Bios 251 Online Exam 2 Review PDF

Bios 251 Online Exam 2 Review Hosted by Dr. Dalia Samaan Chemical Reactions in the Body Metabolism The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body Two categories of chemical reactions Synthesis reactions (Anabolism) Building of molecules (from small and simple to l...

Bios 251 Online Exam 2 Review Hosted by Dr. Dalia Samaan Chemical Reactions in the Body Metabolism The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body Two categories of chemical reactions Synthesis reactions (Anabolism) Building of molecules (from small and simple to large and complex) Decomposition reactions (Catabolism) Break down of molecules (from large and complex to small and simple Cellular Respiration A set of metabolic reactions that take place in cells Converts (breaks down) glucose into energy (ATP) Aerobic respiration requires Oxygen  Cell Structure and Cellular Organelles The cell can be subdivided into 2 parts: 1.Plasma (cell) membrane 2.Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles (including the nucleus)  Structure of the Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane defines the boundaries of the cell Barrier between the cell and its surrounding environment Intracellular Fluid (ICF) = Fluid inside cell Extracellular Fluid (ECF) = Fluid outside of cell Note the PHOSPHOLI PID BYLAYER  The Fluid Mosaic Model The phospholipid bilayer contains two hydrophobic fatty acid chains that are attached to a hydrophilic head  Structure of the Plasma Membrane Two types of membrane proteins Integral (transmembrane) proteins Amphipathic Span the entire depth of the plasma membrane Do not dissociate from membrane Peripheral proteins Located on the outside of the plasma membrane Can dissociate from membrane Structure of the Plasma Membrane Membrane proteins serve MANY functions  Structure of the Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane is selectively permeable Bilayer is always permeable to SMALL, NONPOLAR, UNCHARGED molecules Functions of the Plasma Membrane Defines the boundaries of the cell Separation of ICF and ECF Provides structural support for the cell Provides protection for the cell Regulates the transport of substances into and out of the cell Monitor and detect changes in the ECF Let’s Test Our Knowledge!!! The gel like fluid inside of a cell is know as the ______________. The gel like fluid inside of a cell is know as the cytosol. Which of the following are functions of the plasma membrane? (Select all that apply) A. Defines the boundaries of the cell B. It provides structural support to the cell C. It maintains heat inside the cell D. It uses various mechanisms to regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell E. It acts as the control center of the cell F. It detects chemical changes in the ECF Which of the following are functions of the plasma membrane? (Select all that apply) A. Defines the boundaries of the cell B. It provides structural support to the cell C. It maintains heat inside the cell D. It uses various mechanisms to regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell E. It acts as the control center of the cell F. It detects chemical changes in the ECF Which of the following molecules make up the plasma membrane? A. Connective tissue B. Nucleic acids C. Phospholipids D. DNA E. Ribose Which of the following molecules make up the plasma membrane? A. Connective tissue B. Nucleic acids C. Phospholipids D. DNA E. Ribose  What do we call a chemical reaction whereby something is built?  Synthesis (anabolism)  What do we call a chemical reaction whereby something is broken down? Catabolism What is the term used to describe the SUM of ALL chemical reactions in the body? Metabolism  Match the membrane protein with the correct description. Amphipathic Also known as Integral transmembrane proteins proteins Easily dissociate from the plasma membrane Span the entire depth of Peripheral the plasma membrane Typically found on the proteins outside of the membrane  Match the membrane protein with the correct description. Amphipathic Also known as Integral transmembrane proteins proteins Easily dissociate from the plasma membrane Span the entire depth of Peripheral the plasma membrane Typically found on the proteins outside of the membrane During aerobic cellular respiration, _________ is broken down to produce energy. A. Amino Acid B. Cellulose C. Oxygen D. Glucose E. Water During aerobic cellular respiration, _________ is broken down to produce energy. A. Amino Acid B. Cellulose C. Oxygen D. Glucose E. Water Which of the following is needed in order for aerobic cellular respiration to take place? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Water Which of the following is needed in order for aerobic cellular respiration to take place? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Water Which of the following is a product of aerobic cellular respiration? (Select all that apply) A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Water E. ATP Which of the following is a product of aerobic cellular respiration? (Select all that apply) A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. Nitrogen D. Water E. ATP  Fill in the boxes with the correct reactants and products involved in aerobic cellular respiration.  