bridges and in architecture in a variety of forms ARCHES CLASSIFICATION 1.Structural type 01 Two hinged Hinges at the abutments only 02 Three hinged Hinges at the crown and abutment 03 Fixed end arch No hinges at all  MATERIALS Steel takes more tension Masonry and Concrete takes more compression Wood takes both evenly SPAN AND LOADS The downward load of an arch must be transferred to its base called THRUST. As the rise, or height of the arch decreases, the outward thrust increases. Span lengths for arches range from 90 to 420 m for concrete arches and from 90 to 420 m for steel arches. The THRUST is proportional to the total LOAD and to the SPAN, and inversely proportional to the RISE of the arch. In arches RISE TO SPAN RATIO should not be less than 1/8 and 2/3 maximum. Lesser rise takes compression but not tensile load. SOLUTION: In order to prevent the arch from collapsing, the thrust needs to be restrained, either by its own weight or the weight of supporting walls, by buttressing or foundations. Flying buttress Freestanding brick or stone supports were attached to the exterior walls by an arch or half-arch. High-rise of the arch reduced the thrust and lightened flying buttresses.  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES: The span keeps growing. restricted span the progress of manufacturing technology have promoted the continuous increase of the span of the arch structure. Compared their constraints on location with the previous masonry structure, the arch increases the span of the building dozens of times. their need for additional maintenance their need for additional support Diversified forms their long construction time the changes in the form of the arch structure itself, as rotation, twist, inclination, and changes in cross-sections, also endow the building with rich forms; from the single vertical arch in ancient times to today, derived Various forms used in bridges and buildings. Comprehensive application of the structure Arch structures are usually used in combination with other advanced structures, such as shell structures, suspension cable structures, membrane structures, EXAMPLES BINGDING WOOD KILN FACTORY JINGDEZHEN CITY, CHINA Area: 1800 m², Year: 2018 Material used using concrete and brick archesConstructed as an egg-shaped wood kiln the concrete structure in BingDing Wood kiln, but rather a supported by the steel structures outside the concrete form for casting. In addition to the fair-faced concrete, the main material of BingDing Wood kiln is only the kiln bricks for the kiln BINGDING WOOD KILN FACTORY FIRST FLOOR SECOND FLOOR PLAN PLAN ELEVATIONS BINGDING WOOD KILN FACTORY SECTIONS ANALYSIS All the arrows represent the load transfer of the compression force NEW GOURNA VILLAGE sustainable architecture, Hassan Fathy, the village of New Gourna in LuxorThe goal was to use local materials and techniques 1940s1950s example of urban planning associated with vernacular architecture NEW GOURNA VILLAGE SECTIONS ELEVATIONS PLAN BINGDING WOOD KILN FACTORY SECTIONS ANALYSIS All the arrows represent the load transfer of the compression force TENT SYSTEM 3- TENT SYSTEM: A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no compression or bending TENSION FABRIC STRUCTURE a structure where the exterior shell is a fabric material spread over a framework the fabricis maintained in tension in all directions to provide stability TENSION FABRIC STRUCTURE tension roofs or canopies are those in which every part of the structure is loaded only in tension with no requirments to resist compression or bending forces TENT CLASSIFICATION 2.Materials 01 Saddle roof 03 arch supported 02 mast supported 04 combination  SADDLE ROOF: Four or more point system when the fabric is streched between a set of alternating high and low points MAST SUPPORTED: Tent-like in apperance, mast supported structures typically have one or sometimes several peaks that are supported by either interior or perimeter masts. ARCH SUPPORTED: Curved compression members are used as the main supporting elements and cross arches are used for lateral stability COMBINATION: combination of several suppoet types  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES: Longer life cycles of materials. Little to no rigidity. Materials can be re-used in form. Loss of tension is dangerous for stability. Most materials are completely recyclable. Thermal