Biopsychology, Global Edition, 11th Ed PDF

 Biopsychology ELEVENTH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION John P. J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes University of British Columbia...

 Biopsychology ELEVENTH EDITION GLOBAL EDITION John P. J. Pinel & Steven J. Barnes University of British Columbia Harlow, England London New York Boston San Francisco Toronto Sydney Dubai Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Seoul Taipei New Delhi Cape Town São Paulo Mexico City Madrid Amsterdam Munich Paris Milan A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 1 25/01/2021 11:12 Pearson Education Limited KAO Two KAO Park Hockham Way Harlow Essex CM17 9SR United Kingdom and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsonglobaleditions.com © Pearson Education Limited, 2022 The rights of John P. J. Pinel and Steven Barnes to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Authorized adaptation from the United States edition, entitled Biopsychology, 11th Edition, ISBN 978-0-135-71088- 3 by John P.J. Pinel and Steven J. Barnes, published by Pearson Education © 2021. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a license permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/. All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners. The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners. This eBook is a standalone product and may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. It also does not provide access to other Pearson digital products like MyLab and Mastering. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 10: 1-292-35193-4 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-35193-3 eBook ISBN 13: 978-1-292-36766-8 Typeset in Palatino LT Pro 9.5/13 by SPi Global. eBook formatted by B2R Technologies Pvt. Ltd.  Brief Contents PART ONE What Is Biopsychology? 10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 258 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience 25 Can the Brain Recover from Damage? What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? 11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 287 How Your Brain Stores Information PART TWO Foundations of Biopsychology 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44 PART FIVE Biopsychology of Thinking about the Biology of Behavior Motivation 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 72 12 Hunger, Eating, and Health 316 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Why Do So Many People Eat Too Much? Nervous System 13 Hormones and Sex 344 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa? ­Transmission 97 How Neurons Send and Receive Signals 14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Rhythms 371 5 The Research Methods of How Much Do You Need to Sleep? ­Biopsychology 121 Understanding What Biopsychologists Do 15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction, and the Brain’s Reward Circuits 404 Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure PART THREE Sensory and Motor Systems 6 The Visual System 151 How We See PART SIX D  isorders of Cognition and ­Emotion 7 Sensory Systems, Perception, and Attention 183 16 Lateralization, Language, and How You Know the World the Split Brain 431 The Left Brain and Right Brain 8 The Sensorimotor System 212 How You Move 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health 461 Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion PART FOUR Brain Plasticity 18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric 9 Development of the Nervous System 236 Disorders 484 From Fertilized Egg to You The Brain Unhinged 3 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 3 25/01/2021 11:12  This page is intentionally left blank A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 4 25/01/2021 11:12  Contents Preface16 PART TWO Foundations of Biopsychology To the Student 22 About the Authors 22 2 Evolution, Genetics, and Experience 44 Thinking about the Biology of Behavior Thinking about the Biology of Behavior: From PART ONE What Is Biopsychology? Dichotomies to Interactions 45 1 Biopsychology as a Neuroscience 25 The Origins of Dichotomous Thinking IS IT PHYSIOLOGICAL, OR IS IT PSYCHOLOGICAL? 45 45 What Is Biopsychology, Anyway? IS IT INHERITED, OR IS IT LEARNED? 46 The Case of Jimmie G., the Man Frozen in Time 27 Problems with Thinking about the Biology of Behavior in Terms of Traditional Dichotomies 46 Four Major Themes of This Text 27 PHYSIOLOGICAL-OR-PSYCHOLOGICAL THINKING RUNS THINKING CREATIVELY ABOUT BIOPSYCHOLOGY 27 INTO DIFFICULTY 46   CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS 27 THE EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE 27 NEUROPLASTICITY 27 The Case of the Man Who Fell Out of Bed 47 Emerging Themes of This Text 28 The Case of the Chimps with Mirrors 47 THINKING ABOUT EPIGENETICS 28 CONSCIOUSNESS 28 NATURE-OR-NURTURE THINKING RUNS INTO DIFFICULTY 48   What Is Biopsychology? 28 The Case of the Thinking Student 48 Defining Biopsychology 28 A MODEL OF THE BIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR 48   What Are the Origins of Biopsychology? 28 Human Evolution 49 How Is Biopsychology Related to the Other Disciplines Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 49 of Neuroscience? 29 Evolution and Behavior 51 What Types of Research Characterize the Biopsychological SOCIAL DOMINANCE 51 COURTSHIP DISPLAY 51 Approach?29 Course of Human Evolution 52 Human and Nonhuman Subjects 29 EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRATES 52 EVOLUTION OF Experiments and Nonexperiments 30 AMPHIBIANS 52 EVOLUTION OF REPTILES 52 EVOLUTION EXPERIMENTS 30 QUASIEXPERIMENTAL STUDIES 31 OF MAMMALS 52 EMERGENCE OF HUMANKIND 53 CASE STUDIES 32 Thinking about Human Evolution 54 Pure and Applied Research 32 Evolution of the Human Brain 56 What Are the Divisions of Biopsychology? 