Fill in the boxes with the correct reactants and products involved in aerobic cellular respiration.  The FIRST step in cellular respiration is known as _________, and this occurs in the _________.  The FIRST step in cellular respiration is known as glycolysis, and this occurs in the cytosol. Which of the following is NOT considered an integral (transmembrane) protein? A. An enzyme B. A channel C. Cytochrome C D. A receptor Which of the following is NOT considered an integral (transmembrane) protein? A. An Enzyme B. A channel C. Cytochrome C D. A receptor The Krebs cycle occurs in the ____________. The Krebs cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.  Gradients Across the Plasma Membrane A concentration gradient is the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other  Transport Across the Plasma Membrane Transport processes that move substances across the plasma membrane Passive processes (does NOT require energy) Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active processes (requires energy) Active transport Vesicular transport Passive Processes Simple diffusion Substances move from area of HIGH concentration to area of LOW concentration Substances move DOWN their concentration gradient Examples: Gases Hydrophobic molecules Small, uncharged molecules Passive Processes Facilitated diffusion Same as simple diffusion, but with the help of transmembrane proteins or channels Examples: Glucose Amino acids Some ions Passive Processes Osmosis Movement of WATER (solvent) in cases where the substance CANNOT penetrate through the membrane Water will go from the area of HIGH concentration of WATER to are of LOW concentration of WATER Remember that this involves the movement of WATER molecules (or solvent); NOT the movement of particles!!! Passive Processes Tonicity Tonicity of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of cells If particles are unable to equalize themselves across a membrane, water will be forced to move, in an attempt to equalize concentrations on either side of the membrane Tonicity Isotonic solution has an equal number of nonpenetrating molecules to the reference solution (inside of the cell) NO movement of water Result  Cell maintains its shape and does not change Tonicity Hypotonic solution has less nonpenetrating molecules than the reference solution (inside of the cell) Water flows into the cell Result  Cell swells and possibly lyses Tonicity Hypertonic solution has more nonpenetrating molecules than the reference solution (inside of the cell) Water flows out of the cell Result  Cell shrinks or shrivels (crenation) Active Processes Requires energy Typically moves substances against their concentration gradient Examples: Primary active transport such as Na+/K+ pumps Secondary active transport such as sodium linked glucose pumps Endocytosis Any type of vesicular transport Exocytosis Phagocytosis  Active Processes Endocytosis – vesicles outside of the cell fuse with the plasma membrane, allowing contents to go into the cell Exocytosis – vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane, allowing contents to be discharged out of the cell Summary of Transport Mechanisms Summary of Transport Mechanisms Let’s Test Our Knowledge!!!  The difference in the concentration of a chemical on one side of the plasma membrane and the other side is known as the ______________.  The difference in the concentration of a chemical on one side of the plasma membrane and the other side is known as the concentration gradient.  For each of the following, tell me if it is a PASSIVE or ACTIVE transport mechanism! Does NOT require energy Does NOT require energy Passive Transport Endocytosis  Endocytosis Active Transport Simple diffusion Simple diffusion Passive Transport Osmosis  Osmosis Passive Transport Na+/K+ Pump  Na+/K+ Pump Active Transport Facilitated diffusion using a carrier Facilitated diffusion using a carrier Passive Transport Requires energy Requires energy Active Transport Facilitated diffusion using a channel Facilitated diffusion using a channel Passive Transport Movement of a substance AGAINST its concentration gradient Movement of a substance AGAINST its concentration gradient Active Transport Which of the following CANNOT be transported across the plasma membrane via SIMPLE DIFFUSION? A. Uncharged molecules B. Hydrophobic molecules C. Glucose D. Gases E. Very small molecules Which of the following CANNOT be transported across the plasma membrane via SIMPLE DIFFUSION? A. Uncharged molecules B. Hydrophobic molecules C. Glucose D. Gases E. Very small molecules  Match the vesicular transport process with its proper description. Vesicles outside of the cell fuse with the Endocytosisplasma membrane and allow contents to move Exocytosis into the cell Vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and allow contents to move out of the cell  Match the vesicular transport process with its proper description. Vesicles outside of the cell fuse with the Endocytosisplasma membrane and allow contents to move Exocytosis into the cell Vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane and allow contents to move out of the cell Match the tonicity of the solution with the correct phrase. Will cause a cell to shrink Will cause a cell to swell Isotonic Will cause no change to Hypotoni the cell c Has more nonpenetrating substances than