Biotic Factors_ Autotrophs PDF

Biology: Unit II Aquatic ecology: Biotic Factors Biotic Factors—Autotrophs Learning Targets Unit Deep hope: That we see the orderly process of photosynthesis as the loving way a wise Creator provides for all his creatures and join with all creation in praising and worshipping him! Long term learni...

Biology: Unit II Aquatic ecology: Biotic Factors Biotic Factors—Autotrophs Learning Targets Unit Deep hope: That we see the orderly process of photosynthesis as the loving way a wise Creator provides for all his creatures and join with all creation in praising and worshipping him! Long term learning target: I can see the orderly process of photosynthesis as the loving way the wise Creator provides for all his creatures and join with all creation in praising and worshipping him Learning Targets: 1. I can interpret models of ecological pyramids, calculate energy transfer and describe how energy flows through ecosystems. 2. I can begin to understand the importance of each trophic level within an ecosystem. 3. I can grow as an earthkeeper by understanding the effects of biocides on ecosystems. 4. I can explain why ATP useful to cells? 5.I can contrast and compare ATP and ADP. 6. I can distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs and identify examples of each for aquatic ecosystem. 7. As an earth keeper, I can describe the important role of plants in aquatic ecology. 8. I can interpret a model of photosynthesis. 9. I can identify the photosynthetic pigments and describe their role in photosynthesis? 10.I can analyze graphs related to photosynthesis and light absorption. 11.I can describe reactants and products of photosynthesis? 12. As an order discover, a. I can locate and identify chloroplasts in a cell and identify its parts and explain their role in photosynthesis. b. I can locate and identify leaf epidermal cells, guard cells and stomata and describe their role in photosynthesis. c. I can explain what happens during the light-dependent phase of photosynthesis. d. I can explain what happens during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis. 13. I can summarize the factors that affect photosynthesis. 14. I can create a new and updated verse of the hymn “Oh Worship the King, or new verses of Psalm 104:14 and 27-28 using photosynthesis vocabulary. 15. I can recommend and describe how plants can be used to “reverse the curse” of water pollution. III. Biotic Factors---Need for energy A. How do primary producers obtain their energy? Photosynthesis Use sun to produce 1. Autotrophs food by assembling auto means “by inorganic compounds itself” into organic Trophikos means ”to compounds. feed” --Primary producer 6CO2 + 6H2O--->C6H12O6 + 6O2 B. How do consumers/Heterotrophs obtain their energy and nutrients? Cellular Respiration C6H12O6+ 6O2-->6CO2 + 6H2O +ATP 1)Herbivores or primary consumers 2) Carnivores or secondary consumers 3) Omnivores- Secondary or tertiary consumers 4) Scavengers 5)Decomposers 6) Detritivores C. How does energy flow through ecosystems? 1. Photosynthesis: One way flow of energy from the sun to detritivores. 2. Chemosynthesis: One way flow of energy from Inorganics like hydrogen sulfide to detritivores. C. How does energy flow through ecosystems? 3) Food chains 3) Food Web D. What is primary productivity? Gross primary productivity – total amount of chemical energy fixed by photosynthesis Net primary productivity – the amount of energy stored by plants that can be used for consumers – Flow of energy and mass in a community is like a pyramid with producers making up the base of the pyramid Aquatic example: Energy and numbers 10 % RULE On average only about 10% of the energy available at one level is passed on to the next. E. ) What do the three types of ecological pyramids illustrate? 1. Energy- amount of energy or matter 2. Biomass -amount of living organic material 3. Numbers- # of individual organisms What pyramid is most helpful? Energy This pyramid shows the best representation producers converting sunlight into food that supports the entire ecosystem. F. What are Biocides? Biocides- poisons meant to eliminate specific pests Fungicides, pesticides, herbicides, & insecticides Biocides such as DDT can become concentrated in top level consumers  Unlike energy, all th poison gets transferred to the next trophic level. Insects in decline Birds in decline Nature’s brita filter in decline. Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity a Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Media Release Issued 6 May 2019 Dangerous Decline ‘Unprecedented’: Species Extinction Rates ‘Acce Interdependence of God’s Creation Why Should Christians Care about ecological pyramids and biocides usage? “ Our day to day choices and attitudes are often driven by our culture and lifestyle preferences, not the Bible” “ When we fail to see the world as God’s creation, we will end up abusing it. Selfishness and greed take over, and we end up not caring about the environment or the problems we’re creating for future generations.” “Following God’s laws was costly for the Israelites. Creation care may costly for us in similar ways today.” Exodus 23:10-12 Sabbath Laws 10 “For six years you are to sow your fields and harvest the crops, 11 but during the seventh year let the land lie unplowed and unused. Then the poor among your people may get food from it, and the wild animals may eat what is left. Do the same with your vineyard and your olive grove.12 “Six days do your work, but on the seventh day do not work, so that your ox and your donkey may rest, and so that the slave born in your household and the foreigner living among you may be refreshed. Leviticus 23:22 “‘When you reap the harvest of your land, do not reap to the very edges of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest. Leave them for the poor and for the foreigner residing among you. I am the LORD your God.’” Deuteronomy 25:4 Do not muzzle an ox while it is treading out the grain. New Testament : "The nations were angry; and your wrath has come. The time has come for judging the dead, and for rewarding your servants the prophets and your saints and those who reverence your name, both small and great-and for destroying those who destroy the earth." (Revelation 11:18)  Warning from God’s Word. Isaiah 5:8 Woe to you who add house to house and join field to field till no space is left and you live alone in the land. North America State of Birds Report 2022  Reversing The Curse: Homegrown National Insects preservation Parks Plant Native: Rethink Lawns: Leave the Leaves:  Learning Targets 1. I can explain why ATP useful to cells? 2. I can contrast and compare ATP and ADP. 3. As an earth keeper, I can describe the important role of plants in aquatic ecology. G. What autotrophs are in aquatic ecosystem? 1. Types: Protists Plants 2) Littoral zones c) Importance of plants  H. What form of energy do biotic factors need to live? B. Principal chemical compounds that cells use to store and release energy. Ability to do work requires energy. 1)ATP- Adenosine triphosphate- energy rich- fully charged battery 2)ADP- Adenosine diphosphate-energy poor- partially charged battery 3) How much ATP is stored in cells?  Structure of ATP Adenine Consists of: Adenine, a nitrogen base Ribose, a five-carbon sugar A chain of three 3 Phosphates Ribose phosphate groups  D. How does ADP Becomes ATP? 1.Cellular Respiration: takes ADP and recharges Cellular Respiration: us to ATP as cells metabolize the food they make or eat. How does ADP Becomes ATP? ATP Triphosphate 2. ADP is a compound that looks almost like ATP. The difference is that… …ADP has 2 phosphate groups and ATP has three Diphosphate phosphate groups. ADP  How does ADP Becomes ATP? ATP 3. When a cell has Triphosphate energy available, it can store small amounts of it by... Energy is adding a phosphate stored in the ATP group to ADP. molecule 4. Adding a Phosphate phosphate ADP to ____ added to forms a molecule ATP of ADP ____. The addition Diphosphate of the third phosphate ADP stores energy ____________.  How does ADP Becomes ATP? ATP Triphosphate Phosphate removed Energy is stored in Energy is released the ATP for cell work molecule 5. When a cell needs Phosphate added to energy, the third ADP phosphate will be Diphosphate removed. This releases energy. ADP  6. ATP has enough stored energy to power a variety of cellular activities such as….. a) Photosynthesis b) Protein synthesis c) Muscle contraction d) Active transport across th cell membrane 7. The ATP molecule is thebasic _________________ energy source of all living cells. In a cell, ATP is used continuously and must be regenerated continuously. In a working muscle cell, 10 million ATP are consumed and regenerated per sec. ATP Synthase I. Where do living things get their energy?  Autotrophs and Heterotrophs A.All life on Earth depends on the ____________ flow of energy through the ecosystem. The source of this energy is the ____. sun  B.Autotrophs 1. Autotrophs are organisms that can make their own food. 2. These organisms use the __________ light energy from the sun to produce food in the form of ______________. glucose/sugar 3. This includes all green plants, some bacteria, and some protists. C. Heterotrophs 1.These are organisms that cannot make their own food. 2. Examples are all animals and all fungi. 3. Heterotrophs must consume food. Heterotrophs eat plants or eat other animals that eat plants.  sunlight D. Energy enters the ecosystem in the form of _______. Plants use the sun’s energy to make _______. glucose The sun’s energy is stored in the molecule of glucose. The energy moves up the food chain when a consumer eats the plant.  