Biotechnology Module 1: Introduction PDF

Mikhaila Rae S. Garcia 1 AB COMM Module 1: Introduction to Biotechnology History and Scope of Biotechnology BIOTECHNOLOGY Science of using living organisms, or its products, for human benefit Technological application of biological materials such as; enzymes, DNA/RNA, tissues/cells,mi...

Mikhaila Rae S. Garcia 1 AB COMM Module 1: Introduction to Biotechnology History and Scope of Biotechnology BIOTECHNOLOGY Science of using living organisms, or its products, for human benefit Technological application of biological materials such as; enzymes, DNA/RNA, tissues/cells,micro-organism NON-GENE BIOTECHNOLOGY Most popular practice Works with whole cells, tissues, or organisms Fermentation, plant tissue culture, immunochemistry GENE BIOTECHNOLOGY Transfer of genes from one gene to another ANCIENT BIOTECHNOLOGY 8000-2000 BC Focused on food and domestication Ex. Selective breeding, alcohol, yoghurt, ancient medicine CLASSICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1800 - 1900 AD Ex. Law of Inheritance (Mendel), Theory of Evolution (Darwin), Nucleus in cells (Robert Brown), Vaccine for Smallpox & Rabies MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY 1900 AD +++ Ex. Double helix model of DNA, Insulin, CRISPR-Cas9, Biotechnology BIOTECHNOLOGY = MULTIDISCIPLINARY Roots of biotechnology are from basic sciences ○ Math, computer science, chemistry, statistics, physics, etc. Applying different fields creates the discipline of bioinformatics ○ A scientific method which is used in understanding biological data Used in drug development, agriculture, pharmacy, detection, environmental and aquatic needs, and regulatory approval.oversight [DANGERS] SOME PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY A. Endanger existence of some species Existing species can be overrun by more dominant new species. B. Bioweapons Disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or kill humans, animals or plants C. Risks to health Cancer Risks, Horizontal Gene Transfer, Allergenic Potential D. Imbalance to the ecosystem Loss of genetic diversity of crops Mikhaila Rae S. Garcia 1 AB COMM [BENEFICIAL] SOME PRODUCTS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY A. Fermentation One of the oldest forms of biotechnology Yeast decomposes sugar to derive energy, having ethanol (alcohol) as a waste product ○ Yeast is added to bread as a raising agent. Alcohol gets cooked-off (evaporates) during the baking process B. Selective Breeding Purposely mating two different organisms with desirable features to create an offspring with combined desirable features Mules are from donkeys and horses C. Antibiotics Substances provided by microorganisms that will hinder the growth of other microorganisms They work by killing the bacteria or by making it hard for the bacteria to grow and multiply Penicillin by Alexander Flemming ○ Treats bacterial infections like strep throat, ear infections and urinary tract infections. They work by attaching to and damaging the cell walls of bacteria. ○ Large-scale production was during 1940 D. Gene Cloning Ability to identify and reproduce a gene of interest E. Gene Engineering Manipulating the DNA of an organism through the process called recombinant DNA (rDNA) ○ Combining of DNA from different sources to create new combination of alleles (alternative form of genes) ○ Credited to be the beginning of modern biotechnology ○ Human growth hormones, insulin, blood-clotting factors HUMAN GENOME PROJECT Ran from 1990-2003; initiated by Francis Collins, with the support from the US Department of Energy and National Institutes of Health (NIH) Ultimate cloning project with the goal of; 1. Identifying and sequencing all genes contained in the DNA of human cells (genome) and; 2. Mapping gene location to each 24 human chromosomes Was able to reveal chromosomal location and sequence of every human gene (hair color, weight, height, human genetic diseases) Advanced the development to diagnostic tools and approaches for treatment ○ Paved the way for genomics Genomics is the research in molecular biology and genetics Made CRISPR-Cas9 possible Mikhaila Rae S. Garcia 1 AB COMM Corrector of genetic diseases 1998 - Private sector, Celera Genomics, headed by American biochemist and former NIH scientist J. Craig Venter, began to compete with and potentially undermine the publicly funded HGP ○ Rivalry ended when NIH and Celera joined forces, thus speeding up the completion of the first draft sequence of the human genome CALGENE Founded in the 1980s by Sol J. Barer FLAVR SAVR TOMATO