the Hyperton reference solution ic Has less nonpenetrating substances than the Match the tonicity of the solution with the correct phrase. Will cause a cell to shrink Will cause a cell to swell Isotonic Will cause no change to Hypotoni the cell c Has more nonpenetrating substances than the Hyperton reference solution ic Has less nonpenetrating substances than the  Cell Structure; Cytoplasm and Organelles The Cytoplasm is also known as the cytosol or the fluid inside the cell The Organelles are the specialized structures that perform  Organelles - Nucleus The Nucleus houses the cell’s DNA The Nucleolus is the site where ribosomal Organelles - Ribosomes Granular organelles that are responsible for protein synthesis  Organelles – Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Forms a series of folds around the nuclear envelope Encloses products into vesicles so Organelles – Golgi Apparatus Receives vesicles from the ER; Then modifies, sorts, and packages newly synthesized proteins so they can be shipped out of the cell Organelles – Mitochondria Function in the production of ENERGY (ATP) for the cell “Powerhouse” of the cell Organelles – Lysosomes and Peroxisomes Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that function in the breakdown or digestion of foreign debris Peroxisomes: Contain enzymes that function in lipid metabolism Let’s Test Our Knowledge!!! Name the cellular organelle!!! The POWERHOUSE of the cell The POWERHOUSE of the cell Mitochondria Where DNA replication takes place Where DNA replication takes place Nucleus  Contains enzymes that digestion of foreign debris  Contains enzymes that digestion of foreign debris Lysosomes Contains enzymes that breakdown lipids Contains enzymes that breakdown lipids Peroxisomes Encloses products into vesicles so they can be shipped out of the cell Encloses products into vesicles so they can be shipped out of the cell Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) The cell’s “protein factory” The cell’s “protein factory” Ribosomes Site where ribosomal components are made Site where ribosomal components are made Nucleolus Modifies, sorts, and packages newly made proteins Modifies, sorts, and packages newly made proteins Golgi Apparatus The Cell Cycle Four phases G1 phase – cell grows in preparation for DNA replication S phase – DNA replication G2 phase – cells prepares for Mitosis – division of ALL cells Prophase – Chromatin condenses into chromosomes Metaphase – Chromatids lie along midline of cell Anaphase – sister chromatids Mitosis – division of ALL cells Telophase – Mitotic spindle disappears, and new nuclear envelope appears at each pole EACH cell will give rise to an identical daughter cell that is diploid (two copies of Meiosis The cellular division of SEX cells DNA is replicated ONCE, but cell divides TWICE EACH cell will give rise to two haploid cells Haploid = 23 chromosomes Let’s Test Our Knowledge!!! Match the phase of the cell cycle with the correct description. Cell prepares for G1 phase mitosis S phase Cell grows and G2 phase prepares for DNA Mitosis replication Actual cell division Match the phase of the cell cycle with the correct description. Cell prepares for G1 phase mitosis S phase Cell grows and G2 phase prepares for DNA Mitosis replication Actual cell division Put the stage of MITOSIS in the correct order in which they occur. Anaphase Telophase Prophase Metaphase Put the stage of MITOSIS in the correct order in which they occur. 1. Prophase 2. Metaphas e 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase Match the stage of MITOSIS with the correct description of events. Mitotic spindle Prophase disappears Metaphas Chromatids lie along e Anaphas the midline e Chromatin Telophas condenses into e chromosomes Match the stage of MITOSIS with the correct description of events. Mitotic spindle Prophase disappears Metaphas Chromatids lie along e Anaphas the midline e Chromatin Telophas condenses into e chromosomes Meiosis occurs in ______ cells, while mitosis occurs in ______ cells.  Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells, while mitosis occurs in ALL cells.  Diploid cells have ___________ (number) of chromosomes. Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes.  Haploid cells have ___________ (number) of chromosomes. Haploid cells have 23 chromosomes.  Match the type of cell division with the description. Only occurs in reproductive cells Crossing over of genetic material Mitosis between non-sister chromatids Meiosi Occurs in all cells of the body DNA is replicated once, and cell s divides once DNA is replicated once, and cell divides twice Results in 2 diploid cells Results in 4 haploid cells  Match the type of cell division with the description. Only occurs in reproductive cells Crossing over of genetic material Mitosis between non-sister chromatids Meiosi Occurs in all cells of the body DNA is replicated once, and cell s divides once DNA is replicated once, and cell divides twice Results in 2 diploid cells Results in 4 haploid cells The FOUR Tissue Types 1. Epithelia l 2. Connecti ve 3. Muscular 4. Nervous  Epithelial Tissue Cells are arranged in sheets Cells have an apical side (free side) and a basal side (attached to basement membrane) Covers exposed surfaces of the body Lines internal passageways and organs Classification of Epithelial Tissue Classified according to the shape of the cells and how many layers Classification of Epithelial Tissue Squamou Cuboidal Columnar s Simple X X X Pseudostrati fied X Stratified X X X Transitional Classification of Epithelial Tissue Transitional epithelium changes in appearance as stretching occurs, then recoils back to original shape.  