E. What is Photosynthesis? 1. Means “ putting together with light” Carbon Dioxide + water ----> light-----> carbohydrate + oxygen 6CO2 + 6H2O --> light --> C6H12O6 + 602 PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA and RNA Photosynthesis- the process 1. How did God design autotrophs to carry out photosynthesis? – I can interpret a model of leaf by identifying its structures and describing their functions. 2. How do plants get the reactants for photosynthesis? – I can explain how plants obtain the reactants for photosynthesis. Leaves are the major organs of _____________. photosynthesis  Stem A. Holds vascular Bundle: made of xylem and phloem Axil Node where the leaf attaches to the stem. Petiole Vascular tissue continues-- connects leaf to stem. Midrib/Central Vein Connects the leaf to the petiole. A. Vascular Bundles Transportati on tissue made of xylem and phloem.  Leaf Structure: How does the reactant H2O get to the photosynthetic factory? Cuticle A. Vascular Guard cell Epidermis Bundles Stoma Palisade (Veins) Mesophyll 1) Xylem carries Spongy water and Mesophyll nutrients like Vein NO3- and P Xylem up the plant. Phloem Epidermis 2) Phloem carries glucose (food )down the plant. The glucose being made will exit the leaf through the phloem and will be carried to other parts of the plant.  Leaf Structure: Photosynthetic organ Cuticle Epidermis 2.Cuticle: A waxy covering on the upper and lower surface that helps to prevent water loss Epidermis from the leaf. Epidermis: protective outer plant “skin”  Leaf Structure: Photosynthetic Tissues Cuticle 3. Mesophyll Palisade Mesophyll a) The palisade layer is the primary light Spongy absorbing Mesophyll photosynthetic layer of the leaf. b) The spongy layer- has many spaces that allow for the reactants - H2O and CO2  Leaf Structure:How does the reactant CO2 get to the photosynthetic tissues? Cuticle 4. Stomata Guard cell Epidermis a) “Mouths” Stoma Palisade Pores in the Mesophyll epidermis which CO2 enters and O2 Spongy exits. Mesophyll - Found in both epidermis of - land plants. Epidermis - anf aquatic. - b) Guard cells are found on either side of a stoma. Their function CO2 in O2 out is to open and close the stoma.  Leaf Structure: How does the reactant CO2 get to the photosynthetic tissues? Cuticle Guard cell Stoma Palisade Mesophyll Stomata Spongy c) This is a source of Mesophyll water loss from the plant. The stomata must open to let carbon dioxide into the leaf, but when they are open, water will H 2O CO2 in escape the leaf.  Stomata- – Stoma means mouth CO2 and O2 _ As water vapor evaporates from stomata it “pulls” (H bonds) on water in the xylem vessels. ( veins) Turgid Flaccid  What is the role of stomata in transpiration?. Leaf Structure: How do the reactants CO2 & H2O get to the photosynthetic factory? Water enters through the roots- Travels up xylem by capillary action/ adhesion and cohesion. BUT- need more than capillary action to get to the leaves. - Evapotranspiration of water from the stomata is the “pull” that draws water upward.  1 acre of corn gives of 3000-4000 gallons/day One large oak 40,000 gallons /year ”1 acre of trees annually consumes the amount of CO2 = to that produced by driving an average car for 26,000 miles. “ How did God design autotrophs to carry out photosynthesis? Where does photosynthesis occur? I can describe where the process of photosynthesis takes place. C. Leaf Structure Photosynthetic Organelle- Chloroplast Mesophyll layers _. are the main photosynthetic tissues. C. Structure of Chloroplasts: photosynthetic organelle 1. There are about half a million chloroplasts per square millimeter of leaf surface. C. Leaf Structure Photosynthetic Organelle- Chloroplast Inner Outer membrane Thylakoid membrane 2.It has a double membrane __________ separated by a space between the two membranes. 3. The _________, thylakoids Grana (Granum) in the interior of the chloroplasts, make a third Stroma membrane system. 4. Big stacks of thylakoids are called___.grana 5. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll and other pigments 6. Surrounding the thylakoids is a dense solution stroma called the ______.  D. The Thylakoids 1. Thylakoid: The structural unit of photosynthesis. 2. The thylakoids take the form of flattened sacs or vesicles. 3. Chlorophyll molecules and other pigments ___________________ are built into the thylakoid membrane. These chlorophyll molecules capture the light energy from the sun _________________________. E.Inside the chloroplast-- a closer look at the thylakoid membrane…… 1._____________ Photosynthesis takes place inside the chloroplasts. 