values limit use. Less impact on site. Load Transfer on Fabric Structures. Unique designs. Attachment Weaknesses in Mono cover Lightweight and flexible. Fabric. Less construction debris after demolition. Environmentally sensitive. High strength weight ratio. EXAMPLES STALK TREE-HUGGER BAR JAKARTA, INDONESIA The architect Antonius Richard Rusli The structural system is tension fabric structure. a structure where the exterior shell is a fabric material spread over a framework the fabricis maintained in tension in all directions to provide stability STALK TREE-HUGGER BAR JAKARTA, INDONESIA Analysis AIRPORT JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA Area: 4725000 ft Massive Teflon-coated fiberglass tent-like structure was the material used to cover this airport  AIRPORT JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA Area: 4725000 ft Plan AIRPORT JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA Area: 4725000 ft SECTION ANALYSIS PNEUMATIC SYSTEM 4-PNEUMATIC SYSTEM Use of relatively thin membrane supported by pressure difference. Dead weight increases by increasing the internal pressure and the membrane is stressed so that no asymmetrical loading occurs. Membrane can support both tension and compression. It’s round in shape because it creates greatest volume for least amount of material. The whole envelope has to be evenly pressurized for best stability. Pre stressing of membrane can be done eithe by applying external force or by internal pressurizing. The air pressure inside the structure helps it maintain its shape and stability.  SYSTEM TYPES: 01 Air Supported Structure. Air-supported structures have Air higher than the atmospheric pressure supporting the envelope. The lifespan of the Air supported structures is 20 to 25 years. The Internal pressure is maintained above the Normal atmospheric pressure with the help of compressors or fans. It should be provided with Airlocks  SYSTEM TYPES: 02 Air Inflated Structure. Air-inflated structures are supported with the help of pressurized air within inflated building elements in the different shapes that will carry the loads. -Supporting frames consists of frames under high pressure. -Internal pressure of buildings remains at atmospheric pressure.  MATERIALS Envelope materials: Anchor materials: -Should have high tensile -The anchor material depends on strength, tear resistance etc. the application and size of examples: Fiberglass, pneumatic structure. Polyester, ETFE and Nylon. examples: Steel cables, ballasts. Fiberglass Polyester Steel cables ETFE Nylon  ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE SYSTEM ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES: Lightweight. Need for continuous maintenance of Covers large spans without internal excess pressure in the envelope supports. Relatively short service life Rapid assembly and have low initial Continuous operation of fans to and operating cost. maintain pressure Portability. Cannot reach the insulation values of hard walled structures EXAMPLES AL MARYAH ISLAND, ABU DHABI. United Arab Emirates Area:8772 m2 Football / Soccer domes Reduces the required cooling by 70% Lightweight insulation system Minimizing heating/cooling costs Rock-solid design Long lifespan AL MARYAH ISLAND, ABU DHABI. United Arab Emirates INTERIOR SHOT ANALYSIS : 3D SECTION TECTONIKS. UNITED KINGDOM. ANALYSIS: Wind load Internal pressure Foundation Tension forces forces Air Inflated structure system APPLYING THE SYSTEM ON OUR PREVIOUS DESIGN PROJECTS Arch system Elevation Plan APPLYING THE SYSTEM ON OUR PREVIOUS DESIGN PROJECTS tent system SUGGESTED QUESTIONS 1-What are arch structures used in ? 2-What are the advantage of arch system ? 3-What are the disadvantages of arch system 4-What are the minimum and maximum spans used for arch system 5-What are the types of arches and the material used ? 6-What are the advantages and disadvantages of cable system ? 7-What are the usages of cable system ? 8-What are the minimum and maximum spans used for cable system ? 9-What are the materials used in cable system ? 10-What is the life span of the pneumatic structure system? 11-What’s the difference between its two types: air supported, air inflated? 12- what are the materials used to anchor the membrane? 13-What are the classification of tensile structures? 14-What can damage a tent? 15-How are tents structured? THANK YOU