33 Fundamental Genetics 58 Physiological Psychology 34 Mendelian Genetics 58 Psychopharmacology34 Chromosomes59 Neuropsychology34 REPRODUCTION AND RECOMBINATION 59 STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION 60 SEX CHROMOSOMES AND The Case of Mr. R., the Student with a Brain Injury SEX-LINKED TRAITS 61 Who Switched to Architecture 34 Genetic Code and Gene Expression 61 Psychophysiology35 Human Genome Project 63 Cognitive Neuroscience 35 Modern Genetics: Growth of Epigenetics 63 Comparative Psychology 36 Epigenetics of Behavioral Development: Interaction How Do Biopsychologists Conduct Their Work? 37 of Genetic Factors and Experience 66 Converging Operations: How Do Biopsychologists Selective Breeding of “Maze-Bright” and “Maze-Dull” Rats 66 Work Together? 37 Phenylketonuria: A Single-Gene Metabolic Disorder 67 Scientific Inference: How Do Biopsychologists Study the Unobservable Workings of the Brain? 38 Genetics of Human Psychological Differences 68 Development of Individuals versus Development Thinking Critically about Biopsychological Claims 39 of Differences among Individuals 68 Evaluating Biopsychological Claims 40 Heritability Estimates: Minnesota Study of Case 1: José and the Bull 40 Twins Reared Apart 68 Case 2: Two Chimpanzees, Moniz, and the Prefrontal A Look into the Future: Two Kinds of Twin Studies 69 Lobotomy40 TWIN STUDIES OF EPIGENETIC EFFECTS 69 TWIN STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE ON HERITABILITY 70 Themes Revisited 42 Key Terms 43 Themes Revisited 70 Key Terms 71 5 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 5 25/01/2021 11:12  6 Contents 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System 72 Synthesis, Packaging, and Transport of Neurotransmitter Molecules 109 Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Release of Neurotransmitter Molecules 109 Your Nervous System Activation of Receptors by Neurotransmitter General Layout of the Nervous System 73 Molecules109 Divisions of the Nervous System 73 Reuptake, Enzymatic Degradation, and Recycling 111 Meninges74 Glia, Gap Junctions, and Synaptic Transmission 112 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid 75 Neurotransmitters114 Blood–Brain Barrier 76 Overview of the Neurotransmitter Classes 114 Cells of the Nervous System 77 The Roles and Functions of Neurotransmitters 114 Anatomy of Neurons 77 AMINO ACID NEUROTRANSMITTERS 114 MONOAMINE NEUROTRANSMITTERS 114 ACETYLCHOLINE 114 NEURON CELL MEMBRANE 77 CLASSES OF NEURONS 77 UNCONVENTIONAL NEUROTRANSMITTERS 114 NEURONS AND NEUROANATOMICAL STRUCTURE 78 NEUROPEPTIDES 116 Glia: The Forgotten Cells 80 Pharmacology of Synaptic Transmission and Behavior 116 Neuroanatomical Techniques and Directions 82 How Drugs Influence Synaptic Transmission 116 Neuroanatomical Techniques 82 Behavioral Pharmacology: Three Influential Lines GOLGI STAIN 82 NISSL STAIN 82 ELECTRON of Research 117 MICROSCOPY 82 NEUROANATOMICAL TRACING TECHNIQUES 83 WRINKLES AND DARTS: DISCOVERY OF RECEPTOR SUBTYPES 117 PLEASURE AND PAIN: DISCOVERY OF Directions in the Vertebrate Nervous System 84 ENDOGENOUS OPIOIDS 119 TREMORS AND MENTAL ILLNESS: Anatomy of the Central Nervous System 86 DISCOVERY OF ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS 119 Spinal Cord 86 Themes Revisited 120 Key Terms 120 Five Major Divisions of the Brain 86 Myelencephalon87 5 The Research Methods Metencephalon87 of Biopsychology 121 Mesencephalon88 Understanding What Biopsychologists Do Diencephalon88 The Ironic Case of Professor P. 123 Telencephalon90 PART ONE Methods of Studying the Nervous System 123 CEREBRAL CORTEX 90 Limbic System and the Basal Ganglia 92 Methods of Visualizing and Stimulating the Themes Revisited 95 Key Terms 95 Living Human Brain 123 X-Ray-Based Techniques 124 4 Neural Conduction and Synaptic CONTRAST X-RAYS 124 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY 124 Transmission97 Radioactivity-Based Techniques 125 Magnetic-Field-Based Techniques 125 How Neurons Send and Receive Signals MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 125 DIFFUSION The Lizard: A Case of Parkinson’s Disease 98 TENSOR MRI 126 FUNCTIONAL MRI 126 Resting Membrane Potential 99 Ultrasound-Based Techniques 127 Recording the Membrane Potential 99 Transcranial Stimulation 127 Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential 99 Recording Human Psychophysiological Activity 128 Generation, Conduction, and Integration of Postsynaptic Psychophysiological Measures of Brain Activity 128 Potentials100 SCALP ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY 128 MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY 130 Generation and Conduction of Postsynaptic Potentials 100 Psychophysiological Measures of Somatic Nervous Integration of Postsynaptic Potentials and Generation System Activity 130 of Action Potentials 101 MUSCLE TENSION 130 EYE MOVEMENT 130 Conduction of Action Potentials 104 Psychophysiological Measures of Autonomic Ionic Basis of Action Potentials 104 Nervous System Activity 131 Refractory Periods 105 SKIN CONDUCTANCE 131 CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIVITY 131 Axonal Conduction of Action Potentials 105 Invasive Physiological Research Methods 132 CONDUCTION IN MYELINATED AXONS 105 THE VELOCITY Stereotaxic Surgery 132 OF AXONAL CONDUCTION 106 CONDUCTION IN NEURONS WITHOUT AXONS 106 Lesion Methods 133 ASPIRATION LESIONS 133 RADIO-FREQUENCY The Hodgkin-Huxley Model in Perspective 106 LESIONS 133 KNIFE CUTS 133 REVERSIBLE Synaptic Transmission: From Electrical Signals LESIONS 133 INTERPRETING LESION EFFECTS 133 to Chemical Signals 107 BILATERAL AND UNILATERAL LESIONS 134 Structure of Synapses 107 Electrical Stimulation 134 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 6 25/01/2021 11:12  Contents 7 Invasive Electrophysiological Recording Methods 134 Light Enters the Eye and Reaches the Retina 154 INTRACELLULAR UNIT RECORDING 134 EXTRACELLULAR Pupil and Lens 154 UNIT RECORDING 134 MULTIPLE-UNIT RECORDING 135 Eye Position and Binocular Disparity 155 INVASIVE EEG RECORDING 135 The Retina and Translation of Light into Pharmacological Research Methods 135 Neural Signals 157 Routes of Drug Administration 136 Structure of the Retina 157 Selective Chemical Lesions 136 Cone and Rod Vision 158 Measuring Chemical Activity of the Brain 136 Spectral Sensitivity 160 2-DEOXYGLUCOSE TECHNIQUE 136 CEREBRAL DIALYSIS 136 Eye Movement 161 Locating Neurotransmitters and Receptors in the Brain 137 Visual Transduction: The Conversion of