2. Chlorophylls and other pigments are clustered together and embedded in the thylakoid membrane. Thylakoid membrane Photosystem 3. These clusters of pigments are calledphotosystems ____________. These are the _________________ light collecting units of the chloroplast. or the “combines”  Light and Pigments Less than 1% of the energy from the sun! The electromagnetic spectrum is the entire range of energy radiated outward from _______. the sun visible light atmosphere acts as a selective window that allows __________ The ___________ to pass through while screening out a substantial fraction of other radiation. This visible light is the radiation that drives _____________. photosynthesis  The colors of the visible spectrum are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, ROY G. BIV indigo, and violet.  F. Pigments 1.Plants absorb the sun’s energy with light absorbing pigments. 2. A pigment is … … any substance that absorbs light. 3. Different pigments absorb light of different wavelengths, and the wavelengths that are absorbed disappear. Some wavelengths of light are reflected by a pigment, rather than absorbed. The colors we see are the wavelengths of light that are... … being reflected by a pigment.  4. Plant cells contain pigments of many different colors, but the principal photosynthetic pigment is chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the green pigment contained in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.  6. There are two main kinds of chlorophyll: a) chlorophyll-A: Reflects b) chlorophyll-B: Reflects 7. When chlorophyll absorbs light energy is ___________, transferred directly to electrons ________ in the chlorophyll molecule. This raises the energy level of these electrons. These high-energy electrons make photosynthesis work.  Chlorophyll is able to ______ absorb all of the colors of the visible spectrum green except ______. Chlorophyll _______ reflects green light. Therefore, chlorophyll appears _____ green to our eye. What wavelengths of light are best absorbed by chlorophyll? Around 425 nm and 660 nm What wavelengths of light are least absorbed by chlorophyll? Around 450 nm to 650 nm Why do leaves change color? Let’s summarize! Where does photosynthesis take place? Autotrophs Leaves Mesophyll tissue Chloroplasts Stroma Thylakoids Photosystems Main pigments - Chlorophyll -A blue-green --dark green - Chlorophyll -B yellow – green (light green) in color Accessory pigments 1.Anthocyanin 2.Carotenoids Xanthophyll Carotene 9. Function of pigments is to absorb light energy from the sun and transfer it to excited electrons in the chlorophyll molecule generating electricity!!! Energy is neither created or destroyed, just changes forms! Sun---> Electricity!  G. Electron Carriers 1.When sunlight hits the molecules of chlorophyll, the ________ electrons in the chlorophyll molecules become very _______. excited Excited electrons are electrons that have gained a great deal of energy. 2. These high-energy electrons need a ______. carrier Cells use electron carriers to transport ___________________ high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules. 3. An electron carrier is a compound that can accept a pair of high-energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy to another molecule. This process is called ________________ electron transport and the electron carriers are known as the _____________________. electron transport chain  4. One of these electron carriers is NADP+ known as ______. NADP+ accepts and holds: 2 high-energy electrons along with a hydrogen ion (H+). NADP+ This converts ______ into _______. NADPH 5. NADPH will carry these high-energy electrons to chemical reactions elsewhere in the chloroplast. 6. These high-energy electrons will be used to build molecules of glucose __________________.  7. NADP+ acts like a “wire” carrying electricity. 2. Energy is neither created or destroyed, just changes forms! 3. Light----> electricity (moving electrons)----> Chemical energy) NADPH  Driving Question: How did God design the process of photosynthesis to make “grass grow for the cattle and plants for people to cultivate bringing forth food from the earth. Learning targets: I can grow in awe and wonder of the all wise Creator. I can analyze, interpret and explain models of light dependent reactions LDR. I can explain the energy transformation that occur in the LDR. I can explain the importance of the reactant water in the photosynthetic process. I can describe the purpose of the light dependent reactions. How does the process of photosynthesis work? The Stages of Photosynthesis - An Overview A. Photosynthesis takes place in two stages: 1. The Light 2. The Light Dependent Independent Reaction Reaction a)Also called the Calvin cycle. b)The light independent a)The light dependent reactions take place in the: reactions take place stroma - the region outside within the of the thylakoids. thylakoid membranes __________________.  H 2O CO2 Light NADP+ ADP Calvin Stroma Light P Cycle Dependent Light Grana Reactions Independent ATP NADPH Chloroplast O2 C6H12O6  C. Light dependent reactions ( LDR): A look at the photosystems 1. ROLE OF WATER? 