Glandular Epithelium and Their Modes of Secretion Merocrine glands Secretions are released from secretory vesicles via exocytosis at the apical surface Apocrine glands Apical portion of cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed Epithelial Membranes Mucous membranes Lubricate and protect the inside of organs and cavities Serous membranes Reduces friction between organs Cutaneous membranes The skin; covers the surface of the body Synovial membranes Epithelial Cell Junctions Tight Junctions Forms a nearly impermeable barrier Desmosomes Provides strength to tissue that is subject to mechanical stress; resists twisting and stretching Hemidesmosomes Attaches to the cell to the basement membrane Gap Junctions Let’s Test Our Knowledge!!! Which of the following is NOT associated with Epithelial tissue? A. Line hollow organs and structures B. Cells are organized in sheets C. Forms endocrine and exocrine glands D. Stores energy E. Covers exposed surfaces of the body F. Has an apical and basal side Which of the following is NOT associated with Epithelial tissue? A. Line hollow organs and structures B. Cells are organized in sheets C. Forms endocrine and exocrine glands D. Stores energy E. Covers exposed surfaces of the body F. Has an apical and basal side  Match glandular epithelium with the correct mode of secretion. Merocrine Secretions via the glands loss of the apical side of the cell Apocrine glands Secretions via the loss of entire cell Holocrine glands Secretory vesicles release secretions  Match glandular epithelium with the correct mode of secretion. Merocrine Secretions via the glands loss of the apical side of the cell Apocrine glands Secretions via the loss of entire cell Holocrine glands Secretory vesicles release secretions  Which side of epithelial cells is considered “free” and NOT attached to the basal lamina? Apical Which type of epithelium is the most delicate? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Simple columnar D. Transitional epithelium E. Cuboidal epithelium Which type of epithelium is the most delicate? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Simple columnar D. Transitional epithelium E. Cuboidal epithelium Which type of epithelium allows the urinary bladder to stretch as it fills and then recoil back to its original shape once its empty? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Simple columnar D. Transitional epithelium E. Cuboidal epithelium Which type of epithelium allows the urinary bladder to stretch as it fills and then recoil back to its original shape once its empty? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Simple columnar D. Transitional epithelium E. Cuboidal epithelium Which type of epithelium is found in regions of the body where there is significant stress? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Simple columnar D. Transitional epithelium E. Cuboidal epithelium Which type of epithelium is found in regions of the body where there is significant stress? A. Simple squamous B. Stratified squamous C. Simple columnar D. Transitional epithelium E. Cuboidal epithelium The cell junction that provides a nearly impermeable membrane is known as _________ The cell junction that provides a nearly impermeable membrane is known as tight junctions The cell junction that provides strength is known as _________.  The cell junction that provides strength is known as desmosomes.  The cell junction that provides fast and direct communication is known as _________.  The cell junction that provides fast and direct communication is known as gap junctions.  The cell junction that attaches the cell to the basement membrane is known as a ______________.  The cell junction that attaches the cell to the basement membrane is known as a hemidesmosome.  Match epithelial membrane with its correct function. Covers the surface of Mucous membrane the body Serous membrane Provides lubrication between joints Cutaneous Lubricates the inside membrane of organs and cavities Reduces friction Synovial membrane between organs  Match epithelial membrane with its correct function. Covers the surface of Mucous membrane the body Serous membrane Provides lubrication between joints Cutaneous Lubricates the inside membrane of organs and cavities Reduces friction Synovial membrane between organs Connective Tissue The most diverse of all four tissue types Connects the epithelium with the rest of the body Cells do not cover or line, as they do not have any free surfaces Supports other tissues and provides structure (example; bone) Transports materials (example; Connective Tissue Protein Fibers All types of Connective tissues are embedded in an extracellular matrix composed of: Protein fibers Ground substance (a viscous fluid) The specific properties of the matrix Ground Substance determine the specialized function of each connective tissue type Connective Tissue Three major types of protein fibers are found in the extracellular matrix. 