Light to Neural Signals 162 IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY 137 IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION 137 From Retina to Primary Visual Cortex 163 Genetic Methods 137 Retina-Geniculate-Striate System 163 Gene Knockout Techniques 138 Retinotopic Organization 164 Gene Knockin Techniques 138 The M and P Channels 164 Gene Editing Techniques 138 Fantastic Fluorescence and the Brainbow 139 Seeing Edges 165 Optogenetics: A Neural Light Switch 139 Contrast Enhancement 165 Receptive Fields of Visual Neurons: Hubel & Wiesel 166 PART TWO Behavioral Research Methods of Biopsychology 141 Receptive Fields of the Retina-Geniculate-Striate System: Hubel & Wiesel 166 Neuropsychological Testing 141 Receptive Fields of Primary Visual Cortex Neurons: Modern Approach to Neuropsychological Testing 141 Hubel & Wiesel 167 THE SINGLE-TEST APPROACH 141 THE STANDARDIZED- SIMPLE STRIATE CELLS 168 COMPLEX STRIATE TEST-BATTERY APPROACH 141 THE CUSTOMIZED-TEST- CELLS 168 BINOCULAR COMPLEX STRIATE CELLS 168 BATTERY APPROACH 142 Organization of Primary Visual Cortex: Hubel & Tests of the Common Neuropsychological Test Battery 142 Wiesel’s Findings 168 INTELLIGENCE 142 MEMORY 142 LANGUAGE 142 LANGUAGE LATERALIZATION 143 The Case of Mrs. Richards, Revisited 169 Tests of Specific Neuropsychological Function 143 Changing Concept of the Characteristics of MEMORY 143 LANGUAGE 143   Visual Receptive Fields 169 RETINAL GANGLION CELLS 169 LATERAL GENICULATE Behavioral Methods of Cognitive Neuroscience 144 CELLS 169 The Case of the Vegetative Patient 144 Changing Concept of Visual Receptive Fields: Paired-Image Subtraction Technique 144 Contextual Influences in Visual Processing 169 Default Mode Network 145 Seeing Color 170 Mean Difference Images 145 Component and Opponent Processing 170 Functional Connectivity 146 Color Constancy and the Retinex Theory 172 Biopsychological Paradigms of Animal Behavior 146 Cortical Mechanisms of Vision and Conscious Paradigms for the Assessment of Species-Common Awareness173 Behaviors146 Three Different Classes of Visual Cortex 174 OPEN-FIELD TEST 146 TESTS OF AGGRESSIVE AND Damage to Primary Visual Cortex: Scotomas and DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR 146 TESTS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 146 Completion174 Traditional Conditioning Paradigms 147 The Physiological Psychologist Who Made Faces Seminatural Animal Learning Paradigms 147 Disappear175 CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION 147 RADIAL ARM MAZE 148 MORRIS WATER MAZE 148 CONDITIONED The Case of D.B., the Man Confused by His DEFENSIVE BURYING 148 Own Blindsight 175 Thinking Creatively About Biopsychological Research 148 Functional Areas of Secondary and Association Themes Revisited 149 Key Terms 150 Visual Cortex 176 Dorsal and Ventral Streams 176 D.F., the Woman Who Could Grasp Objects PART THREE Sensory and Motor Systems She Did Not Consciously See 178 A.T., the Woman Who Could Not Accurately 6 The Visual System 151 Grasp Unfamiliar Objects That She Saw 178 How We See Prosopagnosia179 The Case of Mrs. Richards: Fortification Illusions IS PROSOPAGNOSIA SPECIFIC TO FACES? 179   and the Astronomer 153 R.P., a Typical Prosopagnosic 179 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 7 25/01/2021 11:12  8 Contents WHAT BRAIN PATHOLOGY IS ASSOCIATED WITH Perception206 ­PROSOPAGNOSIA? 179 CAN PROSOPAGNOSICS PERCEIVE Role of Prior Experience in Perception 206 FACES IN THE ABSENCE OF CONSCIOUS AWARENESS? 180 Perceptual Decision Making 206 Akinetopsia180 The Binding Problem 207 Two Cases of Drug-Induced Akinetopsia 180 Selective Attention 208 Themes Revisited 181 Key Terms 181 Characteristics of Selective Attention 208 7 Sensory Systems, Perception, Change Blindness 209 Neural Mechanisms of Attention 210 and Attention 183 Simultanagnosia210 How You Know the World Themes Revisited 211 Key Terms 211 The Case of the Man Who Could See Only One Thing at a Time 185 8 The Sensorimotor System 212 Principles of Sensory System Organization 185 How You Move Types of Sensory Areas of Cortex 185 The Case of Rhonelle, the Dexterous Cashier 214 Features of Sensory System Organization 185 Case of the Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat 186 Three Principles of Sensorimotor Function 214 FUNCTIONAL SEGREGATION 186 PARALLEL The Sensorimotor System Is Hierarchically Organized 214 PROCESSING 186 SUMMARY MODEL OF SENSORY Motor Output Is Guided by Sensory Input 215 SYSTEM ORGANIZATION 186 The Case of G.O., the Man with Too Little Feedback 215 Auditory System 187 Learning Changes the Nature and Locus of Physical and Perceptual Dimensions of Sound 187 Sensorimotor Control 215 The Ear 188 General Model of Sensorimotor System Function 215 From the Ear to the Primary Auditory Cortex 189 Sensorimotor Association Cortex 216 Auditory Cortex 189 Posterior Parietal Association Cortex 216 ORGANIZATION OF PRIMATE AUDITORY CORTEX 190 WHAT SOUNDS SHOULD BE USED TO STUDY AUDITORY The Case of Mrs. S., the Woman Who Turned CORTEX? 190 WHAT ANALYSES DOES THE AUDITORY in Circles 217 CORTEX PERFORM? 191 TWO STREAMS OF AUDITORY Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex 218 CORTEX 191 AUDITORY–VISUAL INTERACTIONS 191 WHERE DOES THE PERCEPTION OF PITCH OCCUR? 