2. TWO FORMS OF ENERGY? 3. BYPRODUCT OF LDR? D. The Light Dependent Reactions: A Look at the Photosystems Photosystem II Photosystem I First, let’s label each photosystem. There are two photosystems: photosystem I and photosystem II.  D. The Light Dependent Reactions: A Look at the Photosystems Chlorophyll molecules Chlorophyll molecules Photosystem II Photosystem I 1.Photosystem:A collection of pigment molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane that collects light.  Ele electron ctr on acceptor tra ns po rt ch ain Light e− e− Photosystem II Photosystem I 2. Pigments in photosystem II absorb light. The light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll ________, electrons increasing their energy level. These high-energy electrons are passed to the electron transport chain.  Ele electron ctr H 20 on acceptor tra ns e−e− po O2 rt ch ain e− Light e− Photosystem II Photosystem I 3 The electrons that were ____ lost must now be ________. replaced ________ Enzymes in the thylakoid membrane break apart ______ water 2 electrons, 2 H+ ions, and 1 oxygen atom molecules into ___________________________________. These electrons replace the high-energy electrons that chlorophyll has lost to the electron transport chain.  electron Ele ctr H 20 acceptor on tra ns e−e− po O2 rt ch ain Light e− e− Photosystem II Photosystem I The ______ oxygen is considered a waste product and is released into the ___. air water This splitting apart of molecules is responsible for nearly all of the oxygen in our atmosphere. The hydrogen ions from the water are released inside the thylakoid. thylakoid. Ele electron ctr e H 20 on acceptor pr ot tra ein ns e−e− po O2 pr rt ch ot ain ein pr ot ein Light e− e− ATP Photosystem II Photosystem I 4. The high-energy electrons move through the electron photosystem II to photosystem I transport chain from ____________________________. As the electrons are passed down the electron transport H+ chain, protein molecules pump free)_______ into the ________________ Thylakoid space creating a concentration gradient H+ ______move through ATP synthase.enzyme. This provides ADP to _________. the energy to recharge _______ ATP  ATP Synthase God's energy maker.  Ele El electron ctr electron tra ectr on ns on H 20 acceptor pr ot tra acceptor ch por ein ns ain t O2 po rt protein H+ pr ot ch e− − ein ain e NADP+ pr ot ein Light NADPH e− e− e−e− Light ATP Photosystem II Photosystem I 5. The __________ chlorophyllmolecules in ____________ photosystem I absorb energy from the sun and use it to re-energize the electrons. + NADP The electron carrier ______ picks up these + H high-energy electrons, along with a ___ to form _______. NADPH  This is a complicated process so let’s not lose sight of the big picture: 6 The purpose of the light dependent reactions is to produce ATP and NADPH that are needed for the light independent reactions. 7 Water molecules are continuously ____. split The _________ hydrogen will oxygen is released to the accumulate inside the thylakoid. The _______ atmosphere. 8. This takes place along thethylakoid _________ membrane. 9. The light dependent reactions pass electrons continuously from water to NADPH. 10. The two photosystems work together using the light energy from the sun to produce ______________. ATP and NADPH Light dependent reactions ( LDR) ROLE OF WATER? TWO FORMS OF ENERGY? BYPRODUCT OF LDR?  ENERGY TRANSFER O2 RECAP? H 2O Light Reactions LIGHT→ ELECTRICITY→ NADPH --->H+ flowing(kinetic NADPH NADP+ ATP ADP energy)--->ATP CO2 Calvin Cycle SUGAR  Driving Question: How did God design the process of photosynthesis to make “grass grow for the cattle and plants for people to cultivate bringing forth food from the earth. Learning targets: I can grow in awe and wonder of the all wise Creator. I can analyze, interpret and explain models of light independent reactions (LIR). I can explain the energy transformation that occur in the LIR. I can describe the purpose of the LIR.  E. The Calvin Cycle This set of reactions may be called Melvin Calvin, by several names: Nobel Laureate of 1961 The Carbon fixation or the Light Independent Reactions. This occurs in the ______ stroma of the chloroplast. The purpose of this stage is to take ____________ carbon dioxide and the high-energy products from the light reaction NADPH and ATP and make _______ (______________) glucose molecules.  Steps of the Calvin Cycle 6CO2 1. _____________ Carbon dioxide is obtained from the atmosphere. It enters the leaf through the pores in the leaf called _______. stomata  6CO2 Five-carbon RuBP combines with CO2 6 RuBP 2. The carbon from carbon _____________ dioxide is combined with a 5-carbon sugar called _________________________. RuBP by and exzyme called Rubisco This is referred to as carbon fixation.  