Botany Notes PDF

BOTANY BY Prof. Dr.Mervat Edward Sorial  THE SE E DS & G E RM I NAT I O N  PLANT MORPHOLOGY The science that studies the external appearance of plants. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  I N T RO D U C T I O N The main branches of Botany are: 1. Plant syst...

BOTANY BY Prof. Dr.Mervat Edward Sorial  THE SE E DS & G E RM I NAT I O N  PLANT MORPHOLOGY The science that studies the external appearance of plants. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  I N T RO D U C T I O N The main branches of Botany are: 1. Plant systematics - classification and naming of plants. 2. Plant morphology - structure and form of plants. 3. Plant anatomy – a structure of plant cells and tissues. 4. Plant embryology - development of generative and embryological structures. 5. Plant cytology - cell structure and functions.  6. Plant physiology - life functions of plants. 7. Plant biochemistry - chemical processes of metabolism. 8. Plant genetics - genetic inheritance in plants. 9. Plant geography - the study of plant distributions. 10. Plant ecology - role and function of plants in the environment. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  P L A N T M O RP H O L O G Y The study of the physical form and external structures of a plant. Helps you understand a plant’s functions and habitat preferences and how best to grow it. Helps you recognize plant families. Plants within a certain plant family typically share a suite of – morphological characteristics. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  Plant Morphology …then look at each organ from the ground up: Roots Stems Leaves Flowers Fruits Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  PA R T S O F A F L O W E R I N G PLANT 1- Any common flowering plant consists of a long cylindrical axis which is differentiated into an underground root system and an aerial shoot system. 2- The shoot system has a stem, a system of branches and leaves. 3- The root system consists of the root and its lateral branches. 4-Root, stem, and leaves together constitute the vegetative organs of the plant body and they do not take part in the process of reproduction. 5-The flowering plants on attaining maturity produce flowers, fruits, and seeds. These are called the reproductive organs of the plant. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial M O R P H O L O G Y O F F L O W E R I N G P L A N T S O R ANGIOSPERMS. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  A F L OW E R ,sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). Flowers produce gametophytes, which in flowering plants consist of a few haploid cells which produce gametes. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial PA RT S O F F L OW E R ( V I D I O ) https://ar.warbletoncouncil.org/partes-de-la-flor-4037 Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Basically, each flower consists of a floral axis upon which are borne the essential organs of reproduction (stamens and pistils) and usually accessory organs (sepals and petals); the latter may serve to both attract pollinating insects and protect the essential organs. The floral axis is a greatly modified stem; unlike vegetative stems, which bear leaves, it is usually contracted, so that the parts of the flower are crowded together on the stem tip, the receptacle. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Ovary, in botany, enlarged basal portion of the pistil, the female organ of a flower. The ovary contains ovules, which develop into seeds upon fertilization. The ovary itself will mature into a fruit, either dry or fleshy, enclosing the seeds. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  There are two chief kinds of pollination: (1) self- pollination, the pollination of a stigma by pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant; and. Self-pollination occurs in many species, but in the others, perhaps the majority, it is prevented by such adaptations as the structure of the flower, self-incompatibility, and the maturation of stamens and pistils of the same flower or plant at different times.  (2)cross-pollination, the transfer of pollen from the anther of a flower of one plant to the stigma of the flower of another plant of the same species Cross-pollination may be brought about by several agents, chiefly insects and wind.  Fertilization:- After a pollen grain has reached the stigma, it germinates, and a pollen tube protrudes from it. This tube, containing two male gametes (sperms), extends into the ovary and reaches the ovule, discharging its gametes so that one fertilizes the egg cell, which becomes an embryo, and the other joins with two polar nuclei to form the endosperm. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  Fertilization Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Seed definition, the fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant, containing an embryo or rudimentary plant. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  1- After fertilization in the flower, the ovule gets transformed into the seed. 2- The outer integument of the ovule becomes Testa and the inner integument becomes Tagmen. 3- Testa and Tagmen are the two layers of the seed coat. 4-The outer layer of the seed coat is Testa which is very tough and the inner layer of the seed coat is Tagmen which is very delicate. Hence, integuments get transformed into the seed coat. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  Endospermic Seeds = Testa +Emberue +Endosperm. Non endospermic Seeds = Testa +Emberue +Stored food Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  A seed starting to grow the process of seed starting to grow, or the act of causing a seed to start growing: Good soil moisture is required for seed germination. The cold and frost of winter weather helps to stimulate germination. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial.(Top) Monocotyledon (internal structures of a corn seed with stages of germination). (Bottom) Dicotyledon (internal structures of a bean seed with stages of germination). Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  Hypogeal germination Germination :-In peas and corn (maize) the cotyledons (seed leaves) remain underground (e.g., hypogeal germination), Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  Epigeal germination while in other species (beans, sunflowers, etc.) the hypocotyl (embryonic stem) grows several inches above the ground, carrying the cotyledons into the light, in which they become green and often leaflike. Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial ‫ا ع د ا د ‪ /‬أ ‪.‬د ‪.‬م ر ف ت ا د و ا ر د س و لاير‬ G E RM I N A T I O N https://youtu.be/taaiH3XdSxw Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial W H A T I S T H E D I F F E RE N C E S B E T W E E N : - Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial W H A T I S T H E D I F F E RE N C E B E T W E E N : - Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial W H AT I S T H E D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N : - Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial  A NS W E R T HE F OLW I NG : - 1- what is the meaning of :- 2-- Plant Morphology. 3-Pollination. 4- Fertilization. Deffine with drowing :- 1- seed structure. Ovule structure. What the differences between each the following :- Hypocotyle and epicotile germination. Endospermic and exendospermic seeds Seed and grain.  THANK YOU n-gl.com Prof.Dr. Mervat E.Sorial