1.Collagen fibers Provide strength and support to 2.Reticular fibers tissues 3.Elastic fibers Muscular Tissue Muscle tissue consists of fibers that that function in: Providing motion Maintaining posture Producing heat 3 types of muscle tissue 1.Skeletal muscle 2.Cardiac muscle 3.Smooth muscle  Muscular Tissue Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle Striated Striated Not striated Single nucleus Multinucleated Single nucleus Involuntary Voluntary control Involuntary control control Found in muscles Found Found only in the that we control heart EVERYWHERE ELSE Nervous Tissue Functions of Nervous Tissue Specialized for conducting electrical impulses Rapidly senses internal and/or external environment Processes information and controls responses Neural tissue is concentrated in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) Nervous Tissue  Two kinds of cells: 1. Neurons  Carry sensory and motor information  Electrical impulses for communication  Process information 2. Neuroglia  Protect and support neurons  Repair and supply nutrients to neurons  Nervous Tissue Cell Parts of a Neuron Cell body - Soma Contains the nucleus and nucleolus Dendrites Short branches extending from the cell body Receive incoming signals Axon Long, thin extension of the cell body Carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination Let’s Test Our Knowledge!!! What makes up the extracellular matrix of all connective tissue? (Select all that apply) a.Basement membrane b.Protein fibers c.Apical surface d.Ground substance e.Smooth muscle What makes up the extracellular matrix of all connective tissue? (Select all that apply) a.Basement membrane b.Protein fibers c.Apical surface d.Ground substance e.Smooth muscle Which of the following are the major fiber types that comprise connective tissue? (Select all that apply) a.Tendons b.Bone c.Collagen d.Loose e.Elastic f. Dense g.Reticular Which of the following are the MAJOR FIBER TYPES that comprise connective tissue? (Select all that apply) a.Tendons b.Bone c.Collagen d.Loose e.Elastic f. Dense g.Reticular Name the type of control: skeletal smooth cardiac Name the type of control: skeletal - voluntary smooth - involuntary cardiac - involuntary Which of the following is a NOT a MAIN tissue type? (Select all that apply) A. Connective B. Cardiac C. Simple squamous D. Muscle E. Nervous F. Epithelial G. Skeletal Which of the following is a NOT a MAIN tissue type? (Select all that apply) A. Connective B. Cardiac C. Simple squamous D. Muscle E. Nervous F. Epithelial G. Skeletal Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of tissue? (Select all that apply) A. Epithelial B. Cardiac muscle C. Bone D. Muscle E. Stratified squamous F. Connective G. Blood Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of tissue? (Select all that apply) A. Epithelial B. Cardiac muscle C. Bone D. Muscle E. Stratified squamous F. Connective G. Blood Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of Muscle Tissue? (Select all that apply) A.Hyaline B.Cardiac C.Simple squamous D.Smooth E.Skeletal F.Reticular Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of Muscle Tissue? (Select all that apply) A.Hyaline B.Cardiac C.Simple squamous D.Smooth E.Skeletal F.Reticular Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of Epithelial Tissue? (Select all that apply) A. Stratified squamous B. Adipose C. Bone D. Columnar E. Smooth F. Cuboidal G. Transitional Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of Epithelial Tissue? (Select all that apply) A. Stratified squamous B. Adipose C. Bone D. Columnar E. Smooth F. Cuboidal G. Transitional Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of Connective Tissue? (Select all that apply) A. Pseudostratified B. Adipose C. Blood D. Neurons E. Bone F. Cartilage G. Transitional Which of the following is a SUBTYPE of Connective Tissue? (Select all that apply) A. Pseudostratified B. Adipose C. Blood D. Neurons E. Bone F. Cartilage G. Transitional The nucleus is found in the ________ of a neuron. The nucleus is found in the cell body (soma) of a neuron. The________ of a neuron sends information. The axon of a neuron sends information. The________ of a neuron receives information. The dendrite of a neuron receives information. The most diverse type of tissue is ________. The most diverse type of tissue is connective tissue Name the type of muscle. Name the type of muscle. Skelet al Name the type of muscle. Name the type of muscle. Cardia c Name the type of muscle. Name the type of muscle. Smoot h Name the tissue type that this belongs to!!! Is it Epithelial tissue? Is it Connective tissue? Is it Muscle tissue? Is it Nervous tissue? Bone  Bone Connective Tissue Cardiac  Cardiac Muscle Tissue Neuroglia  Neuroglia Nervous Tissue  Simple Squamous  Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue Hyaline Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Connective Tissue Stratified Cuboidal  Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue Adipose  Adipose Connective Tissue  Stratified Squamous  Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue Smooth  Smooth Muscle Tissue Neurons  Neurons Nervous Tissue Blood  Blood Connective Tissue Transitional  Transitional Epithelial Tissue Skeletal  Skeletal Muscle Tissue Elastic Cartilage Elastic Cartilage Connective Tissue We Got This!!!