Developed by Calgene in 1994 First genetically altered/engineered/modified crop ○ Delayed the ripening/rotting process of the tomato First GMO crop to be commercially grown and granted license for human consumption GENENTECH Californian biotechnology company by Herbert Boyer (1982) First biotechnological company Received approval for recombinant insulin, used for the treatment of diabetes ○ First biotechnology product for human benefit “Our transformational discoveries include the first targeted antibody for cancer and the first medicine for primary progressive multiple sclerosis.” SOMATOSTATIN First genetic engineering First expression of a human gene in a bacteria A synthetic, recombinant gene was used to clone a protein CETUS 1971-1991 by Ronald E. Cape, Peter Farley, and Donald Glaser PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique used in the lab to make millions of copies (amplifying) of a particular section of DNA MERCK George Merck 1890s CORTISONE 1950 - developed by Lewis Sarett Suppressor of various elements of the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling Used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic fever, and other chronic diseases which were often fatal and for which there was no known effective treatment Mikhaila Rae S. Garcia 1 AB COMM PFIZER-BIONTECH Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart (1849) Largest product by sales are the Pfizer-BioNtech CoViD-19 vaccine, apixaban, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine NOTABLE PEOPLE A. Karl Erkey Coined the term ‘biotechnology” (1919) B. Louis Pasteur Father of biotechnology and fermentation ○ Proved that fermentation was the result of microbial activity ○ Bacteria causes wine to spoil resulting in vinegar Discovered pasteurization Inactivated vaccine (rabies) C. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Father of microbiology Used single-lens microscopes to observe bacteria and protozoa Disapproved the theory of spontaneous generation ○ A theory which states that living organisms emerge from non-living organisms D. Gregor Mendel Father of genetics cross -pollinated pea plants and discovered basic principles of heredity E. Linus Pauling Father of molecular biology and molecular genetics Discovered sickle cell anemia as a “molecular disease” Thought that the DNA was a triple-helix F. Paul Burg Father of genetic engineering Did the first recombination of DNA under in vitro conditions in a test tube ○ Combining of DNA from different sources His work helped in studying the structure of virus chromosomes and the biochemical basis of human genes G. Dr. Edward Jenner Created the first successful vaccine Inoculated people with cowpox to make them immune against smallpox H. Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution I. Thomas Hunt Morgan Elucidated the role that chromosomes play in heredity J. Alexander Flemming Managed to extract penicillin from mold K. Maurice Wilkings and Rosalind Franklin X-Ray diffraction photo of DNA Mikhaila Rae S. Garcia 1 AB COMM ○ Central to the understanding the molecular structures of DNA L. James Watson and Francis Crick Discovery of DNA Double Helix Structure Francis Crick postulated the Central Dogma ○ Central dogma of molecular biology deals with the flow of genetic information within a biological system ○ He theorized that information does not flow from proteins to nucleic acids. M. Georges Mathé Performed the first stem cell transplantation of bone marrow grafts to save six nuclear researchers who were accidentally exposed to radiation N. Ernest McCulloch and James Till Defined the key properties of stem cell O. Marshall Nirenberg Deciphered the genetic code P. Werner Arber Restriction Enzyme Observed a dramatic change in the bacteriophage DNA after it invaded resistant strains of bacteria. It was degraded and cut into pieces Q. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen Invented the method of cloning genetically engineered molecules in foreign cells R. Fredrick Sanger Sanger DNA Sequencing First DNA Sequencing Method S. Kary Mullis 1985 - worked with Saiki and Erlich on a paper for the invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) invention T. Alec Jeffreys Discovered the technique of genetic fingerprinting in a laboratory in the Department of Genetics at the University of Leicester U. R. Michael Blaese, W. French Anderson, and Kenneth Culver Performed the first approved gene therapy ○ 4-year-old girl born with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) V. Drew Weissman and Katalin Kariko mRNA vaccine