191 Secondary Motor Cortex 219 Effects of Damage to the Auditory System 192 Identifying the Areas of Secondary Motor Cortex 219 AUDITORY CORTEX DAMAGE 192 DEAFNESS Mirror Neurons 219 IN HUMANS 192 Primary Motor Cortex 221 Somatosensory System: Touch and Pain 194 Conventional View of Primary Motor Cortex Cutaneous Receptors 194 Function221 Two Major Somatosensory Pathways 194 Current View of Primary Motor Cortex Function 222 Cortical Areas of Somatosensation 195 Belle: The Monkey That Controlled a Robot EFFECTS OF DAMAGE TO THE PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY with Her Mind 222 CORTEX 197   EFFECTS OF PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX LESIONS 223 Somatosensory System and Association Cortex 198 Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia 223 The Case of W.M., Who Reduced His Scotoma Cerebellum223 with His Hand 198 Basal Ganglia 223 Somatosensory Agnosias 198 Descending Motor Pathways 224 The Case of Aunt Betty, Who Lost Half of Her Body 198 The Two Dorsolateral Motor Pathways and Rubber-Hand Illusion 199 the Two Ventromedial Motor Pathways 225 Perception of Pain 199 Sensorimotor Spinal Circuits 225 PAIN IS ADAPTIVE 199   Muscles225 The Case of Miss C., the Woman Who Felt No Pain 199 Receptor Organs of Tendons and Muscles 226 PAIN HAS NO CLEAR CORTICAL REPRESENTATION 200 Stretch Reflex 227 PAIN IS MODULATED BY COGNITION AND EMOTION 200 Withdrawal Reflex 228 Neuropathic Pain 201 Reciprocal Innervation 228 Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste 202 Recurrent Collateral Inhibition 230 Adaptive Roles of the Chemical Senses 202 Walking: A Complex Sensorimotor Reflex 230 Olfactory System 202 Central Sensorimotor Programs and Learning 231 Gustatory System 204 A Hierarchy of Central Sensorimotor Programs 231 Brain Damage and the Chemical Senses 205 Characteristics of Central Sensorimotor Programs 231 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 8 25/01/2021 11:12  Contents 9 CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS ARE CAPABLE OF GENETIC MECHANISMS OF ASD 254 NEURAL MOTOR EQUIVALENCE 231 SENSORY INFORMATION MECHANISMS OF ASD 254   THAT CONTROLS CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS Williams Syndrome 255 IS NOT NECESSARILY CONSCIOUS 231 CENTRAL SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS CAN DEVELOP WITHOUT The Case of Anne Louise McGarrah: Uneven Abilities 255 PRACTICE 232 PRACTICE CAN CREATE CENTRAL EPILOGUE 256 SENSORIMOTOR PROGRAMS 232 Themes Revisited 257 Key Terms 257 Functional Brain Imaging of Sensorimotor Learning 233 Neuroplasticity Associated with Sensorimotor Learning234 PART FIVE Biopsychology of Motivation The Case of Rhonelle, Revisited 234 Themes Revisited 234 Key Terms 234 10 Brain Damage and Neuroplasticity 258 Can the Brain Recover from Damage? The Ironic Case of Professor P. 259 PART FOUR Brain Plasticity Causes of Brain Damage 260 Brain Tumors 260 9 Development of the Nervous System 236 Strokes261 From Fertilized Egg to You CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE 261 CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA 262 Traumatic Brain Injuries 262 The Case of Genie 238 The Case of Junior Seau 264 Five Phases of Early Neurodevelopment 238 Infections of the Brain 264 Stem Cells and Neurodevelopment 238 BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 264 VIRAL INFECTIONS 264   Induction of the Neural Plate 239 Neurotoxins265 Neural Proliferation 240 Genetic Factors 265 Migration and Aggregation 240 Programmed Cell Death 265 MIGRATION 240 AGGREGATION 242 Axon Growth and Synapse Formation 242 Neurological Diseases 266 AXON GROWTH 242 SYNAPSE FORMATION 244 Epilepsy266 FOCAL SEIZURES 267   Neuron Death and Synapse Rearrangement 245 SYNAPSE REARRANGEMENT 246 The Subtlety of Complex Seizures: Two Cases 267 Early Cerebral Development in Humans 246 GENERALIZED SEIZURES 267   Prenatal Growth of the Human Brain 247 Parkinson’s Disease 268 Postnatal Growth of the Human Brain 247 Huntington’s Disease 269 Development of the Prefrontal Cortex 248 Multiple Sclerosis 270 Effects of Experience on Postnatal Development Alzheimer’s Disease 271 of Neural Circuits 248 Animal Models of Human Neurological Diseases 274 Critical Periods vs. Sensitive Periods 248 Kindling Model of Epilepsy 274 Early Studies of Experience and Neurodevelopment: MPTP Model of Parkinson’s Disease 275 Deprivation and Enrichment 249 The Case of the Frozen Drug Users 275 Experience and Neurodevelopment 249 Responses to Nervous System Damage: OCULAR DOMINANCE COLUMNS 249 TOPOGRAPHIC Degeneration, Regeneration, Reorganization, SENSORY CORTEX MAPS 250 and Recovery 275 Neuroplasticity in Adults 250 Neural Degeneration 275 Neurogenesis in Adult Mammals 250 Neural Regeneration 276 EFFECTS OF EXPERIENCE ON ADULT NEUROGENESIS 251 FUNCTIONS OF NEWLY BORN NEURONS IN THE Neural Reorganization 278 ADULT BRAIN 251 CORTICAL REORGANIZATION FOLLOWING DAMAGE IN LABORATORY ANIMALS 278 CORTICAL REORGANIZATION Effects of Experience on the Reorganization FOLLOWING DAMAGE IN HUMANS 278 MECHANISMS of the Adult Cortex 252 OF NEURAL REORGANIZATION 279 Atypical Neurodevelopment: Autism Spectrum Recovery of Function after CNS Damage 280 Disorder and Williams Syndrome 252 Neuroplasticity and the Treatment Autism Spectrum Disorder 253 of CNS Damage 280 ASD IS A HETEROGENEOUS DISORDER 253   Neurotransplantation as a Treatment for The Case of Alex: Are You Ready to Rock? 253 CNS Damage: Early Research 281 The Case of S.D.: The Self-Advocate 253 The Case of Roberto Garcia d’Orta: The Lizard ASD SAVANTS 254   Gets an Autotransplant 281 Cases of Amazing Savant Abilities 254 Modern Research on Neurotransplantation 282 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 9 25/01/2021 11:12  10 Contents Promoting Recovery from CNS Damage Jennifer Aniston Neurons: Concept Cells 305 by Rehabilitative Training 282 Engram Cells 306 TREATING STROKES 282 TREATING SPINAL INJURY 283 Where Are Memories Stored? 306 BENEFITS OF COGNITIVE AND PHYSICAL EXERCISE 283 TREATING PHANTOM LIMBS 283   Five Brain Areas Implicated in Memory 306 INFEROTEMPORAL CORTEX 306 AMYGDALA 307 Cases of Carlos and Philip: Phantom Limbs and PREFRONTAL CORTEX 307   Ramachandran284 The Case of the Cook Who Couldn’t 308 The Ironic Case of Professor P.: Recovery 284 CEREBELLUM AND STRIATUM 308 Themes Revisited 285 Key Terms 285 Cellular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory 309 Synaptic Mechanisms of Learning and Memory: 11 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 287 Long-Term Potentiation 309 How Your Brain Stores Information Induction of LTP: Learning 311 Amnesic Effects of Bilateral Medial Temporal Lobectomy 289 Maintenance and Expression of LTP: Storage and Recall 312 The Case of H.M., the Man Who Changed the Study of Variability of LTP 312 Memory289 Nonsynaptic Mechanisms of Learning Formal Assessment of H.M.’s Anterograde Amnesia: and Memory 313 ­Discovery of Unconscious Memories 290 Conclusion: Biopsychology of Memory and You 313 DIGIT-SPAN + 1 TEST 290 BLOCK-TAPPING TEST 290 MIRROR-DRAWING TEST 290 INCOMPLETE-PICTURES