6 CO2 Five-carbon RuBP A very unstable 6-carbon combines with CO2 compound is formed. The 6-C compound breaks apart 6 RuBP into two molecules of PGA 12 PGA 3. This forms a very unstable 6-carbon compound that immediately breaks apart into 2 molecules of PGA , a three-carbon compound.  6CO2 Five-carbon RuBP A very unstable 6-carbon combines with CO2 compound is formed. The 6-C compound breaks apart RuBP into two molecules of PGA 12PGA 12ATP 12ADP 12NADPH 12NADP+ 12G3P 4. A series of reactions involving ______________ ATP and NADPH converts a molecule of _____ PGA into _____. G3P G3P is also a three-carbon compound.  6 CO2 Five-carbon RuBP A very unstable 6-carbon combines with CO2 compound is formed. The 6-C compound breaks apart 6 RuBP into two molecules of PGA 12PGA 12ATP 6 ADP 12ADP 12NADPH 6 ATP 12NADP+ 10 G3P 12 G3P The remaining G3P molecules are Two G3P are removed from the cycle. converted back to RuBP to be used in G3P G3P C6H12O6 the next cycle. 5. There are 2 possibilities for the G3P: a) Two molecules of G3P are combined together to form a molecule of glucose. b) The remaining G3P is converted by a series of reactions into more RuBP so that the reaction can occur again. Purpose of the Calvin cycle? Incorporate carbon dioxide and transfer the energy from ATP and NADPH from LDR to form high energy sugar molecules like glucose! Energy is neither created or destroyed, changes forms. Light energy to ___________ then to ________, _________ions flow through _______ synthase catalyzing the recharging of _____ to ________. This chemical energy is transferred to make __________ and then two _____combine to make ____________  3 parts 1. Carbon Fixation CO2 combines with RuBP 2. Reduction phase Oxidation- give up electron Reduction- Gain electrons PGA-carbon compound reduced- ATP and NADPH “spent”- oxidized 1 G3P used to make ½ glucose ( Energy is loaded onto carbon compounds 3. Regeneration Phase ATP is spent to reorganize the rest of G3P to reform RUBP, so Plants use these G3P, and nutrients like NH4+ & Phosphates, NO3_ from soil or water to build other organic molecules, protein, lipids and DNA. G3P Photosynthesis Recap by the Amoeba sisters.  Driving Question: What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis. Learning targets: I can explain the factors that affect photosynthesis. I can begin to understand how herbicides interfere with the photosynthetic process. Factors Affecting the Rate of Photosynthesis Water is required in the light Water dependent reactions. Water is obtained from the ground by the roots. A shortage of water in the ground can slow or stop photosynthesis. In order to prevent water loss from the plant, plants are covered with a waxy cuticle. Temperature The process of photosynthesis depends upon the action of enzymes. Enzymes work the best at temperatures between 0°C and 35°C. Temperatures above or below this range may damage the enzymes and prevent them from functioning. At very low or very high temperatures, photosynthesis may stop entirely. Light IntensityIncreasing the light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis.  Herbicides 2,4-D , Banvel, Tordon and Paramount.- mimic plant hormones… destroy cell walls. Atrazine --Photosystem II inhibitors reduce the flow of electrons from one chemical to another during the process of converting light energy into food through photosynthesis. Roundup or glyphosate inhibitors kill all kinds of plants (grasses and broadleaves) by disrupting the plant's ability to synthesize critical amino acids like tryptophan. Arsenal, Pursuit, Ally, Beacon, Peak, Everest and Python inhibitors also attack a plant's ability to synthesize important amino acids and DNA synthesis. , Plants starve to death. ACCase inhibitors kill only grasses. ACCase is an enzyme that is needed in the first steps of the lipid formation process in grasses. Trade names include Discovery, Hoelon, Acclaim, Fusilade and Select.  Energy Transformation in Photosynthesis! Light energy to electricity NADPH, _________ ___________ then to ________, H+ ATP synthase catalyzing flow through _______ G3P ADP to ________. the recharging of _____ ATP This chemical energy is transferred to make __________ and G3P then two _____combine Glucose to make ____________ To sum it all up: Photosynthesis is a part of God’s story! Psalm 104 He makes grass grow and plants for people to cultivate bringing forth food from the earth. All creatures look to you to give them their food at the proper time. When you give it to them, they gather it up; when you open your hand, they are satisfied with good things.  Oh Worship the King O worship the King, all glorious above, O gratefully sing His wonderful love; O tell of His might, O sing of His grace, Thy bountiful care, what tongue can recite? It breathes in the air, it shines in the light;