Infantile Amnesia 313 TEST 291 PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING 291 Smart Drugs: Do They Work? 313 Three Major Scientific Contributions of H.M.’s Case 291 Posttraumatic Amnesia and Episodic Memory 314 Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia 292 The Case of R.M., the Biopsychologist Who Semantic and Episodic Memories 292 Remembered H.M. 314 The Case of K.C., the Man Who Can’t Time Travel 293 Themes Revisited 314 Key Terms 315 The Case of the Clever Neuropsychologist: Spotting ­Episodic Memory Deficits 293 12 Hunger, Eating, and Health 316 Effects of Global Cerebral Ischemia on the Why Do So Many People Eat Too Much? Hippocampus and Memory 294 The Case of R.B., Product of a Bungled Operation 294 The Case of the Man Who Forgot Not to Eat 318 Amnesias of Korsakoff’s Syndrome and Digestion, Energy Storage, and Energy Utilization 318 Alzheimer’s Disease 295 Digestion and Energy Storage in the Body 318 Amnesia of Korsakoff’s Syndrome 295 DIGESTION 318 ENERGY STORAGE IN THE BODY 318   The Up-Your-Nose Case of N.A. 295 Three Phases of Energy Metabolism 319 Amnesia of Alzheimer’s Disease 295 Theories of Hunger and Eating: Set Points Amnesia after Traumatic Brain Injury: Evidence versus Positive Incentives 320 for Consolidation 296 Set-Point Assumption 320 Posttraumatic Amnesia 296 GLUCOSTATIC THEORY 322 LIPOSTATIC THEORY 322 Gradients of Retrograde Amnesia and Memory PROBLEMS WITH SET-POINT THEORIES OF HUNGER Consolidation296 AND EATING 322 HIPPOCAMPUS AND CONSOLIDATION 297 Positive-Incentive Perspective 323 RECONSOLIDATION 298 Factors That Determine What, When, and How Evolving Perspective of the Role of the Hippocampus in Much We Eat 323 Memory298 Factors That Influence What We Eat 323 Animal Models of Object-Recognition Amnesia: LEARNED TASTE PREFERENCES AND AVERSIONS 323 The Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Test 299 LEARNING TO EAT VITAMINS AND MINERALS 324 MONKEY VERSION OF THE DELAYED NONMATCHING-TO- Factors That Influence When We Eat 324 SAMPLE TEST 299 RAT VERSION OF THE DELAYED PREMEAL HUNGER 324 PAVLOVIAN CONDITIONING NON-MATCHING-TO-SAMPLE TEST 300 OF HUNGER 324 Neuroanatomical Basis of the Object-Recognition Factors That Influence How Much We Eat 324 Deficits Resulting from Bilateral Medial Temporal SATIETY SIGNALS 325 SHAM EATING 325 Lobectomy302 APPETIZER EFFECT AND SATIETY 325 SERVING SIZE Neurons of the Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory 303 AND SATIETY 325 SOCIAL INFLUENCES AND MORRIS WATER MAZE TEST 303 RADIAL ARM MAZE TEST 303 SATIETY 325 SENSORY-SPECIFIC SATIETY 325 Hippocampal Place Cells and Entorhinal Grid Cells 304 Physiological Research on Hunger and Satiety 327 THE HIPPOCAMPUS AS A COGNITIVE MAP 305 Role of Blood Glucose Levels in Hunger and Satiety 327 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 10 25/01/2021 11:12  Contents 11 Evolution of Research on the Role of Hypothalamic The Pituitary 348 Nuclei in Hunger and Satiety 327 FEMALE GONADAL HORMONE LEVELS ARE CYCLIC; THE MYTH OF HYPOTHALAMIC HUNGER AND SATIETY MALE GONADAL HORMONE LEVELS ARE STEADY 348 CENTERS 327 MODERN RESEARCH ON THE ROLE OF Control of the Pituitary 348 HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEI IN HUNGER AND SATIETY 328 CONTROL OF THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Satiety 328 BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS 349 Hypothalamic Circuits, Peptides, and the Gut 330 Discovery of Hypothalamic Releasing Hormones 349 Serotonin and Satiety 330 Regulation of Hormone Levels 350 Prader-Willi Syndrome: Patients with Insatiable REGULATION BY NEURAL SIGNALS 350 REGULATION BY Hunger331 HORMONAL SIGNALS 350 REGULATION BY NONHORMONAL CHEMICALS 351 PULSATILE HORMONE RELEASE 351 Prader-Willi Syndrome: The Case of Miss A. 331 Summary Model of Gonadal Endocrine Regulation 351 Body-Weight Regulation: Set Points versus Settling Points 331 Hormones and Sexual Development of the Body 351 Set-Point Assumptions about Body Weight Sexual Differentiation 351 and Eating 331 FETAL HORMONES AND DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE VARIABILITY OF BODY WEIGHT 331 SET POINTS AND ORGANS 352 INTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE DUCTS 352 HEALTH 331   EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS 353 REGULATION OF BODY WEIGHT BY CHANGES IN THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY UTILIZATION 332 Puberty: Hormones and Development of Secondary Sex Characteristics 353 Set Points and Settling Points in Weight Control 333 Sexual Development of Brain and Behavior 354 Human Overeating: Causes, Mechanisms, Sex Differences in the Brain 355 and Treatments 335 FIRST DISCOVERY OF A SEX DIFFERENCE IN MAMMALIAN Overeating: Who Needs to Be Concerned? 335 BRAIN FUNCTION 355 AROMATIZATION HYPOTHESIS 355 Overeating: Why Is There An Epidemic? 335 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE BRAIN: THE MODERN Why Do Some People Gain Weight from PERSPECTIVE 356 Overeating While Others Do Not? 336 Development of Sex Differences in Behavior 356 DIFFERENCES IN ENERGY EXPENDITURE 336 DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS IN DIFFERENCES IN GUT MICROBIOME COMPOSITION 336 LABORATORY ANIMALS 357 DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC FACTORS 336 SEX DIFFERENCES IN THE BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS 357 Why Are Weight-Loss Programs Often Ineffective? 337 Three Cases of Exceptional Human Sexual Development 358 Leptin and the Regulation of Body Fat 337 Exceptional Cases of Human Sexual Development 359 THE DISCOVERY OF LEPTIN 338 LEPTIN, INSULIN, The Case of Anne S., the Woman with Testes 359 AND THE ARCUATE MELANOCORTIN SYSTEM 338 LEPTIN AS A TREATMENT FOR HIGH BODY-FAT LEVELS The Case of the Little Girl Who Grew into a Boy 359 IN HUMANS 338 The Case of the Twin Who Lost His Penis 360 The Case of the Child with No Leptin 339 DO THE EXCEPTIONAL CASES PROVE THE RULE? 361 Treatment of Overeating and High Body-Fat Levels 339 Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Adults 361 SEROTONERGIC AGONISTS 339 GASTRIC SURGERY 339   Male Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones 361 Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa 340 The Case of the Man Who Lost and Regained Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa 340 His Manhood 362 ANOREXIA NERVOSA 340 BULIMIA NERVOSA 340 Female Sexual Behavior and Gonadal Hormones 362 Relation between Anorexia and Bulimia 340 Anabolic Steroid Abuse 363 Anorexia and Positive Incentives 341 Brain Mechanisms of Sexual Behavior 364 Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis 341 Four Brain Structures Associated with Sexual Activity 364 The Case of the Student with Anorexia 342 CORTEX AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 365 HYPOTHALAMUS Themes Revisited 342 Key Terms 343 AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 365 AMYGDALA AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 366 VENTRAL STRIATUM AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY 366 13 Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity 367 Hormones and Sex 344 Sexual Orientation 367 What’s Wrong with the Mamawawa? SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENES 367 SEXUAL MEN-ARE-MEN-AND-WOMEN-ARE-WOMEN ASSUMPTION 346 ORIENTATION AND EARLY HORMONES 367 DEVELOPMENTAL AND ACTIVATIONAL EFFECTS OF SEX What Triggers the Development of Sexual Attraction? 368 HORMONES 346 What Differences in the Brain Can Account for Neuroendocrine System 346 Differences in Sexual Attraction? 368 Glands346 Gender Identity 368 GONADS 347 Independence of Sexual Orientation and Hormones347 Gender Identity 368 SEX STEROIDS 347 Themes Revisited 369 Key Terms 370 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 11 25/01/2021 11:12  12 Contents 14 Sleep, Dreaming, and Circadian Reticular Formation and Sleep Reticular REM-Sleep Nuclei 392 393 Rhythms371 Drugs That Affect Sleep 395 How Much Do You Need to Sleep? Hypnotic Drugs 395 The Case of the Woman Who Wouldn’t Sleep 374 Antihypnotic Drugs 395 Stages of Sleep 374 Melatonin395 Three Standard Psychophysiological Measures Sleep Disorders 396 of Sleep 374 Insomnia397 Three Stages of Sleep EEG 374 Mr. B., the Case of Iatrogenic Insomnia 397 Dreaming376 Hypersomnia398 Discovery of the Relationship between REM-Sleep-Related Disorders 399 REM Sleep and Dreaming 376 The Case of the Sleeper Who Ran Over Tackle 399 Testing Common Beliefs About Dreaming 376 EXTERNAL STIMULI AND DREAMS 376 DREAM Effects of Long-Term Sleep Reduction 399 DURATION 376 PEOPLE WHO DON’T DREAM 376 Differences between Short and Long Sleepers 399 SEXUAL CONTENT IN DREAMS 376 SLEEPTALKING Long-Term Reduction of Nightly Sleep 400 AND SLEEPWALKING 377 Long-Term Sleep Reduction by Napping 400 Does REM Sleep = Dreaming? 377 Effects of Shorter Sleep Times on Health 401 Lucid Dreaming 377 Long-Term Sleep Reduction: A Personal Case Study 401 The Case of the Levitating Teenager 377 The Case of the Author Who Reduced His Sleep 401 The Case of the Artistic Dreamer 377 Themes Revisited 402 Key Terms 403 The Case of the Bored Lucid Dreamer 378 Why Do We Dream What We Do? 378 15 Drug Use, Drug Addiction, Why Do We Dream? 379 and the Brain’s Reward Circuits 404 HOBSON’S ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS HYPOTHESIS 379 Chemicals That Harm with Pleasure REVONSUO’S EVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF DREAMS 379 HOBSON’S PROTOCONSCIOUSNESS HYPOTHESIS 379 The Case of the Drugged High School Teachers 406 The Dreaming Brain 380 Basic Principles of Drug Action 406 Why Do We Sleep, and Why Do We Sleep When We Do? 381 Drug Administration, Absorption, and Penetration Two Kinds of Theories of Sleep 381 of the Central Nervous System 406 Comparative Analysis of Sleep 381 ORAL INGESTION 406 INJECTION 406 INHALATION 406 ABSORPTION THROUGH MUCOUS MEMBRANES 406 Effects of Sleep Deprivation 382 Drug Action, Metabolism, and Elimination 406 Interpretation of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation: DRUG PENETRATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS The Stress Problem 383 SYSTEM 406 MECHANISMS OF DRUG ACTION 406 Predictions of Recuperation Theories about Sleep DRUG METABOLISM AND ELIMINATION 407 Deprivation383 Drug Tolerance, Drug Withdrawal Effects, Two Classic Sleep-Deprivation Case Studies 383 and Physical Dependence 407 The Case of the Sleep-Deprived Students 383 DRUG TOLERANCE 407 DRUG WITHDRAWAL EFFECTS AND PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE 407 The Case of Randy Gardner 383 Drug Addiction: What Is It? 408 Studies of Sleep Deprivation in Humans 384 Role of Learning in Drug Tolerance 409 Sleep-Deprivation Studies of Laboratory Animals 385 Contingent Drug Tolerance 409 REM-Sleep Deprivation 385 Conditioned Drug Tolerance 409 Sleep Deprivation Increases the Efficiency of Sleep 387 THINKING ABOUT DRUG CONDITIONING 411 Circadian Sleep Cycles 388 Five Commonly Used Drugs 411 Circadian Rhythms 388 Nicotine411 Free-Running Circadian Sleep–Wake Cycles 388 TOBACCO SMOKING 412 NICOTINE VAPING 412 Jet Lag and Shift Work 389 ADDICTION AND NICOTINE 412 A Circadian Clock in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei 389 Alcohol413 Neural Mechanisms of Entrainment 390 Marijuana414 Genetics of Circadian Rhythms 391 Cocaine and Other Stimulants 417 Four Areas of the Brain Involved in Sleep 391 The Opioids: Heroin and Morphine 418 Two Areas of the Hypothalamus Involved in Sleep 391 Comparing the Health Hazards of Commonly The Case of Constantin von Economo, Used Drugs 420 the Insightful Neurologist 392 Interpreting Studies of the Health Hazards of Drugs 420 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 12 25/01/2021 11:12  Contents 13 Comparison of the Hazards of Nicotine, Alcohol, SUPERIORITY OF THE LEFT HEMISPHERE IN CONTROLLING Marijuana, Cocaine, and Heroin 421 IPSILATERAL MOVEMENT 443 SUPERIORITY OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE IN SPATIAL ABILITY 443 SPECIALIZATION Early Biopsychological Research on Addiction 422 OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE FOR EMOTION 443 SUPERIOR Physical-Dependence and Positive-Incentive MUSICAL ABILITY OF THE RIGHT HEMISPHERE 444 Perspectives of Addiction 422 HEMISPHERIC DIFFERENCES IN MEMORY 444 Intracranial Self-Stimulation and the What Is Lateralized? Broad Clusters of Abilities Mesotelencephalic Dopamine System 423 or Individual Cognitive Processes? 444 Early Evidence of the Involvement of Dopamine Anatomical Asymmetries of the Brain 444 in Drug Addiction 424 Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization Nucleus Accumbens and Drug Addiction 425 and Language 446 Current Approaches to the Mechanisms Theories of the Evolution of Cerebral Lateralization 446 of Addiction 425 ANALYTIC–SYNTHETIC THEORY 446 MOTOR THEORY 446 Three Stages in the Development of an Addiction 426 LINGUISTIC THEORY 446 INITIAL DRUG TAKING 426 HABITUAL DRUG TAKING 426 The Case of W.L., the Man Who Experienced DRUG CRAVING AND RELAPSE 427 Aphasia for Sign Language 446 Current Concerns about the Drug Self-Administration When Did Cerebral Lateralization Evolve? 446 Paradigm428 Evolution of Human Language 447 UNNATURAL HOUSING AND TESTING CONDITIONS 429 VOCAL COMMUNICATION IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES 447 EXCESSIVE FOCUS ON STIMULANTS 429 MOTOR THEORY OF SPEECH PERCEPTION 447 A Noteworthy Case of Addiction 429 GESTURAL LANGUAGE 448 The Case of Sigmund Freud 429 Cortical Localization of Language: Themes Revisited 430 Key Terms 430 Wernicke-Geschwind Model 449 Historical Antecedents of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model449 The Wernicke-Geschwind Model 450 PART SIX  isorders of Cognition D Wernicke-Geschwind Model: The Evidence 451 and Emotion Effects of Cortical Damage and Brain Stimulation 16 Lateralization, Language, on Language Abilities EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF CORTICAL 451 and the Split Brain 431 ­DAMAGE 452 EVIDENCE FROM STRUCTURAL NEUROIMAGING The Left Brain and Right Brain STUDIES 453 EVIDENCE FROM STUDIES OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE CORTEX 453 Cerebral Lateralization of Function: Introduction 434 Current Status of the Wernicke-Geschwind Model 455 Discovery of the Specific Contributions of Cognitive Neuroscience of Language 455 Left-Hemisphere Damage to Aphasia and Apraxia 434 Three Premises That Define the Cognitive Tests of Cerebral Lateralization 434 Neuroscience Approach to Language 455 SODIUM AMYTAL TEST 434 DICHOTIC LISTENING TEST 435 FUNCTIONAL BRAIN IMAGING 435 Functional Brain Imaging and the Localization of Language 456 Discovery of the Relation Between Speech Laterality BAVELIER’S FMRI STUDY OF READING 456 DAMASIO’S and Handedness 435 PET STUDY OF NAMING 457 Sex Differences in Brain Lateralization 435 Cognitive Neuroscience of Dyslexia 457 The Split Brain 436 Developmental Dyslexia: Causes and Neural Groundbreaking Experiment of Myers Mechanisms458 and Sperry 436 Cognitive Neuroscience of Deep and Commissurotomy in Humans with Epilepsy 438 Surface Dyslexia 458 Evidence That the Hemispheres of Split-Brain The Case of N.I., the Woman Who Read Patients Can Function Independently 439 with Her Right Hemisphere 459 Cross-Cuing440 Themes Revisited 459 Key Terms 459 Doing Two Things at Once 440 Dual Mental Functioning and Conflict in Split-Brain Patients441 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, The Case of Peter, the Split-Brain Patient and Health 461 Tormented by Conflict 441 Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion Independence of Split Hemispheres: Current Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction 462 Perspective442 Early Landmarks in the Biopsychological Differences Between Left and Right Hemispheres 442 Investigation of Emotion 462 Examples of Cerebral Lateralization of Function 443 The Mind-Blowing Case of Phineas Gage 462 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 13 25/01/2021 11:12  14 Contents DARWIN’S THEORY OF THE EVOLUTION OF EMOTION 463 The Dopamine Theory of Schizophrenia 487 JAMES-LANGE AND CANNON-BARD THEORIES 464 Schizophrenia: Beyond the Dopamine Theory 489 SHAM RAGE 464 LIMBIC SYSTEM AND EMOTION 465 KLÜVER-BUCY SYNDROME 465   ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS 489 RENEWED INTEREST IN HALLUCINOGENIC DRUGS 489 A Human Case of Klüver-Bucy Syndrome 466 Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System 466 of Schizophrenia 490 EMOTIONAL SPECIFICITY OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS Neural Bases of Schizophrenia 490 ­SYSTEM 466 POLYGRAPHY 466 CONCLUSION 491 Emotions and Facial Expression 467 Depressive Disorders 491 UNIVERSALITY OF FACIAL EXPRESSION 467 PRIMARY FACIAL EXPRESSIONS 467 FACIAL FEEDBACK What Are Depressive Disorders? 491 HYPOTHESIS 467 VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF FACIAL The Case of S.B., the Depressed Biopsychology EXPRESSION 468 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS: CURRENT Student491 PERSPECTIVE 469 Antidepressant Drugs 492 Fear, Defense, and Aggression 469 MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS 492 TRICYCLIC Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors 470 ANTIDEPRESSANTS 492 SELECTIVE MONOAMINE-REUPTAKE Aggression and Testosterone 471 INHIBITORS 492 ATYPICAL ANTIDEPRESSANTS 493 NMDA-RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS 493 EFFECTIVENESS OF Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning 472 DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 493 Amygdala and Fear Conditioning 472 Brain Stimulation to Treat Depression 494 Contextual Fear Conditioning and the Hippocampus 472 REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION 494 Amygdala Complex and Fear Conditioning 473 DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION 494 Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion 474 Theories of Depression 495 Cognitive Neuroscience of Emotion 474 MONOAMINE THEORY OF DEPRESSION 495 Amygdala and Human Emotion 475 NEUROPLASTICITY THEORY OF DEPRESSION 495 The Case of S.P., the Woman Who Couldn’t Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Depression 495 Perceive Fear 475 Neural Bases of Depression 496 CONCLUSION 496 Medial Prefrontal Lobes and Human Emotion 475 Bipolar Disorder 496 Lateralization of Emotion 476 What Is Bipolar Disorder? 496 Neural Mechanisms of Human Emotion: Current Perspectives 477 The Case of S.B. Revisited: The Biopsychology Stress and Health 477 Student with Bipolar Disorder 496 The Stress Response 477 Mood Stabilizers 497 Animal Models of Stress 478 Theories of Bipolar Disorder 498 Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers 478 Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Psychoneuroimmunology: Stress, the Immune Bipolar Disorder 498 System, and the Brain 479 Neural Bases of Bipolar Disorder 498 INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM 479 ADAPTIVE IMMUNE Anxiety Disorders 499 SYSTEM 479 WHAT EFFECT DOES STRESS HAVE ON The Case of M.R., the Woman Who Was Afraid IMMUNE FUNCTION: DISRUPTIVE OR BENEFICIAL? 480 HOW DOES STRESS INFLUENCE IMMUNE FUNCTION? 480 to Go Out 499 DOES STRESS AFFECT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTIOUS Four Anxiety Disorders 499 DISEASE? 481 Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders 499 Early Experience of Stress 481 BENZODIAZEPINES 499 ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS 500 Stress and the Hippocampus 482 PREGABALIN 500 CONCLUSION 500 CONCLUSION 482 Animal Models of Anxiety Disorders 500 The Case of Charles Whitman, the Texas Tower Sniper 482 Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Themes Revisited 483 Key Terms 483 Anxiety Disorders 500 Neural Bases of Anxiety Disorders 501 18 Biopsychology of Psychiatric Tourette’s Disorder 501 Disorders484 The Case of R.G.—Barking Like a Dog 501 The Brain Unhinged What Is Tourette’s Disorder? 501 Pharmacological Treatment of Tourette’s Schizophrenia486 Disorder502 Schizophrenia: The Case of Lena 486 Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms of Tourette’s What Is Schizophrenia? 486 Disorder503 Discovery of the First Antipsychotic Drugs 487 Neural Bases of Tourette’s Disorder 503 A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 14 25/01/2021 11:12  Contents 15 The Case of P.H., the Neuroscientist with Conclusion of the Case of S.B.: The Biopsychology Tourette’s Disorder 503 ­Student Who Took Control 507 Clinical Trials: Development of New Psychotherapeutic Themes Revisited 507 Key Terms 507 Drugs503 Clinical Trials: The Three Phases 504 Epilogue509 PHASE 1: SCREENING FOR SAFETY 504 PHASE 2: Appendixes509 ESTABLISHING THE TESTING PROTOCOL 504 PHASE 3: FINAL TESTING 505 Glossary513 Controversial Aspects of Clinical Trials 505 References535 REQUIREMENT FOR DOUBLE-BLIND DESIGN AND PLACEBO CONTROLS 505 THE NEED FOR ACTIVE Credits585 PLACEBOS 505 LENGTH OF TIME REQUIRED 505 FINANCIAL ISSUES 505 TARGETS OF Name Index 588 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 506 LACK OF DIVERSITY 506 Effectiveness of Clinical Trials 506 Subject Index 604 CONCLUSION 506   A01_PINE1933_11_GE_FM.indd 15 25/01/2021 11:12  Preface W elcome to the Eleventh Edition of Biopsychology! EMPHASIS ON THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD Biopsychology The Eleventh Edition of Biopsychology is a clear, emphasizes the scientific method. It portrays the scientific engaging introduction to current ­biopsychological method as a means of answering questions that is as appli- theory and research. It is intended for use as a primary course cable in daily life as in the laboratory. And Biopsychology material in one- or two-semester courses in B ­ iopsychology— emphasizes that being a scientist is fun. variously titled Biopsychology, P ­ hysiological Psychology, DISCUSSION OF PERSONAL AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS Brain and Behavior, ­Psychobiology, Behavioral ­Neuroscience, Several chapters of Biopsychology—-particularly those on or Behavioral Neurobiology. eating, sleeping, sex, and drug addiction—carry strong per- The defining feature of Biopsychology is its unique com- sonal and social messages. In these chapters, students are bination of biopsychological science and personal, reader- encouraged to consider the relevance of biopsychological oriented discourse. Instead of presenting the concepts of research to their lives outside the classroom. biopsychology in the usual fashion, the chapters address students directly and interweave the fundamentals of the ENGAGING, INSPIRING VOICES Arguably the stron- field with clinical case studies, social issues, personal impli- gest pedagogical feature of Biopsychology is its personal cations, useful metaphors, and memorable anecdotes. tone. In the previous edition, Barnes and Pinel had addressed students directly and talked to them with warmth, enthusiasm, and good humor about recent Key Features in the Eleventh Edition advances in biopsychological science. This edition has not The following are features that have characterized recent changed in this respect. editions of Biopsychology and have been maintained or NEW! EMERGING THEMES For this edition, Barnes expanded in this edition. and Pinel have identified and highlighted two “emerg- EMPHASIS ON BROAD THEMES The emphasis of ing themes” throughout the chapters: Themes that they ­ iopsychology is “the big picture.” Four broad themes are pres- B feel are quickly emerging from the biopsychology liter- ent throughout the chapters and a Themes Revisited section at ature. The Themes Revisited section at the end of each the end of each chapter briefly summarizes how each theme chapter briefly summarizes how each emerging theme was developed in that chapter. The four major themes provide was developed in that chapter. The two emerging themes excellent topics for essay assignments and exam questions. provide excellent topics for essay assignments and exam questions. EFFECTIVE USE OF CASE STUDIES Biopsychology features many carefully selected case studies, which are highlighted in the chapters. These provocative cases stimulate interest, New, Expanded, or Updated promote retention of the materials, and allow students to learn how biopsychological principles apply to the diagnosis Coverage in the Eleventh Edition and treatment of brain disorders. Biopsychology remains one of the most rapidly progress- ing scientific fields. Like previous editions, the Eleventh REMARKABLE ILLUSTRATIONS The illustrations in Edition of Biopsychology has meticulously incorporated Biopsychology are special. Each one was conceptualized and recent developments in the field—it contains more than meticulously design